{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,20]],"date-time":"2026-06-20T05:35:46Z","timestamp":1781933746923,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":116,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,1]],"date-time":"2020-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1583020800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,1]],"date-time":"2020-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1583020800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["ajog.org","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,3]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2019.11.1262","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,2]],"date-time":"2019-12-02T11:23:57Z","timestamp":1575285837000},"page":"204-218","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Standardized terminology of apical structures in the female pelvis based on a structured medical literature review"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"222","author":[{"given":"Sunil","family":"Balgobin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter C.","family":"Jeppson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"II","given":"Thomas","family":"Wheeler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Audra Jolyn","family":"Hill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kavita","family":"Mishra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Donna","family":"Mazloomdoost","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gena C.","family":"Dunivan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mallika","family":"Anand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saifuddin T.","family":"Mama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Bochenska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christina","family":"Lewicky-Gaupp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ethan M.","family":"Balk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"DeLancey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marlene M.","family":"Corton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2019.11.1262_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2004.0107","article-title":"Terminologia Anatomica: revised anatomical terminology","volume":"34","author":"Greathouse","year":"2004","journal-title":"J\u00a0Orthop Sports Phys Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2019.11.1262_bib2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Frequency in usage of Terminologia Anatomica terms by clinical anatomists","volume":"2014","author":"Martin","year":"2014","journal-title":"J\u00a0Biomed Educ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2019.11.1262_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1002\/1098-2353(200103)14:2<120::AID-CA1020>3.0.CO;2-V","article-title":"Terminologia Anatomica: considered from the perspective of next-generation knowledge sources","volume":"14","author":"Rosse","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin Anat"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2019.11.1262_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1002\/ca.21140","article-title":"Does the terminologia anatomica really matter?","volume":"24","author":"Hirsch","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Anat"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2019.11.1262_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-2353(1999)12:1<43::AID-CA7>3.0.CO;2-W","article-title":"The clinical anatomy of several invasive procedures","volume":"12","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin Anat"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2019.11.1262_bib6","series-title":"Terminologies Federative International Programme on Anatomical terminologies. Terminologia Anatomica: international anatomical terminology","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2019.11.1262_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1002\/ca.21185","article-title":"AnatomicalTerms.info: heading for an online solution to the anatomical synonym problem hurdles in data-reuse from the Terminologia Anatomica and the foundational model of anatomy and potentials for future development","volume":"24","author":"Gobee","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Anat"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2019.11.1262_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2018.04.006","article-title":"Recommended standardized terminology of the anterior female pelvis based on a structured medical literature review","volume":"219","author":"Jeppson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2019.11.1262_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1156","DOI":"10.1067\/mob.2001.112972","article-title":"Visibility of pelvic organ support system structures in magnetic resonance images without an endovaginal coil","volume":"184","author":"Tunn","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2019.11.1262_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(20000815)89:4<834::AID-CNCR16>3.0.CO;2-7","article-title":"Pelvic nerve plexus trauma at radical hysterectomy and simple hysterectomy: the nerve content of the uterine supporting ligaments","volume":"89","author":"Butler-Manuel","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2019.11.1262_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1717","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(92)91562-O","article-title":"Anatomic aspects of vaginal eversion after hysterectomy","volume":"166","author":"DeLancey","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2019.11.1262_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1007\/s00192-015-2932-1","article-title":"An International Urogynecological Association (IUGA)\/International Continence Society (ICS) joint report on the terminology for female pelvic organ prolapse (POP)","volume":"27","author":"Haylen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int Urogynecol J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2019.11.1262_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2105-11-55","article-title":"Semi-automated screening of biomedical citations for systematic reviews","volume":"11","author":"Wallace","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMC