{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T01:23:13Z","timestamp":1790644993927,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":103,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,1]],"date-time":"2018-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1517443200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,1]],"date-time":"2018-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1517443200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["ajog.org","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,2]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.12.227","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,5]],"date-time":"2018-02-05T19:17:24Z","timestamp":1517858244000},"page":"S818-S828","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"special_numbering":"S","title":["Antenatal glucocorticoids, magnesium sulfate, and mode of birth in preterm fetal small for gestational age"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"218","author":[{"given":"Joseph Y.","family":"Ting","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John C.","family":"Kingdom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Prakesh S.","family":"Shah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.12.227_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F62","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.2005.082297","article-title":"Management of fetal growth restriction","volume":"92","author":"Alberry","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.12.227_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1122","DOI":"10.1097\/01.AOG.0000429658.85846.f9","article-title":"Fetal growth restriction. ACOG Practice bulletin no. 134","volume":"121","year":"2013","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.12.227_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2013.02.007","article-title":"Optimizing the definition of intrauterine growth restriction: the multicenter prospective PORTO study","volume":"208","author":"Unterscheider","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.12.227_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1016\/S1701-2163(15)30865-3","article-title":"Intrauterine growth restriction: screening, diagnosis, and management","volume":"35","author":"Lausman","year":"2013","journal-title":"J\u00a0Obstet Gynaecol Can"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.12.227_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2010.08.055","article-title":"Intrauterine growth restriction: new concepts in antenatal surveillance, diagnosis, and management","volume":"204","author":"Figueras","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.12.227_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1106","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)14466-2","article-title":"Cerebral palsy and intrauterine growth in single births: European collaborative study","volume":"362","author":"Jarvis","year":"2003","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.12.227_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1549","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.317.7172.1549","article-title":"Antepartum risk factors for newborn encephalopathy: the Western Australian case-control study","volume":"317","author":"Badawi","year":"1998","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.12.227_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.14818","article-title":"Impact of cerebral redistribution on neurodevelopmental outcome in small-for-gestational-age or growth-restricted babies: a systematic review","volume":"46","author":"Meher","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.12.227_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"g14","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.g14","article-title":"First trimester fetal growth restriction and cardiovascular risk factors in school age children: population based cohort study","volume":"348","author":"Jaddoe","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.12.227_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1067\/S0022-3476(03)00181-1","article-title":"Excess mortality and morbidity among small-for-gestational-age premature infants: a population-based study","volume":"143","author":"Regev","year":"2003","journal-title":"J\u00a0Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.12.227_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.68.3_Spec_No.262","article-title":"Metabolic adaptation in small for gestational age infants","volume":"68","author":"Hawdon","year":"1993","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.12.227_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1159\/000438451","article-title":"Brain-sparing in intrauterine growth restriction: considerations for the neonatologist","volume":"108","author":"Cohen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neonatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.12.227_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1177\/1933719107302324","article-title":"Fetal programming of cardiac function and disease","volume":"14","author":"Meyer","year":"2007","journal-title":"Reprod Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.12.227_bib14","first-page":"839656","article-title":"Antenatal steroids and the IUGR fetus: are exposure and physiological effects on the lung and cardiovascular system the same as in normally grown fetuses?","volume":"2012","author":"Morrison","year":"2012","journal-title":"J\u00a0Pregnancy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.12.227_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ogc.2011.02.011","article-title":"Potential risks and benefits of antenatal corticosteroid therapy prior to preterm birth in pregnancies complicated by severe fetal growth restriction","volume":"38","author":"Vidaeff","year":"2011","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.12.227_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1080\/07315724.2005.10719437","article-title":"Magnesium and intrauterine growth restriction","volume":"24","author":"Barbosa","year":"2005","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Coll Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.12.227_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2008.11.025","article-title":"Intrauterine growth restriction: comparison of American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists practice bulletin with other national guidelines","volume":"200","author":"Chauhan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.12.227_bib18","first-page":"307","article-title":"Guidelines on fetal growth restriction: a comparison of recent national publications","volume":"32","author":"Unterscheider","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Perinatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.12.227_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2013.11.022","article-title":"Definition and management of fetal growth restriction: a survey of contemporary