{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T00:49:51Z","timestamp":1767833391013,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":119,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,1]],"date-time":"2020-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1606780800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,1]],"date-time":"2020-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1606780800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["ajog.org","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.06.008","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,10]],"date-time":"2020-06-10T02:13:46Z","timestamp":1591755226000},"page":"834-847.e2","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["The midlife transition and the risk of cardiovascular disease and cancer Part II: strategies to maximize quality of life and limit dysfunction and disease"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"223","author":[{"given":"Nathan G.","family":"Kase","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elissa","family":"Gretz Friedman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Brodman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.06.008_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.05.051","article-title":"The midlife transition and the risk of cardiovascular disease and cancer I: magnitude and mechanisms","author":"Kase","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.06.008_bib3","series-title":"Clinical gynecologic endocrinology and infertility","first-page":"38","article-title":"The ovary from conception to senescence","year":"1973"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.06.008_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1213","DOI":"10.1097\/GME.0000000000001424","article-title":"The menopause transition and women\u2019s health at midlife: a progress report from the Study of Women\u2019s Health Across the Nation (SWAN)","volume":"26","author":"El Khoudary","year":"2019","journal-title":"Menopause"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.06.008_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.124865","article-title":"Changes in body composition and weight during the menopause transition","volume":"4","author":"Greendale","year":"2019","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.06.008_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2012.39","article-title":"Prevalence of obesity and trends in the distribution of body mass index among US adults, 1999-2010","volume":"307","author":"Flegal","year":"2012","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.06.008_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2008.25","article-title":"Increased visceral fat and decreased energy expenditure during the menopausal transition","volume":"32","author":"Lovejoy","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int J Obes (Lond)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.06.008_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1614362","article-title":"Health effects of overweight and obesity in 195 countries over 25 years","volume":"377","author":"Afshin","year":"2017","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.06.008_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2014.732","article-title":"Prevalence of childhood and adult obesity in the United States, 2011-2012","volume":"311","author":"Ogden","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.06.008_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2440","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMsa1909301","article-title":"Projected U.S. state-level prevalence of adult obesity and severe obesity","volume":"381","author":"Ward","year":"2019","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.06.008_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.3109\/13697137.2015.1129166","article-title":"2016 IMS recommendations on women\u2019s midlife health and menopause hormone therapy","volume":"19","author":"Baber","year":"2016","journal-title":"Climacteric"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.06.008_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1640","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.192644","volume":"120","author":"Alberti","year":"2009","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.06.008_bib13","first-page":"1","article-title":"Prevalence of metabolic syndrome among adults 20 years of age and over, by sex, age, race and ethnicity, and body mass index: United States, 2003-2006","volume":"13","author":"Ervin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Natl Health Stat Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.06.008_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1104","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2008-0701","article-title":"Adipokines, inflammation, and visceral adiposity across the menopausal transition: a prospective study","volume":"94","author":"Lee","year":"2009","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.06.008_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1973","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2015.4260","article-title":"Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in the United States, 2003-2012","volume":"313","author":"Aguilar","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.06.008_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1146","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2013-4465","article-title":"Advanced glycation end-products: pathway of potentially significant pathophysiological and therapeutic relevance for metabolic syndrome in menopausal women","volume":"99","author":"Merhi","year":"2014","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.06.008_bib17","first-page":"e28","article-title":"Heart disease and stroke statistics\u20142014 update: a report from the American Heart Association","volume":"129","author":"Go","year":"2014","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.06.008_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1012848","article-title":"Lifetime risks of cardiovascular disease","volume":"366","author":"Berry","year":"2012","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.06.008_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.95.1.252","article-title":"Sex differences in coronary heart disease. Why are women so superior? The 1995 Ancel Keys Lecture","volume":"95","author":"Barrett-Connor","year":"1997","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.06.008_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2237","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1011035","article-title":"Ectopic