{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T09:54:23Z","timestamp":1782986063329,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":93,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,1]],"date-time":"2021-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1612137600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,1]],"date-time":"2021-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1612137600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,27]],"date-time":"2020-08-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1598486400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001069","name":"Women and Infants Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001069","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012155","name":"Channel 7 Telethon Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012155","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["APP1077931"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["APP1077931"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["ajog.org","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.08.034","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,27]],"date-time":"2020-08-27T02:20:01Z","timestamp":1598494801000},"page":"206.e1-206.e23","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":55,"title":["A specific bacterial DNA signature in the vagina of Australian women in midpregnancy predicts high risk of spontaneous preterm birth (the Predict1000 study)"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"224","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2308-3561","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthew S.","family":"Payne","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John P.","family":"Newnham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dorota A.","family":"Doherty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucy L.","family":"Furfaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Narisha L.","family":"Pendal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diane E.","family":"Loh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey A.","family":"Keelan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.08.034_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1500","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200005183422007","article-title":"Intrauterine infection and preterm delivery","volume":"342","author":"Goldenberg","year":"2000","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.08.034_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1111\/ajo.13078","article-title":"Infection-mediated preterm birth: bacterial origins and avenues for intervention","volume":"59","author":"Stinson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.08.034_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)60074-4","article-title":"Epidemiology and causes of preterm birth","volume":"371","author":"Goldenberg","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.08.034_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1515\/jpm-2019-0297","article-title":"Evidence that intra-amniotic infections are often the result of an ascending invasion - a molecular microbiological study","volume":"47","author":"Romero","year":"2019","journal-title":"J\u00a0Perinat Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.08.034_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2013.00058","article-title":"Bacterial aetiological agents of intra-amniotic infections and preterm birth in pregnant women","volume":"3","author":"Mendz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.08.034_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-016-1110-x","article-title":"Ureaplasma parvum genotype, combined vaginal colonisation with Candida albicans, and spontaneous preterm birth in an Australian cohort of pregnant women","volume":"16","author":"Payne","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy Childbirth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.08.034_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"594.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2019.01.237","article-title":"Vaginal Ureaplasma parvum serovars and spontaneous preterm birth","volume":"220","author":"Rittenschober-B\u00f6hm","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.08.034_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1159\/000480065","article-title":"First trimester vaginal Ureaplasma biovar colonization and preterm birth: results of a prospective multicenter study","volume":"113","author":"Rittenschober-B\u00f6hm","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neonatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.08.034_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1315","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2009.02237.x","article-title":"Predictive value for preterm birth of abnormal vaginal flora, bacterial vaginosis and aerobic vaginitis during the first trimester of pregnancy","volume":"116","author":"Donders","year":"2009","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.08.034_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11060","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1502875112","article-title":"Temporal and spatial variation of the human microbiota during pregnancy","volume":"112","author":"DiGiulio","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.08.034_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2018.03.006","article-title":"The microbiome in preterm birth","volume":"52","author":"Chu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.08.034_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2013.10.003","article-title":"Mycoplasma, bacterial vaginosis-associated bacteria BVAB3, race, and risk of preterm birth in a high-risk cohort","volume":"210","author":"Foxman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.08.034_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1087","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jit632","article-title":"Selected vaginal bacteria and risk of preterm birth: an ecological perspective","volume":"209","author":"Wen","year":"2014","journal-title":"J\u00a0Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.08.034_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2015.00062","article-title":"Is there a role for probiotics in the prevention of preterm birth?","volume":"6","author":"Yang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.08.034_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-016-0223-9","article-title":"The interaction between vaginal microbiota, cervical length, and vaginal progesterone treatment for preterm birth