Bioinformatics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2019.11.1262_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2005.02.129","article-title":"Arcus tendineus fascia pelvis: a further understanding","volume":"193","author":"Albright","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2019.11.1262_bib15","first-page":"1770","article-title":"Anatomical correction of vaginal vault prolapse by uterosacral ligament fixation in women who also require a pubovaginal sling","volume":"169","author":"Amundsen","year":"2003","journal-title":"J\u00a0Urol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2019.11.1262_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1007\/s00192-014-2574-8","article-title":"Lower urinary tract dysfunction after nerve-sparing radical hysterectomy","volume":"26","author":"Aoun","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int Urogynecol J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2019.11.1262_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1815","DOI":"10.1007\/s00192-013-2172-1","article-title":"Apical prolapse","volume":"24","author":"Barber","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int Urogynecol J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2019.11.1262_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01631336","article-title":"Correlation between computed tomography and gross anatomy of the suspensory ligament of the ovary","volume":"21","author":"Bazot","year":"1999","journal-title":"Surg Radiol Anat"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2019.11.1262_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1006\/gyno.1996.0184","article-title":"Lymphatic spread of cervical cancer: an anatomical and pathological study based on 225 radical hysterectomies with systematic pelvic and aortic lymphadenectomy","volume":"62","author":"Benedetti-Panici","year":"1996","journal-title":"Gynecol Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2019.11.1262_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.1080\/00015458.2004.11679646","article-title":"Intravaginal slingplasty: short term results","volume":"104","author":"Biertho","year":"2004","journal-title":"Acta Chir Belg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2019.11.1262_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2004.11.037","article-title":"An MRI comparison of anatomical changes related to surgical treatment of prolapse by vaginal or abdominal route","volume":"121","author":"Boukerrou","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2019.11.1262_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1097\/00001703-200008000-00010","article-title":"Enterocele repair and vaginal vault suspension","volume":"12","author":"Carter","year":"2000","journal-title":"Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2019.11.1262_bib23","first-page":"55","article-title":"Wertheim's operation\u2013a study of 130 cases","volume":"30","author":"Cheng","year":"1989","journal-title":"Singapore Med J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2019.11.1262_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygyno.2011.04.029","article-title":"New classification system of radical hysterectomy: emphasis on a three-dimensional anatomic template for parametrial resection","volume":"122","author":"Cibula","year":"2011","journal-title":"Gynecol Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2019.11.1262_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1097\/00004728-199905000-00018","article-title":"CT and MRI of pelvic varices in women","volume":"23","author":"Coakley","year":"1999","journal-title":"J\u00a0Comput Assist Tomog"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2019.11.1262_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1007\/s00192-009-0803-3","article-title":"Nerve injury during uterosacral ligament fixation: a cadaver study","volume":"20","author":"Collins","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2019.11.1262_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1717","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(92)91562-O","article-title":"Anatomic aspects of vaginal eversion after hysterectomy","volume":"166","author":"DeLancey","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2019.11.1262_bib28","first-page":"152","article-title":"Treatment of vaginal vault prolapse","volume":"41","author":"Dony","year":"1989","journal-title":"Neth J Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2019.11.1262_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.2298\/MPNS0208279D","article-title":"Abdominal sling surgery\u2013artificial sacro-uterine ligament","volume":"55","author":"Draca","year":"2002","journal-title":"Med Pregl"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2019.11.1262_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1007\/s00240-013-0605-4","article-title":"Site of impaction of ureteric calculi requiring surgical intervention","volume":"42","author":"El-Barky","year":"2014","journal-title":"Urolithiasis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2019.11.1262_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1002\/ca.980080103","article-title":"Tomographical anatomy of the pelvis, visceral pelvic connective tissue, and its compartments","volume":"8","author":"Fritsch","year":"1995","journal-title":"Clin Anat"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2019.11.1262_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-18548-9","article-title":"Clinical anatomy of the pelvic floor","volume":"175","author":"Fritsch","year":"2004","journal-title":"Adv Anat Embryol Cell Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2019.11.1262_bib33","first-page":"197","article-title":"Up-to-date surgical management of tubal infertility due to inflammations of the pelvis","volume":"29","author":"God\u00f3","year":"1988","journal-title":"Acta Chir Hung"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2019.11.1262_bib34","first-page":"1606","article-title":"Dynamic half Fourier acquisition, single shot turbo spin-echo magnetic resonance imaging for evaluating the female pelvis","volume":"164","author":"Gousse","year":"2000","journal-title":"J\u00a0Urol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2019.11.1262_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1064","DOI":"10.1097\/00006250-199406000-00033","article-title":"Round ligament synthetic graft