{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T06:27:04Z","timestamp":1789540024429,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,1]],"date-time":"2022-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1656633600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,1]],"date-time":"2022-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1656633600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,8]],"date-time":"2022-03-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646697600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100019936","name":"Wright Family Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100019936","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100003516","name":"Winn Feline Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100003516","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009612","name":"Oregon State University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009612","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["ajog.org","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.03.008","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,10]],"date-time":"2022-03-10T10:44:57Z","timestamp":1646909097000},"page":"70.e1-70.e9","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Characterizing persistent urinary incontinence after successful fistula closure: the Uganda experience"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"227","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0534-3825","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rahel","family":"Nardos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Jacobson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6731-0623","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bharti","family":"Garg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2133-7051","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"L. Lewis","family":"Wall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alice","family":"Emasu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bonnie","family":"Ruder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.03.008_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2393-13-246","article-title":"Estimating the prevalence of obstetric fistula: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"13","author":"Adler","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy Childbirth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.03.008_bib2","series-title":"Neurourology and Urodynamics","first-page":"1029","article-title":"Urinary Frequency in Patients with Persistent Urinary Incontinence Following Successful Closure of Obstetric Vesicovaginal Fistula","author":"Borazjani","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.03.008_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajur.2018.01.002","article-title":"The choice of surgical approach in the treatment of vesico-vaginal fistulae","volume":"5","author":"Hillary","year":"2018","journal-title":"Asian J Urol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.03.008_bib4","first-page":"123","article-title":"Genitourinary and rectovaginal fistulae in Adigrat Zonal Hospital, Tigray, North Ethiopia","volume":"41","author":"Gessessew","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ethiop Med J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.03.008_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1080\/01443619750114194","article-title":"Obstetric fistulae: a retrospective study of 1210 cases at the Addis Ababa Fistula Hospital","volume":"17","author":"Muleta","year":"1997","journal-title":"J\u00a0Obstet Gynaecol"},{"issue":"Suppl1","key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.03.008_bib6","first-page":"S57","article-title":"Complications of treatment of obstetric fistula in the developing world: gynatresia, urinary incontinence, and urinary diversion","volume":"99","author":"Gutman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int J Gynaecol Obstet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.03.008_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1007\/s00192-017-3375-7","article-title":"Obstetric fistula in Niger: 6-month postoperative follow-up of 384 patients from the Danja Fistula Center","volume":"29","author":"Ouedraogo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int Urogynecol J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.03.008_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2004.02.007","article-title":"The obstetric vesicovaginal fistula: characteristics of 899 patients from Jos, Nigeria","volume":"190","author":"Wall","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.03.008_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"828","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2002.00124.x","article-title":"Urinary and faecal incontinence following delayed primary repair of obstetric genital fistula","volume":"109","author":"Murray","year":"2002","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.03.008_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000001687","article-title":"Identifying patients with vesicovaginal fistula at high risk of urinary incontinence after surgery","volume":"128","author":"Bengtson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.03.008_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2277","DOI":"10.1007\/s00192-020-04265-w","article-title":"Characteristics of persistent urinary incontinence after successful fistula closure in Ethiopian women","volume":"31","author":"Nardos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int Urogynecol J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.03.008_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1007\/s00192-007-0367-z","article-title":"The \u201ccontinence gap\u201d: a critical concept in obstetric fistula repair","volume":"18","author":"Wall","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.03.008_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.20041","article-title":"ICIQ: a brief and robust measure for evaluating the symptoms and impact of urinary incontinence","volume":"23","author":"Avery","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neurourol Urodyn"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.03.008_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1374","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.1997.tb11006.x","article-title":"A\u00a0new questionnaire to assess the quality of life of urinary incontinent women","volume":"104","author":"Kelleher","year":"1997","journal-title":"Br J Obstet Gynaecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.03.008_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.20674","article-title":"Comparison of two questionnaires for assessing the severity of urinary incontinence: the ICIQ-UI