risk","volume":"5","author":"Kindinger","year":"2017","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.08.034_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9966","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1705899114","article-title":"Replication and refinement of a vaginal microbial signature of preterm birth in two racially distinct cohorts of US women","volume":"114","author":"Callahan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.08.034_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1186\/1745-6215-12-239","article-title":"A\u00a0randomised controlled trial of probiotics for the prevention of spontaneous preterm delivery associated with bacterial vaginosis: preliminary results","volume":"12","author":"Krauss-Silva","year":"2011","journal-title":"Trials"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.08.034_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2014.09.018","article-title":"Lactobacillus plantarum P17630 for preventing Candida vaginitis recurrence: a retrospective comparative study","volume":"182","author":"De Seta","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol"},{"issue":"Suppl1","key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.08.034_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S106","DOI":"10.1097\/MCG.0000000000000226","article-title":"Effectiveness of the two microorganisms Lactobacillus fermentum LF15 and Lactobacillus plantarum LP01, formulated in slow-release vaginal tablets, in women affected by bacterial vaginosis: a pilot study","volume":"48","author":"Vicariotto","year":"2014","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.08.034_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1186\/2049-2618-2-18","article-title":"The vaginal microbiota of pregnant women who subsequently have spontaneous preterm labor and delivery and those with a normal delivery at term","volume":"2","author":"Romero","year":"2014","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.08.034_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1305","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-09285-9","article-title":"Cervicovaginal microbiota and local immune response modulate the risk of spontaneous preterm delivery","volume":"10","author":"Elovitz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.08.034_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2019.00201","article-title":"Vaginal microbiome signature is associated with spontaneous preterm delivery","volume":"6","author":"Ho\u010devar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Med (Lausanne)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.08.034_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5029","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-13036-1","article-title":"Evaluation of 16S rRNA gene sequencing for species and strain-level microbiome analysis","volume":"10","author":"Johnson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.08.034_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-017-0396-x","article-title":"Combining 16S rRNA gene variable regions enables high-resolution microbial community profiling","volume":"6","author":"Fuks","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.08.034_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.05.030","article-title":"Early pregnancy vaginal microbiome trends and preterm birth","volume":"217","author":"Stout","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.08.034_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1177\/1933719113488838","article-title":"Diversity of the vaginal microbiome correlates with preterm birth","volume":"21","author":"Hyman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Reprod Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.08.034_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1162","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.01162","article-title":"Geography, Ethnicity or subsistence-specific variations in human microbiome composition and diversity","volume":"8","author":"Gupta","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.08.034_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-695X.2009.00618.x","article-title":"The vaginal bacterial communities of Japanese women resemble those of women in other racial groups","volume":"58","author":"Zhou","year":"2010","journal-title":"FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.08.034_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2014.00595","article-title":"Exploring preterm birth as a polymicrobial disease: an overview of the uterine microbiome","volume":"5","author":"Payne","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.08.034_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcp.2005.04.002","article-title":"Detection and biovar discrimination of Ureaplasma urealyticum by real-time PCR","volume":"19","author":"Yi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mol Cell Probes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.08.034_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1111\/lam.12755","article-title":"One-step simultaneous detection of Ureaplasma parvum and genotypes SV1, SV3 and SV6 from clinical samples using PlexPCR technology","volume":"65","author":"Payne","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lett Appl Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.08.034_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1086\/588661","article-title":"Molecular quantification of Gardnerella vaginalis and Atopobium vaginae loads to predict bacterial vaginosis","volume":"47","author":"Menard","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.08.034_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.066407-0","article-title":"Identification, quantification and subtyping of Gardnerella vaginalis in noncultured clinical vaginal samples by quantitative PCR","volume":"63","author":"Balashov","year":"2014","journal-title":"J\u00a0Med Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.08.034_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1080\/00031305.2016.1154108","article-title":"The ASA Statement on p-values: context, process, and purpose","volume":"70","author":"Wasserstein","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am Stat"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.08.034_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2019.03.011","article-title":"The influence of the vaginal microbiota on preterm birth: a systematic review and recommendations for a minimum dataset for future research","volume":"79","author":"Peelen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.08.034_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trsl.2018.12.005","article-title":"Establishment of