colpopexy","volume":"83","author":"Harer","year":"1994","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2019.11.1262_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(16)56062-2","article-title":"Utero-ovarian vein blood sampling in postmenopausal women","volume":"60","author":"Heineman","year":"1993","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2019.11.1262_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1447-0756.2010.01298.x","article-title":"Comparative histological study of levels 1-3 supportive tissues using pelvic floor semiserial sections from elderly nulliparous and multiparous women","volume":"37","author":"Hirata","year":"2011","journal-title":"J\u00a0Obstet Gynaecol Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2019.11.1262_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(98)70533-2","article-title":"Liposuction-assisted nerve-sparing extended radical hysterectomy: oncologic rationale, surgical anatomy, and feasibility study","volume":"178","author":"H\u00f6ckel","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2019.11.1262_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-7292(81)90037-0","article-title":"Vaginal morphology following hysterectomy","volume":"19","author":"Jaszczak","year":"1981","journal-title":"Int J Gynaecol Obstet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2019.11.1262_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmig.2007.07.009","article-title":"An update of anatomical references in total laparoscopic radical hysterectomy: from surgical anatomy to anatomical surgery","volume":"15","author":"Jim\u00e9nez","year":"2008","journal-title":"J\u00a0Minim Invasive Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2019.11.1262_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.3802\/jgo.2014.25.3.198","article-title":"Various types of total laparoscopic nerve-sparing radical hysterectomies and their effects on bladder function","volume":"25","author":"Kanao","year":"2014","journal-title":"J\u00a0Gynecol Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2019.11.1262_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1093\/jjco\/hyg107","article-title":"A\u00a0new perspective on nerve-sparing radical hysterectomy: nerve topography and over-preservation of the cardinal ligament","volume":"33","author":"Kato","year":"2003","journal-title":"Jpn J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2019.11.1262_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygyno.2009.06.034","article-title":"A\u00a0novel technique for the management of the vesicouterine ligament during radical hysterectomy","volume":"115","author":"Kobayashi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Gynecol Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2019.11.1262_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.2741\/E618","article-title":"Surgery for deep infiltrating endometriosis: technique and rationale","volume":"5","author":"Kondo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front Biosci (Elite Ed)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2019.11.1262_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygyno.2013.10.030","article-title":"Lymphatic drainage pathways from the cervix uteri: implications for radical hysterectomy?","volume":"132","author":"Kraima","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gynecol Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2019.11.1262_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1016\/0029-7844(96)00161-5","article-title":"Prognostic significance of gross myometrial invasion with endometrial cancer","volume":"88","author":"Larson","year":"1996","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2019.11.1262_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1016\/S0950-3552(98)80012-6","article-title":"Operative anatomy and technique of radical parametrial resection in the surgical treatment of cervical cancer","volume":"2","author":"Lichtenegger","year":"1988","journal-title":"Baillieres Clin Obstet Gynaecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2019.11.1262_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmig.2005.03.014","article-title":"Laparoscopic vaginal vault suspension using uterosacral ligaments: a review of 133 cases","volume":"12","author":"Lin","year":"2005","journal-title":"J\u00a0Minim Invasive Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2019.11.1262_bib49","first-page":"249","article-title":"Risk factors for failure of transvaginal sacrospinous uterine suspension in the treatment of uterovaginal prolapse","volume":"104","author":"Lin","year":"2005","journal-title":"J\u00a0Formos Med Assoc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2019.11.1262_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1097\/GCO.0000000000000081","article-title":"Total laparoscopic radical trachelectomy in the treatment of early-stage cervical cancer: review of technique and outcomes","volume":"26","author":"Lu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2019.11.1262_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1097\/GRF.0b013e3181cd4065","article-title":"Vaginal hysterectomy for the prolapsed uterus","volume":"53","author":"Lucero","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2019.11.1262_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"868","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0001-6349.2005.00742.x","article-title":"Anatomical basis for nerve-sparing radical hysterectomy: immunohistochemical study of the pelvic autonomic nerves","volume":"84","author":"Maas","year":"2005","journal-title":"Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2019.11.1262_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ogc.2015.10.001","article-title":"Pelvic organ prolapse: new concepts in pelvic floor anatomy","volume":"43","author":"Maldonado","year":"2016","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2019.11.1262_bib54","first-page":"190","article-title":"Radicality of surgical treatment for cervical cancer","volume":"32","author":"Mirkovi\u0107","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur J Gynaecol Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2019.11.1262_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1159\/000299658","article-title":"Abdominal radical hysterectomy and bilateral pelvic lymph node dissections for cancer of the cervix. The