SF versus the incontinence severity index","volume":"28","author":"Klovning","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neurourol Urodyn"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.03.008_bib16","series-title":"Neurourology and Urodynamics","first-page":"1030","article-title":"Application of the 1-Hour Pad-Test and a Novel Pictorial Questionnaire in the Assessment of Urinary Incontinence Following Successful Closure of Obstetric Vesicovaginal Fistula","author":"Borazjani","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.03.008_bib17","first-page":"1029","article-title":"Urinary frequency in patients with persistent urinary incontinence following successful closure of obstetric vesicovaginal fistula","volume":"33","author":"Borazjani","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurourol Urodyn"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.03.008_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(82)90542-7","article-title":"Growth of the birth canal in adolescent girls","volume":"143","author":"Moerman","year":"1982","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.03.008_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.3109\/00016341003801698","article-title":"Obstetric fistula in 14,928 Ethiopian women","volume":"89","author":"Muleta","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.03.008_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2393-12-68","article-title":"Overcoming phase 1 delays: the critical component of obstetric fistula prevention programs in resource-poor countries","volume":"12","author":"Wall","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy Childbirth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.03.008_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1007\/s00192-007-0389-6","article-title":"Prospective results after first-time surgery for obstetric fistulas in East African women","volume":"19","author":"Raassen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.03.008_bib22","first-page":"1725","article-title":"Genitourinary fistula experience in Sierra Leone:\u00a0review of 505 cases","volume":"181","author":"Lewis","year":"2009","journal-title":"J\u00a0Urol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.03.008_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijgo.2012.08.014","article-title":"Characteristics and surgical success of patients presenting for repair of obstetric fistula in western Kenya","volume":"120","author":"Hawkins","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Gynaecol Obstet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.03.008_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2006.00875.x","article-title":"Risk factors for developing residual urinary incontinence after obstetric fistula repair","volume":"113","author":"Browning","year":"2006","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.03.008_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2490-11-23","article-title":"Predictors and outcome of surgical repair of obstetric fistula at a regional referral hospital, Mbarara, western Uganda","volume":"11","author":"Kayondo","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMC Urol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.03.008_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.5317\/wjog.v5.i2.182","article-title":"Urinary incontinence following obstetric fistula repair","volume":"5","author":"Goh","year":"2016","journal-title":"World J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.03.008_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijgo.2014.09.028","article-title":"One-year follow-up of women who participated in a physiotherapy and health education program before and after obstetric fistula surgery","volume":"128","author":"Castille","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Gynaecol Obstet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.03.008_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijgo.2014.05.009","article-title":"Analysis of a pilot program to implement physical therapy for women with gynecologic fistula in the Democratic Republic of Congo","volume":"127","author":"Keyser","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Gynaecol Obstet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.03.008_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00737-020-01028-w","article-title":"Prevalence of depression among women with obstetric fistula in low-income African countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"24","author":"Duko","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arch Womens Ment Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.03.008_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1439","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2007.01419.x","article-title":"The impact of surgical treatment on the mental health of women with obstetric fistula","volume":"114","author":"Browning","year":"2007","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.03.008_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1007\/s00192-019-04197-0","article-title":"Capacity building in female pelvic medicine and reconstructive surgery: Global Health Partnership beyond fistula care in Ethiopia","volume":"31","author":"Nardos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int Urogynecol J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.03.008_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2008.03.002","article-title":"Literacy affected ability to adequately discriminate among categories in multipoint Likert scales","volume":"62","author":"Chachamovich","year":"2009","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.03.008_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1097\/00006199-199705000-00009","article-title":"The challenge of using Likert-type scales with low-literate ethnic populations","volume":"46","author":"Bernal","year":"1997","journal-title":"Nurs Res"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0002937822001788?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0002937822001788?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,11]],"date-time":"2025-09-11T11:38:03Z","timestamp":1757590683000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0002937822001788"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]}},"alternative-id":["S0002937822001788"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.03.008","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9378"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9378","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Characterizing persistent urinary incontinence after successful fistula closure: the Uganda experience","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.03.008","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}