{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,4]],"date-time":"2026-11-04T03:55:08Z","timestamp":1793764508612,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,1]],"date-time":"2021-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627776000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,1]],"date-time":"2021-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627776000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,1]],"date-time":"2021-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627776000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,1]],"date-time":"2021-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627776000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,1]],"date-time":"2021-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627776000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,1]],"date-time":"2021-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627776000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,1]],"date-time":"2021-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627776000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["ajog.org","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2021.03.016","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,13]],"date-time":"2021-03-13T14:57:34Z","timestamp":1615647454000},"page":"166.e1-166.e12","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":237,"title":["Prevalence and trends in urinary incontinence among women in the United States, 2005\u20132018"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"225","author":[{"given":"Mohammad","family":"Abufaraj","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tianlin","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chao","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7292-1851","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdelmuez","family":"Siyam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ula","family":"Isleem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdulla","family":"Massad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Soria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shahrokh F.","family":"Shariat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Siobhan","family":"Sutcliffe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1698-6666","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lin","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2021.03.016_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S14","DOI":"10.12968\/bjon.2016.25.18.S14","article-title":"An overview of urinary incontinence","volume":"25","author":"Bardsley","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br J Nurs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2021.03.016_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.165.5.537","article-title":"Urinary incontinence in US women: a population-based study","volume":"165","author":"Melville","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2021.03.016_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1007\/s11934-011-0209-x","article-title":"The financial burden of stress urinary incontinence among women in the United States","volume":"12","author":"Chong","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr Urol Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2021.03.016_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17042","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2017.42","article-title":"Urinary incontinence in women","volume":"3","author":"Aoki","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2021.03.016_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1111\/aogs.13149","article-title":"Prevalence of urinary incontinence among women and analysis of potential risk factors in Germany and Denmark","volume":"96","author":"Schreiber Pedersen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2021.03.016_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1307","DOI":"10.2337\/dc05-2463","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors for urinary incontinence in women with type 2 diabetes and impaired fasting glucose: findings from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2001-2002","volume":"29","author":"Brown","year":"2006","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2021.03.016_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.20798","article-title":"An International Urogynecological Association (IUGA)\/International Continence Society (ICS) joint report on the terminology for female pelvic floor dysfunction","volume":"29","author":"Haylen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurourol Urodyn"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2021.03.016_bib8","first-page":"84","article-title":"Urinary incontinence: common problem among women over 45","volume":"5","author":"Swanson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Can Fam Phys"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2021.03.016_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1080\/13697137.2018.1543263","article-title":"The prevalence of urinary incontinence","volume":"22","author":"Milsom","year":"2019","journal-title":"Climacteric"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2021.03.016_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2015.07.043","article-title":"Prevalence of female urinary incontinence in the general population according to different definitions and study designs","volume":"69","author":"Bedretdinova","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur Urol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2021.03.016_bib11","first-page":"656","article-title":"Urinary incontinence prevalence: results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey","volume":"179","author":"Dooley","year":"2008","journal-title":"J\u00a0Urol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2021.03.016_bib12","first-page":"589","article-title":"Prevalence and trends of urinary incontinence in adults in the United States, 2001 to 2008","volume":"186","author":"Markland","year":"2011","journal-title":"J\u00a0Urol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2021.03.016_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.5993\/AJHB.35.5.11","article-title":"Relationship between smoking and obesity among women","volume":"35","author":"Patel","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Health Behav"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2021.03.016_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1549","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.295.13.1549","article-title":"Prevalence of overweight and obesity in the United States, 1999-2004","volume":"295","author":"Ogden","year":"2006","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2021.03.016_bib15","first-page":"1","article-title":"The national health and nutrition examination survey: sample design, 1999-2006","volume":"155","author":"Curtin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vital Health Stat 