fat in insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and cardiometabolic disease","volume":"371","author":"Shulman","year":"2014","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.06.008_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3066","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.539528","article-title":"Metabolic syndrome as a precursor of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"112","author":"Wilson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.06.008_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2015.10029","article-title":"Prevalence of and trends in diabetes among adults in the United States, 1988-2012","volume":"314","author":"Menke","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.06.008_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1016\/S0095-4543(05)70130-5","article-title":"The natural history of type 2 diabetes. Implications for clinical practice","volume":"26","author":"Ramlo-Halsted","year":"1999","journal-title":"Prim Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.06.008_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1111\/dme.13301","article-title":"Association between changes in oestradiol and follicle-stimulating hormone levels during the menopausal transition and risk of diabetes","volume":"34","author":"Park","year":"2017","journal-title":"Diabet Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.06.008_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1012","DOI":"10.2337\/dc12-1020","article-title":"Age at menopause, reproductive life span, and type 2 diabetes risk: results from the EPIC-InterAct study","volume":"36","author":"Brand","year":"2013","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.06.008_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.2337\/dc13-1986","article-title":"Bilateral oophorectomy and the risk of incident diabetes in postmenopausal women","volume":"37","author":"Appiah","year":"2014","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.06.008_bib28","first-page":"1","article-title":"FRAX-based estimates of 10-year probability of hip and major osteoporotic fracture among adults aged 40 and over: United States, 2013 and 2014","volume":"103","author":"Looker","year":"2017","journal-title":"Natl Health Stat Report"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.06.008_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2007-1876","article-title":"Bone mineral density changes during the menopause transition in a multiethnic cohort of women","volume":"93","author":"Finkelstein","year":"2008","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.06.008_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2019.14084","article-title":"Association of physical activity and fracture risk among postmenopausal women","volume":"2","author":"LaMonte","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.06.008_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"bnz014","DOI":"10.1210\/endrev\/bnz014","article-title":"Review: diabetes, obesity, and cancer-pathophysiology and clinical implications","volume":"41","author":"Lega","year":"2020","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.06.008_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2018.11.001","article-title":"Obesity and cancer risk: emerging biological mechanisms and perspectives","volume":"92","author":"Avgerinos","year":"2019","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.06.008_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2224","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)61766-8","article-title":"A\u00a0comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to 67 risk factors and risk factor clusters in 21 regions, 1990-2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010","volume":"380","author":"Lim","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.06.008_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"djv088","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djv088","article-title":"Adult weight gain and adiposity-related cancers: a dose-response meta-analysis of prospective observational studies","volume":"107","author":"Keum","year":"2015","journal-title":"J\u00a0Natl Cancer Inst"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.06.008_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2018.10.013","article-title":"Burden of cancer attributable to obesity, type 2 diabetes and associated risk factors","volume":"92","author":"L\u00f3pez-Su\u00e1rez","year":"2019","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.06.008_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2018.5639","article-title":"Proportion of cancer cases attributable to excess body weight by US state, 2011-2015","volume":"5","author":"Islami","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.06.008_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1665","DOI":"10.1038\/s41416-018-0106-x","article-title":"Midlife weight gain is a risk factor for obesity-related cancer","volume":"118","author":"Chadid","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.06.008_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1007\/s10549-019-05268-y","article-title":"Adult weight gain accelerates the onset of breast cancer","volume":"176","author":"Azrad","year":"2019","journal-title":"Breast Cancer Res Treat"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.06.008_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2015.1546","article-title":"Overweight, obesity, and postmenopausal invasive breast cancer risk: a secondary analysis of the Women\u2019s Health Initiative randomized clinical trials","volume":"1","author":"Neuhouser","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.06.008_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1465","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.297.13.1465","article-title":"Postmenopausal hormone therapy and risk of cardiovascular disease by age and years since menopause","volume":"297","author":"Rossouw","year":"2007","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.06.008_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1080\/cmt.4.4.267.272","article-title":"Executive summary: stages of reproductive aging workshop (STRAW)","volume":"4","author":"Soules","year":"2001","journal-title":"Climacteric"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.06.008_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1097\/gme.0b013e31826f80e0","article-title":"Coronary