Okabayashi operation its modifications","volume":"12","author":"Nakano","year":"1981","journal-title":"Gynecol Obstet Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2019.11.1262_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0412.2003.00137.x","article-title":"Anatomic and functional assessment and risk factors of recurrent prolapse after vaginal sacrospinous fixation","volume":"82","author":"Nieminen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2019.11.1262_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1620\/tjem.212.403","article-title":"Surgical anatomy of intrapelvic fasciae and vesico-uterine ligament in nerve-sparing radical hysterectomy with fresh cadaver dissections","volume":"212","author":"Niikura","year":"2007","journal-title":"Tohoku J Exp Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2019.11.1262_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijgo.2010.04.033","article-title":"Variant anatomy of the uterine artery in a Kenyan population","volume":"111","author":"Obimbo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Gynaecol Obstet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2019.11.1262_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(16)56158-5","article-title":"The predictive value of hysterosalpingography for tubal and peritoneal infertility factors","volume":"60","author":"Opsahl","year":"1993","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2019.11.1262_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7292(96)02731-2","article-title":"Laparoscopic colposuspension for total vaginal prolapse","volume":"55","author":"Ostrzenski","year":"1996","journal-title":"Int J Gynaecol Obstet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2019.11.1262_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0b013e3181649e5c","article-title":"Endopelvic fascia in women: shape and relation to parietal pelvic structures","volume":"111","author":"Otcenasek","year":"2008","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2019.11.1262_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1002\/ca.22472","article-title":"Physical examination of the female internal and external genitalia with and without pelvic organ prolapse: a review","volume":"28","author":"Pahwa","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Anat"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2019.11.1262_bib63","first-page":"1097","article-title":"Transabdominal partial vaginal resection and infundibulopelvic colpopexy for posthysterectomy vaginal vault prolapse","volume":"52","author":"Papp","year":"2007","journal-title":"J\u00a0Reprod Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2019.11.1262_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1007\/s001920050050","article-title":"Laparoscopic surgery for enterocele, vaginal apex prolapse and rectocele","volume":"10","author":"Paraiso","year":"1999","journal-title":"Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2019.11.1262_bib65","first-page":"771","article-title":"Auditory identification of pelvic blood vessels during laparoscopically assisted vaginal hysterectomy. Use of the endoscopic Doppler probe","volume":"38","author":"Pelosi","year":"1993","journal-title":"J\u00a0Reprod Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2019.11.1262_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(98)80020-3","article-title":"Should sacrospinous ligament fixation for the management of pelvic support defects be part of a residency program procedure? The University of Miami experience","volume":"178","author":"Penalver","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2019.11.1262_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/S0090-8258(03)00255-5","article-title":"Technical modification of the nerve-sparing laparoscopy-assisted vaginal radical hysterectomy type 3 for better reproducibility of this procedure","volume":"90","author":"Possover","year":"2003","journal-title":"Gynecol Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2019.11.1262_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.171.2.9694481","article-title":"Unusual causes of ovarian vein thrombosis as revealed by CT and sonography","volume":"171","author":"Quane","year":"1998","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2019.11.1262_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1006\/gyno.2002.6588","article-title":"Modified radical vaginal hysterectomy with or without laparoscopic nerve-sparing dissection: a comparative study","volume":"85","author":"Querleu","year":"2002","journal-title":"Gynecol Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2019.11.1262_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2007.08.068","article-title":"Anatomic relationships of the distal third of the pelvic ureter, trigone, and urethra in unembalmed female cadavers","volume":"197","author":"Rahn","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2019.11.1262_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1483","DOI":"10.1007\/s00192-012-1819-7","article-title":"Anatomy and histology of apical support: a literature review concerning cardinal and uterosacral ligaments","volume":"23","author":"Ramanah","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int Urogynecol J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2019.11.1262_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.4293\/108680813X13654754535115","article-title":"Efficacy of laparoscopic sacrocervicopexy for apical support of pelvic organ prolapse","volume":"17","author":"Rosati","year":"2013","journal-title":"JSLS"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2019.11.1262_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02764847","article-title":"Apical vault repair, the cornerstone or pelvic vault reconstruction","volume":"8","author":"Ross","year":"1997","journal-title":"Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2019.11.1262_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1136\/ijgc-00009577-200503000-00035","article-title":"A\u00a0systematic nerve-sparing radical hysterectomy technique in invasive cervical cancer for preserving postsurgical bladder function","volume":"15","author":"Sakuragi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int J Gynecol Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2019.11.1262_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1006\/gyno.1999.5588","article-title":"Laparoscopically