vaginal microbiota composition in early pregnancy and its association with subsequent preterm prelabor rupture of the fetal membranes","volume":"207","author":"Brown","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transl Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.08.034_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.15299","article-title":"Vaginal microbiome in early pregnancy and subsequent risk of spontaneous preterm birth: a case-control study","volume":"126","author":"Tabatabaei","year":"2019","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.08.034_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1012","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-019-0450-2","article-title":"The vaginal microbiome and preterm birth","volume":"25","author":"Fettweis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.08.034_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-019-0528-z","article-title":"The promise and pitfalls of precision medicine to resolve black-white racial disparities in preterm birth","volume":"87","author":"Burris","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.08.034_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5136","DOI":"10.1038\/srep05136","article-title":"Characterisation of the vaginal Lactobacillus microbiota associated with preterm delivery","volume":"4","author":"Petricevic","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.08.034_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.29.2.297-301.1991","article-title":"Reliability of diagnosing bacterial vaginosis is improved by a standardized method of Gram stain interpretation","volume":"29","author":"Nugent","year":"1991","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.08.034_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiu089","article-title":"Role of Gardnerella vaginalis in the pathogenesis of bacterial vaginosis: a conceptual model","volume":"210","author":"Schwebke","year":"2014","journal-title":"J\u00a0Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.08.034_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1097\/QCO.0b013e328360db58","article-title":"Ureaplasma urealyticum, Mycoplasma hominis and adverse pregnancy outcomes","volume":"26","author":"Capoccia","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr Opin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.08.034_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(91)90505-L","article-title":"Antepartum cultures for Ureaplasma urealyticum are not useful in predicting pregnancy outcome. The Vaginal Infections and Prematurity Study Group","volume":"164","author":"Carey","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.08.034_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3922","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.00056-12","article-title":"Comparative genomic analyses of 17 clinical isolates of Gardnerella vaginalis provide evidence of multiple genetically isolated clades consistent with subspeciation into genovars","volume":"194","author":"Ahmed","year":"2012","journal-title":"J\u00a0Bacteriol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.08.034_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-017-2501-y","article-title":"Prevalence and distribution of Gardnerella vaginalis subgroups in women with and without bacterial vaginosis","volume":"17","author":"Janulaitiene","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.08.034_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2010.08.061","article-title":"High sialidase levels increase preterm birth risk among women who are bacterial vaginosis-positive in early gestation","volume":"204","author":"Cauci","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.08.034_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1067\/mob.2002.127454","article-title":"Vaginal hydrolytic enzymes, immunoglobulin A against Gardnerella vaginalis toxin, and risk of early preterm birth among women in preterm labor with bacterial vaginosis or intermediate flora","volume":"187","author":"Cauci","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.08.034_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.41.1.435-438.2003","article-title":"Determination of immunoglobulin A against Gardnerella vaginalis hemolysin, sialidase, and prolidase activities in vaginal fluid: implications for adverse pregnancy outcomes","volume":"41","author":"Cauci","year":"2003","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.08.034_bib50","article-title":"Vaginal lactoferrin in prevention of preterm birth in women with bacterial vaginosis","author":"Miranda","year":"2019","journal-title":"J\u00a0Matern Fetal Neonatal Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.08.034_bib51","first-page":"83","article-title":"Bacterial vaginosis and preterm birth: a comprehensive review of the literature","volume":"43","author":"Paige","year":"1998","journal-title":"J\u00a0Nurse Midwifery"},{"issue":"Suppl1","key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.08.034_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4680","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1002611107","article-title":"Vaginal microbiome of reproductive-age women","volume":"108","author":"Ravel","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.08.034_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-014-1316-0","article-title":"Real-time PCR quantification of six periodontal pathogens in saliva samples from healthy young adults","volume":"19","author":"Zhou","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Oral Investig"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.08.034_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1329","DOI":"10.3109\/14767058.2010.550977","article-title":"The origin of Fusobacterium nucleatum involved in intra-amniotic infection and preterm birth","volume":"24","author":"Gauthier","year":"2011","journal-title":"J\u00a0Matern Fetal Neonatal Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.08.034_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.049452-0","article-title":"Maternal oral origin of Fusobacterium nucleatum in adverse pregnancy outcomes as determined using the 16S-23S rRNA gene intergenic transcribed spacer region","volume":"62","author":"Gonzales-Marin","year":"2013","journal-title":"J\u00a0Med Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.08.034_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2272","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.72.4.2272-2279.2004","article-title":"Fusobacterium nucleatum induces premature and term stillbirths in pregnant mice: implication of oral bacteria in preterm