heart disease events in the Women\u2019s Health Initiative hormone trials: effect modification by metabolic syndrome: a nested case-control study within the Women\u2019s Health Initiative randomized clinical trials","volume":"20","author":"Wild","year":"2013","journal-title":"Menopause"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.06.008_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2014.8063","article-title":"Duration of menopausal vasomotor symptoms over the menopause transition","volume":"175","author":"Avis","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.06.008_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1315","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1006992","article-title":"Adolescent BMI trajectory and risk of diabetes versus coronary disease","volume":"364","author":"Tirosh","year":"2011","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.06.008_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1376","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.03.009","article-title":"2019 ACC\/AHA guideline on the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease: executive summary: a report of the American College of Cardiology\/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice guidelines","volume":"74","author":"Arnett","year":"2019","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.06.008_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e569","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2019.01.016","article-title":"Clinician\u2019s guide to the updated ABCs of cardiovascular disease prevention: a review part 1","volume":"132","author":"Arps","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.06.008_bib48","article-title":"Clinician\u2019s guide to the updated ABCs of cardiovascular disease prevention: a review part 2","volume":"132","author":"Arps","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.06.008_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2349","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1605086","article-title":"Genetic risk, adherence to a healthy lifestyle, and coronary disease","volume":"375","author":"Khera","year":"2016","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.06.008_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1097\/GME.0000000000001098","article-title":"Dietary strategies for weight loss in midlife women","volume":"25","author":"Varady","year":"2018","journal-title":"Menopause"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.06.008_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.295.1.39","article-title":"Low-fat dietary pattern and weight change over 7 years: the Women\u2019s Health Initiative Dietary Modification Trial","volume":"295","author":"Howard","year":"2006","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.06.008_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2016.09.047","article-title":"High-protein intake during weight loss therapy eliminates the weight-loss-induced improvement in insulin action in obese postmenopausal women","volume":"17","author":"Smith","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.06.008_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1115","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glq083","article-title":"Protein intake, weight loss, and bone mineral density in postmenopausal women","volume":"65","author":"Campbell","year":"2010","journal-title":"J\u00a0Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.06.008_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1159\/000444785","article-title":"Regular physical activity: a \u2019magic bullet\u2019 for the pandemics of obesity and cardiovascular disease","volume":"134","author":"Lewis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cardiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.06.008_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199908263410904","article-title":"A\u00a0prospective study of walking as compared with vigorous exercise in the prevention of coronary heart disease in women","volume":"341","author":"Manson","year":"1999","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.06.008_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2475","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.0000091843.02517.9D","article-title":"Physical activity and stroke risk: a meta-analysis","volume":"34","author":"Lee","year":"2003","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.06.008_bib58","author":"Clarke"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.06.008_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.19.02407","article-title":"Amount and intensity of leisure-time physical activity and lower cancer risk","volume":"38","author":"Matthews","year":"2020","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.06.008_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1177\/1074248418817344","article-title":"Prospects for the primary prevention of myocardial infarction and stroke","volume":"24","author":"Caldwell","year":"2019","journal-title":"J\u00a0Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.06.008_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1177\/1074248416686187","article-title":"Metabolic syndrome","volume":"22","author":"Sherling","year":"2017","journal-title":"J\u00a0Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.06.008_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.05.003","article-title":"Effect of professional society recommendations on women\u2019s desire for a routine pelvic examination","volume":"217","author":"Sawaya","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.06.008_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.7326\/M14-1205","article-title":"Screening pelvic examinations: right, wrong, or rite?","volume":"161","author":"Sawaya","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.06.008_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.13952","article-title":"Aging, the menopausal transition, and hormone replenishment therapy: retrieval of confidence and compliance","volume":"1440","author":"Saul","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.06.008_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2458","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2019.5346","article-title":"Menopausal hormone therapy","volume":"321","author":"Shifren","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.06.008_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMcp1714787","article-title":"Hormone therapy for postmenopausal