assisted Schauta operation: learning experience at the Gynecologic Oncology Unit, Buenos Aires University Hospital","volume":"75","author":"Sardi","year":"1999","journal-title":"Gynecol Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2019.11.1262_bib76","first-page":"101","article-title":"Urethral pressure profiles following radical hysterectomy","volume":"59","author":"Sasaki","year":"1982","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2019.11.1262_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1002\/ssu.2980010205","article-title":"Radical hysterectomy for cancer of the uterine cervix","volume":"1","author":"Sekiba","year":"1985","journal-title":"Semin Surg Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2019.11.1262_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijgo.2009.07.020","article-title":"A\u00a0surgical window to access the obliterated posterior cul-de-sac at vaginal hysterectomy","volume":"107","author":"Sheth","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int J Gynaecol Obstet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2019.11.1262_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1447-0756.1998.tb00066.x","article-title":"Two uterine arterial management methods in laparoscopic hysterectomy","volume":"24","author":"Song","year":"1998","journal-title":"J\u00a0Obstet Gynaecol Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2019.11.1262_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2016.09.074","article-title":"Intraoperative cervix location and apical support stiffness in women with and without pelvic organ prolapse","volume":"216","author":"Swenson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2019.11.1262_bib81","first-page":"438","article-title":"Vaginal vault reconstruction","volume":"49","author":"Thomas","year":"1977","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2019.11.1262_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1097\/gme.0b013e3181b0c2ae","article-title":"Age-related pelvic floor modifications and prolapse risk factors in postmenopausal women","volume":"17","author":"Tinelli","year":"2010","journal-title":"Menopause"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2019.11.1262_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2008.04.003","article-title":"The lateral infraureteral parametrium: myth or reality?","volume":"199","author":"Touboul","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2019.11.1262_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1136\/ijgc-00009577-200105000-00003","article-title":"A\u00a0nerve-sparing radical hysterectomy: guidelines and feasibility in Western patients","volume":"11","author":"Trimbos","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int J Gynecol Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2019.11.1262_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(91)90614-W","article-title":"Dissection of the cardinal ligament in radical hysterectomy for cervical cancer with emphasis on the lateral ligament","volume":"164","author":"Yabuki","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2019.11.1262_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1006\/gyno.1999.5723","article-title":"Radical hysterectomy: an anatomic evaluation of parametrial dissection","volume":"77","author":"Yabuki","year":"2000","journal-title":"Gynecol Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2019.11.1262_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1006\/gyno.1996.0251","article-title":"A\u00a0new proposal for radical hysterectomy","volume":"62","author":"Yabuki","year":"1996","journal-title":"Gynecol Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2019.11.1262_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1564","DOI":"10.1007\/DCR.0b013e3181a8f75c","article-title":"Denonvilliers\u2019 fascia in women and its relationship with the fascia propria of the rectum examined by successive slices of celloidin-embedded pelvic viscera","volume":"52","author":"Zhai","year":"2009","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2019.11.1262_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1458","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2013.1360","article-title":"Distribution of lymphatic tissues and autonomic nerves in supporting ligaments around the cervix uteri","volume":"7","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol Med Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2019.11.1262_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1080\/00016340701876163","article-title":"Prognostic factors for recurrence in patients with FIGO stage I and II, intermediate or high risk endometrial cancer","volume":"87","author":"Zusterzeel","year":"2008","journal-title":"Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2019.11.1262_bib91","series-title":"Atlas of pelvic anatomy and gynecologic surgery","first-page":"5","article-title":"Basic pelvic anatomy","author":"Baggish","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2019.11.1262_bib92","series-title":"Atlas of pelvic anatomy and gynecologic surgery","first-page":"59","article-title":"Advanced pelvic anatomy","author":"Baggish","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2019.11.1262_bib93","series-title":"Atlas of pelvic anatomy and gynecologic surgery","first-page":"75","article-title":"Max Brodel\u2019s pelvic anatomy","author":"Baggish","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2019.11.1262_bib94","series-title":"Fundamentals of diagnostic radiology","first-page":"817","article-title":"Pelvicalyceal system, ureters, bladder, and urethra","author":"Brant","year":"2012"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2019.11.1262_bib95","series-title":"Fundamentals of diagnostic radiology","first-page":"838","article-title":"Genital tract\u2013CT, MR, and radiographic imaging","author":"Brant","year":"2012"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2019.11.1262_bib96","series-title":"Fundamentals of diagnostic radiology","first-page":"886","article-title":"Genital tract and bladder ultrasound","author":"Brant","year":"2012"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2019.11.1262_bib97","series-title":"Te Linde\u2019s operative gynecology","first-page":"93","article-title":"Surgical anatomy of the female pelvis","author":"DeLancey","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2019.11.1262_bib98","unstructured":"Drake RL, Vogl W, Mitchell AWM, Gray H. Gray\u2019s anatomy for students. 