birth","volume":"72","author":"Han","year":"2004","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.08.034_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1902\/annals.1998.3.1.222","article-title":"Preterm birth: associations with genital and possibly oral microflora","volume":"3","author":"Hill","year":"1998","journal-title":"Ann Periodontol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.08.034_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pathol.2018.11.013","article-title":"Identification of Fusobacterium nucleatum in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded placental tissues by 16S rRNA sequencing in a case of extremely preterm birth secondary to amniotic fluid infection","volume":"51","author":"Chan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pathology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.08.034_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e45281","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0045281","article-title":"Longitudinal qPCR study of the dynamics of L. crispatus, L. iners, A. vaginae, (sialidase positive) G. vaginalis, and P. bivia in the vagina","volume":"7","author":"Santiago","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.08.034_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e37818","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0037818","article-title":"Bacterial communities in women with bacterial vaginosis: high resolution phylogenetic analyses reveal relationships of microbiota to clinical criteria","volume":"7","author":"Srinivasan","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.08.034_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e10197","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0010197","article-title":"Temporal variability of human vaginal bacteria and relationship with bacterial vaginosis","volume":"5","author":"Srinivasan","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.08.034_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2016.11.007","article-title":"Lactobacillus iners: friend or foe?","volume":"25","author":"Petrova","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.08.034_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2017-053133","article-title":"Lactobacillus iners-dominated vaginal microbiota is associated with increased susceptibility to Chlamydia trachomatis infection in Dutch women: a case-control study","volume":"94","author":"van Houdt","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sex Transm Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.08.034_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resmic.2017.09.003","article-title":"Lactobacillus iners, the unusual suspect","volume":"168","author":"Vaneechoutte","year":"2017","journal-title":"Res Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.08.034_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e28180","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0028180","article-title":"Longitudinal study of the dynamics of vaginal microflora during two consecutive menstrual cycles","volume":"6","author":"Santiago","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.08.034_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resmic.2017.04.001","article-title":"The role of lactic acid production by probiotic Lactobacillus species in vaginal health","volume":"168","author":"Tachedjian","year":"2017","journal-title":"Res Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.08.034_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.38169.519653.EB","article-title":"Prospective randomised controlled trial of an infection screening programme to reduce the rate of preterm delivery","volume":"329","author":"Kiss","year":"2004","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.08.034_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2010.06.020","article-title":"Reducing the rate of preterm birth through a simple antenatal screen-and-treat programme: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"153","author":"Kiss","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.08.034_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16145","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-16352-y","article-title":"First-trimester vaginal microbiome diversity: A potential indicator of preterm delivery risk","volume":"7","author":"Haque","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.08.034_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(92)91845-2","article-title":"Infection and labor. VII. Microbial invasion of the amniotic cavity in spontaneous rupture of membranes at term","volume":"166","author":"Romero","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.08.034_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1451","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/18.6.1451","article-title":"Human Ureaplasmas show diverse genome sizes by pulsed-field electrophoresis","volume":"18","author":"Robertson","year":"1990","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.08.034_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1099\/00207713-52-2-587","article-title":"Proposal of Ureaplasma parvum sp. nov. and emended description of Ureaplasma urealyticum (Shepard et\u00a0al. 1974) Robertson et\u00a0al. 2001","volume":"52","author":"Robertson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int J Syst Evol Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.08.034_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1447-0756.2005.00246.x","article-title":"Cervical Ureaplasma urealyticum colonization might be associated with increased incidence of preterm delivery in pregnant women without prophlogistic microorganisms on routine examination","volume":"31","author":"Mitsunari","year":"2005","journal-title":"J\u00a0Obstet Gynaecol Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.08.034_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.44.1.51-55.2006","article-title":"Association between preterm birth and vaginal colonization by mycoplasmas in early pregnancy","volume":"44","author":"Kataoka","year":"2006","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.08.034_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0206290","article-title":"Antibiotics for amniotic-fluid colonization by Ureaplasma and\/or Mycoplasma spp. to prevent preterm birth: a randomized trial","volume":"13","author":"Kayem","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.08.034_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2015.00566","article-title":"Advances in the prevention of infection-related preterm birth","volume":"6","author":"Lamont","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.08.034_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2016.00111","article-title":"A\u00a0new, potent, and