women","volume":"382","author":"Pinkerton","year":"2020","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.06.008_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1097\/GME.0000000000000921","article-title":"The 2017 hormone therapy position statement of the North American Menopause Society","volume":"24","year":"2017","journal-title":"Menopause"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.06.008_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp1514242","article-title":"Menopause management\u2014getting clinical care back on track","volume":"374","author":"Manson","year":"2016","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.06.008_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2017.11217","article-title":"Menopausal hormone therapy and long-term all-cause and cause-specific mortality: the Women\u2019s Health Initiative randomized trials","volume":"318","author":"Manson","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.06.008_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwx131","article-title":"Hormone therapy use and risk of chronic disease in the Nurses\u2019 Health Study: a comparative analysis with the Women\u2019s Health Initiative","volume":"186","author":"Bhupathiraju","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.06.008_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1097\/GME.0000000000000756","article-title":"Longitudinal changes in menopausal symptoms comparing women randomized to low-dose oral conjugated estrogens or transdermal estradiol plus micronized progesterone versus placebo: the Kronos Early estrogen Prevention Study","volume":"24","author":"Santoro","year":"2017","journal-title":"Menopause"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.06.008_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1353","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2013.278040","article-title":"Menopausal hormone therapy and health outcomes during the intervention and extended poststopping phases of the Women\u2019s Health Initiative randomized trials","volume":"310","author":"Manson","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.06.008_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1097\/GME.0000000000000665","article-title":"Oral versus transdermal estrogens and venous thromboembolism in postmenopausal women: what is\u00a0new since 2003?","volume":"23","author":"Canonico","year":"2016","journal-title":"Menopause"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.06.008_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1097\/GME.0000000000000956","article-title":"Breast cancer, endometrial cancer, and cardiovascular events in participants who used vaginal estrogen in the Women\u2019s Health Initiative Observational Study","volume":"25","author":"Crandall","year":"2018","journal-title":"Menopause"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.06.008_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3975","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2015-2236","article-title":"Treatment of symptoms of the menopause: an endocrine societal clinical practice guideline","volume":"100","author":"Stuenkel","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.06.008_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0b013e31824a09ec","article-title":"Vasomotor symptoms and lipid profiles in women transitioning through menopause","volume":"119","author":"Thurston","year":"2012","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.06.008_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3487","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2012-1410","article-title":"Vasomotor symptoms and insulin resistance in the Study of Women\u2019s Health Across the Nation","volume":"97","author":"Thurston","year":"2012","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.06.008_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1204","DOI":"10.1089\/jwh.2015.5670","article-title":"Hot flash frequency and blood pressure: data from the Study of Women\u2019s Health Across the Nation","volume":"25","author":"Jackson","year":"2016","journal-title":"J\u00a0Womens Health (Larchmt)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.06.008_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.4158\/EP171828.PS","article-title":"American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and American College of Endocrinology position statement on menopause-2017 update","volume":"23","author":"Cobin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Endocr Pract"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.06.008_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"k4810","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.k4810","article-title":"Use of hormone replacement therapy and risk of venous thromboembolism: nested case-control studies using the QResearch and CPRD databases","volume":"364","author":"Vinogradova","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.06.008_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1347.007","article-title":"Clinical pharmacology and differential cognitive efficacy of estrogen preparations","volume":"1052","author":"Gleason","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.06.008_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(85)90569-1","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of transdermal dosage forms of 17 beta-estradiol: comparison with conventional oral estrogens used for hormone replacement","volume":"152","author":"Powers","year":"1985","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.06.008_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1097\/00042192-200105000-00009","article-title":"Markedly elevated levels of estrone sulfate after long-term oral, but not transdermal, administration of estradiol in postmenopausal women","volume":"8","author":"Slater","year":"2001","journal-title":"Menopause"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.06.008_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.138.3.4979","article-title":"Comparison of the ligand binding specificity and transcript tissue distribution of estrogen receptors alpha and beta","volume":"138","author":"Kuiper","year":"1997","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.06.008_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.3181\/00379727-217-44199","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of conjugated equine estrogens: chemistry and metabolism","volume":"217","author":"Bhavnani","year":"1998","journal-title":"Proc Soc Exp