{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T16:38:40Z","timestamp":1793119120135,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,1]],"date-time":"2021-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635724800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,1]],"date-time":"2021-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635724800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,1]],"date-time":"2021-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635724800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,1]],"date-time":"2021-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635724800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,1]],"date-time":"2021-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635724800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,1]],"date-time":"2021-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635724800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,1]],"date-time":"2021-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635724800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["ajog.org","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2021.04.229","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,19]],"date-time":"2021-04-19T17:44:24Z","timestamp":1618854264000},"page":"517.e1-517.e17","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":77,"title":["Metformin for gestational diabetes study: metformin vs insulin in gestational diabetes: glycemic control and obstetrical and perinatal outcomes: randomized prospective trial"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"225","author":[{"given":"Mar\u00eda J.","family":"Pic\u00f3n-C\u00e9sar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda","family":"Molina-Vega","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda","family":"Su\u00e1rez-Arana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ernesto","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Mesa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana P.","family":"Sola-Moyano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reyes","family":"Roldan-L\u00f3pez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francisca","family":"Romero-Narbona","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7646-2899","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriel","family":"Olveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francisco J.","family":"Tinahones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0436-0225","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stella","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Romero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2021.04.229_bib1","first-page":"CD012037","article-title":"Insulin for the treatment of women with gestational diabetes","volume":"11","author":"Brown","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2021.04.229_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(19)30002-6","article-title":"Use of metformin to treat pregnant women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PregMet2): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"7","author":"L\u00f8vvik","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2021.04.229_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"k2477","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.k2477","article-title":"Metformin exposure in first trimester of pregnancy and risk of all or specific congenital anomalies: exploratory case-control study","volume":"361","author":"Given","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2021.04.229_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2003","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0707193","article-title":"Metformin versus insulin for the treatment of gestational diabetes","volume":"358","author":"Rowan","year":"2008","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2021.04.229_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.2337\/dc09-1407","article-title":"Glycemia and its relationship to outcomes in the metformin in Gestational Diabetes Trial","volume":"33","author":"Rowan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2021.04.229_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"880","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2010.02763.x","article-title":"Metformin should be considered in the treatment of gestational diabetes: a prospective randomised study","volume":"118","author":"Ij\u00e4s","year":"2011","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2021.04.229_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2012.09.031","article-title":"Metformin compared with insulin in the management of gestational diabetes mellitus: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"98","author":"Niromanesh","year":"2012","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2021.04.229_bib8","first-page":"384","article-title":"Metformin prevents macrosomia and neonatal morbidity in gestational diabetes","volume":"28","author":"Hassan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pak J Med Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2021.04.229_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.12017","article-title":"Metformin vs. insulin in gestational diabetes. A randomized study characterizing metformin patients needing additional insulin","volume":"15","author":"Tertti","year":"2013","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2021.04.229_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2013.03.022","article-title":"Randomized trial of metformin vs insulin in the management of gestational diabetes","volume":"209","author":"Spaulonci","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2021.04.229_bib11","first-page":"327","article-title":"Comparison of newborn outcomes in women with gestational diabetes mellitus treated with metformin or insulin: a randomised blinded trial","volume":"4","author":"Mesdaghinia","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Prev Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2021.04.229_bib12","first-page":"970","article-title":"Neonatal outcomes in women with gestational diabetes mellitus treated with metformin in compare with insulin: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"19","author":"Ruholamin","year":"2014","journal-title":"J\u00a0Res Med Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2021.04.229_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2014.10.001","article-title":"Metformin versus insulin treatment in gestational diabetes in pregnancy in a developing country: a randomized control trial","volume":"107","author":"Ainuddin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2021.04.229_bib14","first-page":"17","article-title":"Metformin opposed to insulin in the management of gestational diabetes","volume":"4","author":"Borg","year":"2016","journal-title":"Res Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2021.04.229_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1111\/jog.12950","article-title":"Identification of metformin poor responders, requiring supplemental insulin, during randomization of metformin versus insulin for the control of gestational diabetes mellitus","volume":"42","author":"Ashoush","year":"2016","journal-title":"J\u00a0Obstet Gynaecol Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2021.04.229_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"h102","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.h102","article-title":"Glibenclamide, metformin, and insulin for the treatment of gestational diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"350","author":"Balsells","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2021.04.229_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2071","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2014-4403","article-title":"Comparative efficacy and safety of OADs in management of GDM: network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"100","author":"Jiang","year":"2015","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2021.04.229_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1111\/dme.13150","article-title":"Short- and long-term outcomes of metformin compared with insulin alone in pregnancy: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"34","author":"Butalia","year":"2017","journal-title":"Diabet Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2021.04.229_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-036981","article-title":"Metformin