2"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2021.03.016_bib16","first-page":"1903","article-title":"Trends in sexual activity and associations with all-cause and cause-specific mortality among US adults","volume":"17","author":"Cao","year":"2020","journal-title":"J\u00a0Sex Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2021.03.016_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1587","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2019.3636","article-title":"Trends in sedentary behavior among the US population, 2001-2016","volume":"321","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2021.03.016_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2020.03.031","article-title":"Prevalence, correlates and misperception of depression symptoms in the United States, NHANES 2015-2018","volume":"269","author":"Cao","year":"2020","journal-title":"J\u00a0Affect Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2021.03.016_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1424","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.15897","article-title":"Body mass index, abdominal fatness, weight gain and the risk of urinary incontinence: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective studies","volume":"126","author":"Aune","year":"2019","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2021.03.016_bib21","first-page":"1","article-title":"Recent trends in cesarean delivery in the United States","volume":"35","author":"Menacker","year":"2010","journal-title":"NCHS"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2021.03.016_bib22","first-page":"1","article-title":"Primary cesarean delivery rates, by state: results from the revised birth certificate, 2006-2012","volume":"63","author":"Osterman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Natl Vital Stat Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2021.03.016_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1519","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.23121","article-title":"Urinary incontinence in the Netherlands: prevalence and associated risk factors in adults","volume":"36","author":"Linde","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurourol Urodyn"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2021.03.016_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2018.10.034","article-title":"Long-term risks of stress and urgency urinary incontinence after different vaginal delivery modes","volume":"220","author":"T\u00e4htinen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2021.03.016_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1365","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.14553","article-title":"Trends in operative vaginal delivery, 2005-2013: a population-based study","volume":"124","author":"Merriam","year":"2017","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2021.03.016_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1007\/s00192-012-2017-3","article-title":"Preventing urinary incontinence during pregnancy and postpartum: a review","volume":"24","author":"Wesnes","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int Urogynecol J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2021.03.016_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.22700","article-title":"Pelvic floor muscle training versus no treatment, or inactive control treatments, for urinary incontinence in women: a short version Cochrane systematic review with meta-analysis","volume":"34","author":"Dumoulin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurourol Urodyn"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2021.03.016_bib28","first-page":"220","article-title":"Smoking: its impact on urologic health","volume":"17","author":"Mobley","year":"2015","journal-title":"Rev Urol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2021.03.016_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1007\/s00345-002-0301-4","article-title":"Prevalence and burden of overactive bladder in the United States","volume":"20","author":"Stewart","year":"2003","journal-title":"World J Urol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2021.03.016_bib30","first-page":"601","article-title":"The prevalence of urinary incontinence among community dwelling adult women: results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey","volume":"175","author":"Anger","year":"2006","journal-title":"J\u00a0Urol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2021.03.016_bib31","first-page":"259","article-title":"Differences in prevalence of urinary incontinence by race\/ethnicity","volume":"175","author":"Thom","year":"2006","journal-title":"J\u00a0Urol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2021.03.016_bib32","first-page":"379","article-title":"Associations between socioeconomic status and urge urinary incontinence: an analysis of NHANES 2005 to 2016","volume":"203","author":"Lee","year":"2020","journal-title":"J\u00a0Urol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2021.03.016_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2019.00133","article-title":"The current evidence on the association between the urinary microbiome and urinary incontinence in women","volume":"9","author":"Govender","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2021.03.016_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.2147\/DMSO.S85816","article-title":"Evaluation of the relationship between the pelvic floor muscles and insulin resistance","volume":"8","author":"Micussi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2021.03.016_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1186\/2193-1801-2-524","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors of urinary incontinence among Estonian postmenopausal women","volume":"2","author":"Kirss","year":"2013","journal-title":"Springerplus"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2021.03.016_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2008.08.009","article-title":"Postmenopausal hormone therapy and incident urinary incontinence in middle-aged women","volume":"200","author":"Townsend","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S000293782100168X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S000293782100168X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,11]],"date-time":"2025-09-11T11:32:55Z","timestamp":1757590375000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S000293782100168X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]}},"alternative-id":["S000293782100168X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajog.2021.03.016","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9378"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9378","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Prevalence and trends in urinary incontinence among women in the United States, 2005\u20132018","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajog.2021.03.016","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2021 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}