Biol Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.06.008_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2013.10.011","article-title":"Pharmacology of conjugated equine estrogens: efficacy, safety and mechanism of action","volume":"142","author":"Bhavnani","year":"2014","journal-title":"J\u00a0Steroid Biochem Mol Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.06.008_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1269","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1096725","article-title":"Hormone therapy: physiological complexity belies therapeutic simplicity","volume":"304","author":"Turgeon","year":"2004","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.06.008_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.humrep.a137138","article-title":"Effects of natural progesterone on the morphology of the endometrium in patients with primary ovarian failure","volume":"5","author":"Bourgain","year":"1990","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.06.008_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1996.03530290040035","article-title":"Effects of hormone replacement therapy on endometrial histology in postmenopausal women. The Postmenopausal Estrogen\/Progestin Interventions (PEPI) Trial. The Writing Group for the PEPI Trial","volume":"275","author":"Judd","year":"1996","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.06.008_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1394","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwq300","article-title":"Menopausal hormone therapy and risk of endometrial carcinoma among postmenopausal women in the European Prospective Investigation Into Cancer and Nutrition","volume":"172","author":"Allen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.06.008_bib91","first-page":"CD000402","article-title":"Hormone therapy in postmenopausal women and risk of endometrial hyperplasia","volume":"2","author":"Furness","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.06.008_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1301","DOI":"10.1097\/GME.0000000000000557","article-title":"Use of a levonorgestrel-containing intrauterine system with supplemental estrogen improves symptoms in perimenopausal women: a pilot study","volume":"22","author":"Santoro","year":"2015","journal-title":"Menopause"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.06.008_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1080\/09513590.2016.1177014","article-title":"Safety and comfort of long-term continuous combined transdermal estrogen and intrauterine levonorgestrel administration for postmenopausal hormone substitution - a review","volume":"32","author":"Wildemeersch","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gynecol Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.06.008_bib94","series-title":"Kyleena [package insert]","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.06.008_bib95","series-title":"Skyla [package insert]","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.06.008_bib96","series-title":"Provera tablets [package insert]","year":"2007"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.06.008_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-133-12-200012190-00008","article-title":"A\u00a0prospective, observational study of postmenopausal hormone therapy and primary prevention of cardiovascular disease","volume":"133","author":"Grodstein","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.06.008_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"916","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2014.02.043","article-title":"Current recommendations: what is the clinician to do?","volume":"101","author":"Manson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.06.008_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2591","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa071513","article-title":"Estrogen therapy and coronary-artery calcification","volume":"356","author":"Manson","year":"2007","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.06.008_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2012.07.025","article-title":"Endogenous sex hormones impact the progression of subclinical atherosclerosis in women during the menopausal transition","volume":"225","author":"El Khoudary","year":"2012","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.06.008_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"898","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(17)30188-2","article-title":"Osteoporosis treatment: recent developments and ongoing challenges","volume":"5","author":"Khosla","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.06.008_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1038","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(76)92217-0","article-title":"Long-term prevention of postmenopausal osteoporosis by oestrogen. Evidence for an increased bone mass after delayed onset of oestrogen treatment","volume":"1","author":"Lindsay","year":"1976","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.06.008_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1016\/j.berh.2005.06.010","article-title":"How to manage osteoporosis after the menopause","volume":"19","author":"Compston","year":"2005","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.06.008_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-117-1-1","article-title":"Treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis with transdermal estrogen","volume":"117","author":"Lufkin","year":"1992","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.06.008_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2927","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.296.24.2927","article-title":"Effects of continuing or stopping alendronate after 5 years of treatment: the Fracture Intervention Trial Long-term Extension (FLEX): a randomized trial","volume":"296","author":"Black","year":"2006","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.06.008_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1172","DOI":"10.1097\/gme.0b013e31821b01c7","article-title":"Hip fracture in postmenopausal women after cessation of hormone therapy: results from a prospective study in a large health management organization","volume":"18","author":"Karim","year":"2011","journal-title":"Menopause"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.06.008_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1097\/gme.0b013e31817b816e","article-title":"Trend in incidence of osteoporosis-related fractures among 40- to 69-year-old women: analysis of a