in Pregnancy Study (MiPS): protocol for a systematic review with individual patient data meta-analysis","volume":"10","author":"Mousa","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2021.04.229_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(18)30385-7","article-title":"Intrauterine metformin exposure and offspring cardiometabolic risk factors (PedMet study): a 5-10 year follow-up of the PregMet randomised controlled trial","volume":"3","author":"Hanem","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Child Adolesc Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2021.04.229_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjdrc-2017-000456","article-title":"Metformin in gestational diabetes: the offspring follow-up (MiG TOFU): body composition and metabolic outcomes at 7-9 years of age","volume":"6","author":"Rowan","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2021.04.229_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002848","article-title":"Neonatal, infant, and childhood growth following metformin versus insulin treatment for gestational diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"16","author":"Tarry-Adkins","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2021.04.229_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.2337\/diab.28.12.1039","article-title":"Classification and diagnosis of diabetes mellitus and other categories of glucose intolerance. National Diabetes Data Group","volume":"28","year":"1979","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2021.04.229_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S73","DOI":"10.2337\/dc21-S006","article-title":"American Diabetes Association. 6. Glycemic targets: standards of medical care in Diabetes-2021","volume":"44","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2021.04.229_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carrascosa A, Ferr\u00e1ndez A, Yeste D, et\u00a0al. Estudio transversal espa\u00f1ol de crecimiento 2008: Valores de peso y longitud en 9.362 (4.884 varones, 4.478 ni\u00f1as) reci\u00e9n nacidos de 26-42 semanas de edad gestacional. tables from. Ann Pediatr (Barc) 2008;68:544\u2013551.","DOI":"10.1157\/13123286"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2021.04.229_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1135","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-005-1756-9","article-title":"Potential impact of American Diabetes Association (2000) criteria for diagnosis of gestational diabetes mellitus in Spain","volume":"48","author":"Ricart","year":"2005","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2021.04.229_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S200","DOI":"10.2337\/dc21-S014","article-title":"American Diabetes Association. 14. Management of diabetes in pregnancy: standards of medical care in diabetes-2021","volume":"44","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2021.04.229_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"B2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2018.01.041","article-title":"SMFM statement: pharmacological treatment of gestational diabetes","volume":"218","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2021.04.229_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcjd.2019.06.005","article-title":"Implementation and evaluation of the \u201cMetformin first\u201d protocol for management of gestational diabetes","volume":"43","author":"Kumar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Can J Diabetes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2021.04.229_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e000759","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjdrc-2019-000759","article-title":"Antidiabetic medication use during pregnancy: an international utilization study","volume":"7","author":"Cesta","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ\u00a0Open Diabetes Res Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2021.04.229_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1082","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-5491.2011.03361.x","article-title":"Metformin for gestational diabetes in routine clinical practice","volume":"28","author":"Goh","year":"2011","journal-title":"Diabet Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2021.04.229_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2020.09.037","article-title":"Metformin versus insulin use for treatment of gestational diabetes and delivery by caesarean section: a nationwide Swedish cohort study","volume":"254","author":"Pazzagli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur\u00a0J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2021.04.229_bib36","first-page":"9804708","article-title":"Comparative Efficacy and Safety of\u00a0Metformin, Glyburide, and Insulin in Treating Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: A Meta-Analysis","volume":"2019","author":"Guo","year":"2019","journal-title":"J\u00a0Diabetes Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2021.04.229_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2018.01.003","article-title":"Predictors of metformin failure in gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM)","volume":"12","author":"Khin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Syndr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2021.04.229_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S15","DOI":"10.2337\/dc21-S002","article-title":"American Diabetes Association. 2. Classification and diagnosis of diabetes: standards of medical care in Diabetes-2021","volume":"44","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2021.04.229_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1754","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2015-3754","article-title":"Long-term Metformin use and vitamin B12 deficiency in the diabetes prevention program outcomes study","volume":"101","author":"Aroda","year":"2016","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2021.04.229_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.13261","article-title":"Maternal lipid levels during pregnancy and gestational diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"122","author":"Ryckman","year":"2015","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2021.04.229_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1007\/s11892-018-1008-2","article-title":"Maternal non-glycemic contributors to Fetal Growth in Obesity and Gestational Diabetes: Spotlight on Lipids","volume":"18","author":"Barbour","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr Diab Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2021.04.229_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1638","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2018.08.007","article-title":"Maternal lipids and fetal overgrowth: making fat from fat","volume":"40","author":"Barbour","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2021.04.229_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108456","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2020.108456","article-title":"Serum lipids and their association with birth weight in metformin and insulin treated patients with gestational diabetes","volume":"170","author":"Huhtala","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0002937821004592?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0002937821004592?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,11]],"date-time":"2025-09-11T11:34:58Z","timestamp":1757590498000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0002937821004592"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]}},"alternative-id":["S0002937821004592"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajog.2021.04.229","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9378"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9378","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Metformin for gestational diabetes study: metformin vs insulin in gestational diabetes: glycemic control and obstetrical and perinatal outcomes: randomized prospective trial","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajog.2021.04.229","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2021 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}