attitudes","volume":"174","author":"Unterscheider","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.12.227_bib20","first-page":"CD004454","article-title":"Antenatal corticosteroids for accelerating fetal lung maturation for women at risk of preterm birth","volume":"3","author":"Roberts","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.12.227_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.50.4.515","article-title":"A\u00a0controlled trial of antepartum glucocorticoid treatment for prevention of the respiratory distress syndrome in premature infants","volume":"50","author":"Liggins","year":"1972","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.12.227_bib22","series-title":"Obstetrics: normal and problem pregnancies","article-title":"Preterm labor and birth","author":"Simhan","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.12.227_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e102","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000002237","article-title":"Antenatal corticosteroid therapy for fetal maturation. Committee opinion no. 713","volume":"130","year":"2017","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.12.227_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(16)33247-1","article-title":"The relationship between accelerated pulmonary maturity and accelerated neurological maturity in certain chronically stressed pregnancies","volume":"127","author":"Gould","year":"1977","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.12.227_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/0029-7844(95)00338-X","article-title":"Abnormal umbilical artery Doppler waveforms and cord blood corticotropin-releasing hormone","volume":"87","author":"Giles","year":"1996","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.12.227_bib26","first-page":"1174","article-title":"Elevated levels of umbilical cord plasma corticotropin-releasing hormone in growth-retarded fetuses","volume":"77","author":"Goland","year":"1993","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.12.227_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1515\/jpme.1991.19.1-2.97","article-title":"Metabolic and endocrine findings in appropriate and small for gestational age fetuses","volume":"19","author":"Economides","year":"1991","journal-title":"J\u00a0Perinat Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.12.227_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2004.00273.x","article-title":"Fetal responses to placental insufficiency: an update","volume":"111","author":"Baschat","year":"2004","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.12.227_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F87","DOI":"10.1136\/fn.73.2.F87","article-title":"Third trimester fetal growth and umbilical venous blood concentrations of IGF-1, IGFBP-1, and growth hormone at term","volume":"73","author":"Spencer","year":"1995","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.12.227_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2841","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.142.7.8238","article-title":"The maternal diet\u00a0during pregnancy programs altered expression of the glucocorticoid receptor and type 2 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase: potential molecular mechanisms underlying the programming of hypertension in utero","volume":"142","author":"Bertram","year":"2001","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.12.227_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4797","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2002-020310","article-title":"Oxygen regulation of placental 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 2: physiological and pathological implications","volume":"87","author":"Alfaidy","year":"2002","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.12.227_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2002-021378","article-title":"Placental 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-2 and fetal cortisol\/cortisone shuttle in small preterm infants","volume":"88","author":"Kajantie","year":"2003","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.12.227_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-2952(99)00090-8","article-title":"Equivalent doses and relative drug potencies for non-genomic glucocorticoid effects: a novel glucocorticoid hierarchy","volume":"58","author":"Buttgereit","year":"1999","journal-title":"Biochem Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.12.227_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-200301000-00017","article-title":"A\u00a0placebo-controlled comparison of effects of repetitive doses of betamethasone and dexamethasone on lung maturation and lung, liver, and body weights of mouse pups","volume":"53","author":"Ozdemir","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.12.227_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(99)70160-2","article-title":"Repeated antenatal corticosteroids: size at birth and subsequent development","volume":"180","author":"French","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.12.227_bib36","first-page":"1102","article-title":"Multiple courses of antenatal corticosteroids for preterm birth study: outcomes in children at 5 years of age (MACS-5)","volume":"167","author":"Asztalos","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.12.227_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1038\/pr.2012.19","article-title":"The effects of intrauterine growth restriction and antenatal glucocorticoids on ovine fetal lung development","volume":"71","author":"Sutherland","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.12.227_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0b013e318197bf4d","article-title":"Predicting perinatal outcome through changes in umbilical artery Doppler studies after antenatal corticosteroids in the growth-restricted fetus","volume":"113","author":"Robertson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.12.227_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1179","DOI":"10.3109\/14767058.2011.624216","article-title":"Betamethasone effects on umbilical arteries and ductus venosus Doppler velocity waveforms in growth-restricted fetuses","volume":"25","author":"Piazze","year":"2012","journal-title":"J\u00a0Matern Fetal Neonatal Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.12.227_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)66328-3","article-title":"Antenatal betamethasone and fetoplacental blood flow","volume":"354","author":"Adamson","year":"1999","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.12.227_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1288","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2006-1058","article-title":"The effects of maternal betamethasone administration on the intrauterine growth-restricted fetus","volume":"148","author":"Miller","year":"2007","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.12.227_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(00)70513-8","article-title":"Morbidity