large insurance claims database, 2000-2005","volume":"16","author":"Islam","year":"2009","journal-title":"Menopause"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.06.008_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.166.9.1027","article-title":"Unopposed estrogen therapy and the risk of invasive breast cancer","volume":"166","author":"Chen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.06.008_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"950","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwj109","article-title":"Performance-based physical functioning in African-American and Caucasian women at midlife: considering body composition, quadriceps strength, and knee osteoarthritis","volume":"163","author":"Sowers","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.06.008_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1485","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1532-5415.2001.4911241.x","article-title":"The association of menopause and physical functioning in women at midlife","volume":"49","author":"Sowers","year":"2001","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Geriatr Soc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.06.008_bib111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2007.01.034","article-title":"Depressive symptoms during the menopausal transition: the Study of Women\u2019s Health Across the Nation (SWAN)","volume":"103","author":"Bromberger","year":"2007","journal-title":"J\u00a0Affect Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.06.008_bib112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2010.55","article-title":"Longitudinal change in reproductive hormones and depressive symptoms across the menopausal transition: results from the Study of Women\u2019s Health Across the Nation (SWAN)","volume":"67","author":"Bromberger","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.06.008_bib113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1648","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2016.162","article-title":"Insulin resistance-a missing link no more","volume":"21","author":"Rasgon","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.06.008_bib114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.I.00667","article-title":"Associations of anatomical measures from MRI with radiographically defined knee osteoarthritis score, pain, and physical functioning","volume":"93","author":"Sowers","year":"2011","journal-title":"J\u00a0Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.06.008_bib115","first-page":"CD002978","article-title":"Oral oestrogen and combined oestrogen\/progestogen therapy versus placebo for hot flushes","volume":"2004","author":"Maclennan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.06.008_bib116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"djv350","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djv350","article-title":"Continuous combined estrogen plus progestin and endometrial cancer: the Women\u2019s Health Initiative Randomized Trial","volume":"108","author":"Chlebowski","year":"2015","journal-title":"J\u00a0Natl Cancer Inst"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.06.008_bib117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2073","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1996.00440170081009","article-title":"Association of estrogen replacement therapy with the risk of osteoarthritis of the hip in elderly white women. Study of Osteoporotic Fractures Research Group","volume":"156","author":"Nevitt","year":"1996","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.06.008_bib118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2004.12.062","article-title":"Long-term effects of hormone therapy on skin rigidity and wrinkles","volume":"84","author":"Wolff","year":"2005","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.06.008_bib119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9343(97)00045-4","article-title":"Postmenopausal estrogen replacement and tooth retention","volume":"102","author":"Krall","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.06.008_bib120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"828","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000001387","article-title":"Association between menopausal estrogen-only therapy and ovarian carcinoma risk","volume":"127","author":"Lee","year":"2016","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.06.008_bib121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.293.3.330","article-title":"Effect of estrogen therapy on gallbladder disease","volume":"293","author":"Cirillo","year":"2005","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.06.008_bib122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"s1","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2009-2509","article-title":"Postmenopausal hormone therapy: an endocrone society scientific statement","volume":"96","author":"Santen","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.06.008_bib123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1097\/GME.0000000000000373","article-title":"Algorithm and mobile app for menopausal symptom management and hormonal\/nonhormonal therapy decision making: a clinical decision-support tool from The North American Menopause Society","volume":"22","author":"Manson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Menopause"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0002937820306232?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0002937820306232?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,11]],"date-time":"2025-09-11T11:30:17Z","timestamp":1757590217000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0002937820306232"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]},"references-count":119,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]}},"alternative-id":["S0002937820306232"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.06.008","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9378"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9378","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"The midlife transition and the risk of cardiovascular disease and cancer Part II: strategies to maximize quality of life and limit dysfunction and disease","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.06.008","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.05.051","name":"associatedlink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to the associated document"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}