placenta-permeable macrolide antibiotic, solithromycin, for the prevention and treatment of bacterial infections in pregnancy","volume":"7","author":"Keelan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.08.034_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2011.03.047","article-title":"Treatment of abnormal vaginal flora in early pregnancy with clindamycin for the prevention of spontaneous preterm birth: a systematic review and metaanalysis","volume":"205","author":"Lamont","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.08.034_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1111\/birt.12154","article-title":"Routine use of an antenatal infection screen-and-treat program to prevent preterm birth: long-term experience at a tertiary referral center","volume":"42","author":"Farr","year":"2015","journal-title":"Birth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.08.034_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e80074","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0080074","article-title":"Vaginal pH and microbicidal lactic acid when lactobacilli dominate the microbiota","volume":"8","author":"O\u2019Hanlon","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.08.034_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.3109\/00016349509008922","article-title":"Antibodies to Ureaplasma urealyticum in women with intraamniotic infection and adverse pregnancy outcome","volume":"74","author":"Horowitz","year":"1995","journal-title":"Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.08.034_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2014.00624","article-title":"The maternal serological response to intrauterine Ureaplasma sp. Infection and prediction of risk of pre-term birth","volume":"5","author":"Ireland","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.08.034_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jri.2016.03.002","article-title":"T\u00a0cell cytokine responses to stimulation with Ureaplasma parvum in pregnancy","volume":"116","author":"Friedland","year":"2016","journal-title":"J\u00a0Reprod Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.08.034_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jri.2014.12.008","article-title":"Whole blood flow cytometric analysis of Ureaplasma-stimulated monocytes from pregnant women","volume":"109","author":"Friedland","year":"2015","journal-title":"J\u00a0Reprod Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.08.034_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1343","DOI":"10.3109\/14767058.2014.954243","article-title":"Sterile intra-amniotic inflammation in asymptomatic patients with a sonographic short cervix: prevalence and clinical significance","volume":"28","author":"Romero","year":"2015","journal-title":"J\u00a0Matern Fetal Neonatal Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.08.034_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1111\/aji.12296","article-title":"Prevalence and clinical significance of sterile intra-amniotic inflammation in patients with preterm labor and intact membranes","volume":"72","author":"Romero","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Reprod Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.08.034_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R277","DOI":"10.1530\/REP-16-0453","article-title":"Sterile inflammation and pregnancy complications: a review","volume":"152","author":"Nadeau-Vall\u00e9e","year":"2016","journal-title":"Reproduction"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.08.034_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"934","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1300661","article-title":"Viral infection of the pregnant cervix predisposes to ascending bacterial infection","volume":"191","author":"Racicot","year":"2013","journal-title":"J\u00a0Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.08.034_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3086036","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/3086036","article-title":"Human papillomavirus infection as a possible cause of spontaneous abortion and spontaneous preterm delivery","volume":"2016","author":"Amb\u00fchl","year":"2016","journal-title":"Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.08.034_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2393-13-173","article-title":"High-risk human papillomavirus infection is associated with premature rupture of membranes","volume":"13","author":"Cho","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy Childbirth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.08.034_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1307","DOI":"10.1586\/14760584.2014.944164","article-title":"The potential role of HPV vaccination in the prevention of infectious complications of pregnancy","volume":"13","author":"Bonde","year":"2014","journal-title":"Expert Rev Vaccines"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.08.034_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2014.09.002","article-title":"Can HPV vaccine have other health benefits more than cancer prevention? A systematic review of association between cervical HPV infection and preterm birth","volume":"61","author":"Huang","year":"2014","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Virol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.08.034_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2017.11.020","article-title":"RETRACTED: Association of prior HPV vaccination with reduced preterm birth: a population based study","volume":"36","author":"Lawton","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vaccine"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0002937820308620?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0002937820308620?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T14:01:18Z","timestamp":1777384878000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0002937820308620"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]},"references-count":93,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]}},"alternative-id":["S0002937820308620"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.08.034","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9378"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9378","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"A specific bacterial DNA signature in the vagina of Australian women in midpregnancy predicts high risk of spontaneous preterm birth (the Predict1000 study)","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.08.034","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2020 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}