and mortality among very-low-birth-weight neonates with intrauterine growth restriction. The Vermont Oxford Network","volume":"182","author":"Bernstein","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.12.227_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1779","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.13723","article-title":"Antenatal corticosteroid treatment in singleton, small-for-gestational-age infants born at 24-31 weeks' gestation: a population-based study","volume":"123","author":"Riskin-Mashiah","year":"2016","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.12.227_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000001674","article-title":"Antenatal corticosteroids and outcomes of small-for-gestational-age neonates","volume":"128","author":"Melamed","year":"2016","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.12.227_bib45","first-page":"954","article-title":"Effects of antenatal corticosteroid administration on mortality and long-term morbidity in early preterm, growth-restricted infants","volume":"97","author":"Schaap","year":"2001","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.12.227_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2008.10.010","article-title":"No short-term benefits of antenatal corticosteroid treatment in severely preterm growth restricted fetuses: a case-control study","volume":"85","author":"van Stralen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Early Hum Dev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.12.227_bib47","first-page":"174","article-title":"Effectiveness of antenatal steroids in obstetric subgroups","volume":"93","author":"Elimian","year":"1999","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.12.227_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1090","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.1997.tb14814.x","article-title":"Respiratory distress syndrome in infants with impaired intrauterine growth","volume":"86","author":"Ley","year":"1997","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.12.227_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1496","DOI":"10.3109\/14767058.2013.789852","article-title":"Are antenatal steroids beneficial to severely growth restricted fetuses?","volume":"26","author":"Mitsiakos","year":"2013","journal-title":"J\u00a0Matern Fetal Neonatal Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.12.227_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1068","DOI":"10.1080\/00016340903176784","article-title":"Is antenatal steroid treatment effective in preterm IUGR fetuses?","volume":"88","author":"Torrance","year":"2009","journal-title":"Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.12.227_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2003.08.011","article-title":"The fetal cardiovascular response to antenatal steroids in severe early-onset intrauterine growth restriction","volume":"190","author":"Simchen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.12.227_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2393-13-104","article-title":"Australasian randomized trial to evaluate the role of maternal intramuscular dexamethasone versus betamethasone prior to preterm birth to increase survival free of childhood neurosensory disability (A*STEROID): study protocol","volume":"13","author":"Crowther","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy Childbirth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.12.227_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0b013e31822ad2dc","article-title":"Epidemiologic associations with cerebral palsy","volume":"118","author":"O'Callaghan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.12.227_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-3782(00)00069-4","article-title":"Abnormal cerebral neuronal migration in a rat model of intrauterine growth retardation induced by synthetic thromboxane A(2)","volume":"58","author":"Sasaki","year":"2000","journal-title":"Early Hum Dev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.12.227_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4522(00)00271-2","article-title":"Reduced number of neurons in the hippocampus and the cerebellum in the postnatal guinea-pig following intrauterine growth-restriction","volume":"100","author":"Mallard","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.12.227_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"g6661","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.g6661","article-title":"Preterm birth and the role of neuroprotection","volume":"350","author":"Chang","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.12.227_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2007.02.011","article-title":"Severe cell reduction in the future brain cortex in human growth-restricted fetuses and infants","volume":"197","author":"Samuelsen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.12.227_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F553","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2014-307655","article-title":"Antenatal magnesium sulfate: neuro-protection for preterm infants","volume":"100","author":"Oddie","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.12.227_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-005-9076-5","article-title":"Effects of magnesium sulfate administration during hypoxia on Ca(2+) influx and IP(3) receptor modification in cerebral cortical neuronal nuclei of newborn piglets","volume":"31","author":"Mami","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neurochem Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.12.227_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2016.03.032","article-title":"Maternal magnesium sulfate fetal neuroprotective effects to the fetus: inhibition of neuronal nitric oxide synthase and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells activation in a rodent model","volume":"215","author":"Beloosesky","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.12.227_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2010.11.006","article-title":"Magnesium sulfate ameliorates maternal and fetal inflammation in a rat model of maternal infection","volume":"204","author":"Tam","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.12.227_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2669","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.290.20.2669","article-title":"Effect of magnesium sulfate given for neuroprotection before preterm birth: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"290","author":"Crowther","year":"2003","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.12.227_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2006.01165.x","article-title":"The Magpie Trial: a randomized trial comparing magnesium sulfate with placebo for pre-eclampsia. Outcome for children at 18 months","volume":"114","year":"2007","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.12.227_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2006.01162.x","article-title":"Magnesium