3rd ed. Philadelphia, PA: Churchill Livingstone\/Elsevier; 2015:421-532."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2019.11.1262_bib99","series-title":"Netter\u2019s clinical anatomy. Philadelphia, PA","first-page":"217","article-title":"Pelvis and perineum","author":"Hansen","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2019.11.1262_bib100","series-title":"Atlas of pelvic anatomy and gynecologic surgery","first-page":"1027","article-title":"Surgical anatomy of the bladder and pelvic ureter","author":"Karram","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2019.11.1262_bib101","series-title":"Robbins and Cotran atlas of pathology","first-page":"325","article-title":"The female genital tract","author":"Klatt","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2019.11.1262_bib102","series-title":"Vaginal surgery","first-page":"1","author":"Nichols","year":"1996"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2019.11.1262_bib103","series-title":"Gynecologic, obstetric, and related surgery","first-page":"7","article-title":"Pelvic anatomy for the gynecologic surgeon","author":"Reiffenstuhl","year":"2000"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2019.11.1262_bib104","series-title":"Atlas of vaginal\u00a0surgery: surgical anatomy and technique","first-page":"1","article-title":"Anatomical description","author":"Reiffenstuhl","year":"1975"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2019.11.1262_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1007\/s00276-008-0357-y","article-title":"Anatomical terminology and nomenclature: past, present, and highlights","volume":"30","author":"Kachlik","year":"2008","journal-title":"Surg Radiol Anat"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2019.11.1262_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1007\/s00192-009-0976-9","article-title":"An International Urogynecological Association (IUGA)\/International Continence Society (ICS) joint report on the terminology for female pelvic floor dysfunction","volume":"21","author":"Haylen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int Urogynecol J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2019.11.1262_bib107","series-title":"Dorland\u2019s illustrated medical dictionary","author":"Dorland","year":"2007"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2019.11.1262_bib108","first-page":"339","article-title":"The variations in the blood supply of the ovary and their possible operative importance","volume":"24","author":"Sampson","year":"1917","journal-title":"Surg Gynecol Obstet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2019.11.1262_bib109","series-title":"Cunningham and Gilstrap\u2019s operative obstetrics","first-page":"27","article-title":"Anatomy","author":"Corton","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2019.11.1262_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(49)90639-0","article-title":"The lower uterine segment: its derivation and physiologic behavior","volume":"57","author":"Danforth","year":"1949","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2019.11.1262_bib111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1007\/s00404-017-4576-5","article-title":"Investigation of the clinical features of lower uterine segment carcinoma: association with advanced stage disease and indication of poorer prognosis","volume":"297","author":"Miyoshi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch Gynecol Obstet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2019.11.1262_bib112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygyno.2007.05.026","article-title":"Lower uterine segment involvement as a predictor for lymph node spread in endometrial carcinoma","volume":"107","author":"Madon","year":"2007","journal-title":"Gynecol Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2019.11.1262_bib113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000001653","article-title":"Distance from cervicovaginal junction to anterior peritoneal reflection measured during vaginal hysterectomy","volume":"128","author":"Balgobin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2019.11.1262_bib114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1565","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2005.05.007","article-title":"Terminologia Anatomica versus unofficial descriptions and nomenclature of the fascia and ligaments of the female pelvis: a dissection-based comparative study","volume":"193","author":"Ercoli","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2019.11.1262_bib115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1007\/s00192-012-1801-4","article-title":"Cardinal and deep uterosacral ligament lines of action: MRI based 3D technique development and preliminary findings in normal women","volume":"24","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int Urogynecol J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2019.11.1262_bib116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.5507\/bp.2009.027","article-title":"Mistakes in the usage of anatomical terminology in clinical practice","volume":"153","author":"Kachlik","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0002937819326821?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0002937819326821?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,11]],"date-time":"2025-09-11T11:25:30Z","timestamp":1757589930000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0002937819326821"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,3]]},"references-count":116,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,3]]}},"alternative-id":["S0002937819326821"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajog.2019.11.1262","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9378"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9378","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Standardized terminology of apical structures in the female pelvis based on a structured medical literature review","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajog.2019.11.1262","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2019 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}