sulfate given before very-preterm birth to protect infant brain: the randomized controlled PREMAG trial","volume":"114","author":"Marret","year":"2007","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.12.227_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0801187","article-title":"A\u00a0randomized, controlled trial of magnesium sulfate for the prevention of cerebral palsy","volume":"359","author":"Rouse","year":"2008","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.12.227_bib66","first-page":"CD004661","article-title":"Magnesium sulfate for women at risk of preterm birth for neuroprotection of the fetus","volume":"1","author":"Doyle","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.12.227_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1002398","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002398","article-title":"Assessing the neuroprotective benefits for babies of antenatal magnesium sulfate: an individual participant data meta-analysis","volume":"14","author":"Crowther","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.12.227_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2016.06.053","article-title":"Antenatal exposure to magnesium sulfate is associated with reduced cerebellar hemorrhage in preterm newborns","volume":"178","author":"Gano","year":"2016","journal-title":"J\u00a0Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.12.227_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1038\/jp.2014.106","article-title":"Antenatal magnesium sulfate and spontaneous intestinal perforation in infants less than 25 weeks gestation","volume":"34","author":"Rattray","year":"2014","journal-title":"J\u00a0Perinatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.12.227_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1227","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0037-1603344","article-title":"Antenatal exposure to magnesium sulfate and spontaneous intestinal perforation and necrotizing enterocolitis in extremely preterm neonates","volume":"34","author":"Shalabi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Perinatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.12.227_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1016\/S1701-2163(16)34886-1","article-title":"Magnesium sulfate for fetal neuroprotection. SOGC Clinical practice guideline","volume":"33","author":"Magee","year":"2011","journal-title":"J\u00a0Obstet Gynaecol Can"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.12.227_bib72","unstructured":"Royal College of Obstetricians & Gynecologists, United Kingdom. Scientific Impact Paper No. 29\u2013Magnesium sulphate to prevent cerebral palsy following preterm birth. Published September 28, 2011. Available at: https:\/\/www.rcog.org.uk\/en\/guidelines-research-services\/guidelines\/sip29\/. Accessed January 10, 2018."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.12.227_bib73","unstructured":"Australian Research Center for Health of Women and Babies. National Clinical Practice Guideline. Antenatal magnesium sulphate prior to preterm birth for neuroprotection of the fetus, infant and child. Published March 16, 2010. Available at: https:\/\/www.adelaide.edu.au\/arch\/MagnesiumSulphate2010.pdf. Accessed January 10, 2018."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.12.227_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1111","DOI":"10.1067\/mob.2002.123544","article-title":"Association between the use of antenatal magnesium sulfate in preterm labor and adverse health outcomes in infants","volume":"186","author":"Mittendorf","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.12.227_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2006.01166.x","article-title":"The Magpie Trial: a randomized trial comparing magnesium sulfate with placebo for pre-eclampsia. Outcome for women at 2 years","volume":"114","year":"2007","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.12.227_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.14920","article-title":"Risk of ultrasound-detected neonatal brain abnormalities in intrauterine growth-restricted fetuses born between 28 and 34 weeks' gestation: relationship with gestational age at birth and fetal Doppler parameters","volume":"46","author":"Cruz-Martinez","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.12.227_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2013.03.001","article-title":"Maternal magnesium supplementation reduces intrauterine growth restriction and suppresses inflammation in a rat model","volume":"208","author":"Roman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.12.227_bib78","first-page":"451","article-title":"Placental pathology in relation to uterine artery Doppler findings in pregnancies with severe intrauterine growth restriction and abnormal umbilical artery Doppler changes","volume":"34","author":"Levytska","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Perinatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.12.227_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02896181","article-title":"The effects of magnesium sulfate on fetal rats of FGR and the expression of caspase-3 in the placenta of maternal rat","volume":"25","author":"Gao","year":"2005","journal-title":"J\u00a0Huazhong Univ Sci Technolog Med Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.12.227_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.1995.tb09060.x","article-title":"Neonatal respiratory morbidity and mode of delivery at term: influence of timing of elective cesarean section","volume":"102","author":"Morrison","year":"1995","journal-title":"Br J Obstet Gynaecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.12.227_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"c7087","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.c7087","article-title":"Induction versus expectant monitoring for intrauterine growth restriction at term: randomized equivalence trial (DIGITAT)","volume":"341","author":"Boers","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.12.227_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1007\/s00404-008-0685-5","article-title":"Outcome of induced deliveries in growth-restricted fetuses: second thoughts about the vaginal option","volume":"279","author":"Maslovitz","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arch Gynecol Obstet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.12.227_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3051","DOI":"10.3109\/14767058.2015.1114084","article-title":"Trial of labor after cesarean versus repeat cesarean in women with small-for-gestational age neonates: a secondary analysis","volume":"29","author":"Turitz","year":"2016","journal-title":"J\u00a0Matern Fetal Neonatal Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.12.227_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(81)90274-X","article-title":"Oxytocin challenge test and intrauterine growth retardation","volume":"140","author":"Lin","year":"1981","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.12.227_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"828","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0412.2003.00213.x","article-title":"Prospect for vaginal delivery of growth restricted fetuses with abnormal umbilical artery blood flow","volume":"82","author":"Li","year":"2003","journal-title":"Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.12.227_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.06.009","article-title":"A\u00a0mouse model of antepartum stillbirth","volume":"217","author":"Rahman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.12.227_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2015.10.004","article-title":"The hemodynamics of late-onset intrauterine growth restriction by MRI","volume":"214","author":"Zhu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.12.227_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.1993.tb15209.x","article-title":"Fetal cerebral Doppler in the recognition of fetal compromise","volume":"100","author":"Chandran","year":"1993","journal-title":"Br J Obstet Gynaecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.12.227_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2014.05.008","article-title":"The role of brain sparing in the prediction of adverse outcomes in intrauterine growth restriction: results of the multicenter PORTO study","volume":"211","author":"Flood","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.12.227_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.02.005","article-title":"Is cerebroplacental ratio a marker of impaired fetal growth velocity and adverse pregnancy outcome?","volume":"216","author":"Khalil","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.12.227_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.7738","article-title":"Longitudinal changes in uterine, umbilical and fetal cerebral Doppler indices in late-onset small-for-gestational age fetuses","volume":"37","author":"Oros","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.12.227_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0412.2010.01042.x","article-title":"Relations between fetal brain-sparing circulation, oxytocin challenge test, mode of delivery and fetal outcome in growth-restricted term fetuses","volume":"90","author":"Fu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.12.227_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1046","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000002032","article-title":"Intracervical Foley catheter with and without oxytocin for labor induction: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"129","author":"Schoen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.12.227_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.14714","article-title":"An integrated model with classification criteria to predict small-for-gestational-age fetuses at risk of adverse perinatal outcome","volume":"45","author":"Figueras","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.12.227_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2015.06.021","article-title":"Fetal growth restriction and intra-uterine growth restriction: guidelines for clinical practice from the French College of Gynecologists and Obstetricians","volume":"193","author":"Vayssiere","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.12.227_bib96","first-page":"1","article-title":"Progression of Doppler changes in early-onset small for gestational age fetuses. How frequent are the different progression sequences?","author":"Morales-Rosello","year":"2017","journal-title":"J\u00a0Matern Fetal Neonatal Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.12.227_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1469-0705.1996.08040247.x","article-title":"Uterine and umbilical circulation during the oxytocin challenge test","volume":"8","author":"Olofsson","year":"1996","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.12.227_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-3782(03)00084-7","article-title":"Acute increase of umbilical artery vascular flow resistance in compromised fetuses provoked by uterine contractions","volume":"74","author":"Li","year":"2003","journal-title":"Early Hum Dev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.12.227_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2006.03.011","article-title":"Acute centralization of blood flow in compromised human fetuses evoked by uterine contractions","volume":"82","author":"Li","year":"2006","journal-title":"Early Hum Dev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.12.227_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/0028-2243(94)90217-8","article-title":"Absent end-diastolic flow of umbilical artery Doppler: pregnancy outcome in 62 cases","volume":"53","author":"Poulain","year":"1994","journal-title":"Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.12.227_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1159\/000333001","article-title":"Risk of perinatal death in early-onset intrauterine growth restriction according to gestational age and cardiovascular Doppler indices: a multicenter study","volume":"32","author":"Cruz-Lemini","year":"2012","journal-title":"Fetal Diagn Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.12.227_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2162","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)62049-3","article-title":"2 Year neurodevelopmental and intermediate perinatal outcomes in infants with very preterm fetal growth restriction (TRUFFLE): a randomized trial","volume":"385","author":"Lees","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.12.227_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1836","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2006-1327","article-title":"Survival rates and mode of delivery for vertex preterm neonates according to small- or appropriate-for-gestational-age status","volume":"118","author":"Lee","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pediatrics"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0002937817327266?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0002937817327266?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,11]],"date-time":"2025-09-11T11:20:11Z","timestamp":1757589611000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0002937817327266"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,2]]},"references-count":103,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,2]]}},"alternative-id":["S0002937817327266"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.12.227","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9378"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9378","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Antenatal glucocorticoids, magnesium sulfate, and mode of birth in preterm fetal small for gestational age","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.12.227","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}