{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,2]],"date-time":"2026-11-02T16:47:43Z","timestamp":1793638063018,"version":"4.5.1"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,1]],"date-time":"2022-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1664582400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,1]],"date-time":"2022-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1664582400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,1]],"date-time":"2022-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1664582400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,1]],"date-time":"2022-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1664582400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,1]],"date-time":"2022-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1664582400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,1]],"date-time":"2022-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1664582400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,1]],"date-time":"2022-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1664582400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["ajog.org","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.05.048","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,28]],"date-time":"2022-05-28T10:49:55Z","timestamp":1653734995000},"page":"593-596","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Toward the elimination of race-based medicine: replace race with racism as preeclampsia risk factor"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"227","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4857-0999","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erinma P.","family":"Ukoha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael E.","family":"Snavely","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monica U.","family":"Hahn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jody E.","family":"Steinauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Allison S.","family":"Bryant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.05.048_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000000704","article-title":"Racial and ethnic disparities in maternal morbidity and mortality","volume":"125","author":"Louis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.05.048_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2005.04.007","article-title":"Disparities in mortality among high risk pregnant women in Illinois: a population based study","volume":"16","author":"Rosenberg","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.05.048_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jp.7211810","article-title":"Predictors of maternal mortality and near-miss maternal morbidity","volume":"27","author":"Goffman","year":"2007","journal-title":"J\u00a0Perinatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.05.048_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1228","DOI":"10.1097\/01.AOG.0000187894.71913.e8","article-title":"Preventability of pregnancy-related deaths: results of a state-wide review","volume":"106","author":"Berg","year":"2005","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.05.048_bib5","series-title":"Fatal invention: how science, politics, and big business re-create race in the twenty-first century","author":"Roberts","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.05.048_bib6","series-title":"Race is a social construct, scientists argue","author":"Gannon","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.05.048_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1111\/joim.13153","article-title":"There is no \u2018African American Physiology\u2019: the fallacy of racial essentialism","volume":"288","author":"Tsai","year":"2020","journal-title":"J\u00a0Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.05.048_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1533","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2018.13609","article-title":"Examining how race, ethnicity, and ancestry data are used in biomedical research","volume":"320","author":"Bonham","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.05.048_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.7326\/M13-2844","article-title":"Low-dose aspirin for prevention of morbidity and mortality from preeclampsia: a systematic evidence review for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force","volume":"160","author":"Henderson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.05.048_bib10","series-title":"Aspirin use to prevent preeclampsia and related morbidity and mortality","author":"Henderson","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.05.048_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.7326\/M14-1884","article-title":"Low-dose aspirin use for the prevention of morbidity and mortality from preeclampsia: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement","volume":"161","author":"LeFevre","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.05.048_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e44","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000002708","article-title":"743: low-dose aspirin use during pregnancy","volume":"132","year":"2018","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.05.048_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1186","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.14781","article-title":"Aspirin use to prevent preeclampsia and related morbidity and mortality: US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement","volume":"326","author":"Davidson","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.05.048_bib14","series-title":"Low-dose aspirin use for the prevention of preeclampsia and related morbidity and mortality","author":"Bryant","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.05.048_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1001\/virtualmentor.2014.16.06.msoc1-1406","article-title":"Race: a starting place","volume":"16","author":"Cunningham","year":"2014","journal-title":"Virtual Mentor"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.05.048_bib16","author":"Chadha"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.05.048_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1001\/journalofethics.2018.20.3.sect1-1803","article-title":"Should race be used as a variable in research on preterm birth?","volume":"20","author":"Eichelberger","year":"2018","journal-title":"AMA J Ethics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.05.048_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aac4951","article-title":"Science and Society. Taking race out of human genetics","volume":"351","author":"Yudell","year":"2016","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.05.048_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.23882","article-title":"AAPA statement on race and racism","volume":"169","author":"Fuentes","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Phys Anthropol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.05.048_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"874","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMms2004740","article-title":"Hidden in plain sight - reconsidering the use of race correction in clinical algorithms","volume":"383","author":"Vyas","year":"2020","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.05.048_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2016.00022","article-title":"Population genomics and the statistical values of race: an interdisciplinary perspective on the biological classification of human populations and implications for clinical genetic epidemiological research","volume":"7","author":"Maglo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Genet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.05.048_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2007.11.040","article-title":"Race as a social construct: the genetic fallacy","volume":"198","author":"Mendez","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.05.048_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S876","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.07.038","article-title":"Does race or ethnicity play a role in the origin, pathophysiology, and outcomes of preeclampsia? An expert review of the literature","volume":"226","author":"Johnson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.05.048_bib24","first-page":"283","article-title":"Racial\/ethnic differences in pregnancy-related hypertensive disease in nulliparous women","volume":"24","author":"Ghosh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ethn Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.05.048_bib25","series-title":"Use of race in clinical diagnosis and decision making: overview and implications","author":"Tong","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.05.048_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.1097\/01.AOG.0000259312.36053.02","article-title":"Development of a nomogram for prediction of vaginal birth after cesarean delivery","volume":"109","author":"Grobman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.05.048_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.whi.2019.04.007","article-title":"Challenging the use of race in the vaginal birth after cesarean section calculator","volume":"29","author":"Vyas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Womens Health Issues"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.05.048_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"664.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2021.05.021","article-title":"Prediction of vaginal birth after cesarean delivery in term gestations: a calculator without race and ethnicity","volume":"225","author":"Grobman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.05.048_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000004439","article-title":"Association between race and hemoglobin at delivery or need for transfusion when using race-based definitions for treatment of antepartum anemia","volume":"138","author":"Hamm","year":"2021","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.05.048_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3934","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfq299","article-title":"Race differences in prevalence of chronic kidney disease among young adults using creatinine-based glomerular filtration rate-estimating equations","volume":"25","author":"Peralta","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.05.048_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1038\/s41581-021-00501-8","article-title":"Health inequities and the inappropriate use of race in nephrology","volume":"18","author":"Eneanya","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Rev Nephrol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.05.048_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2021.08.003","article-title":"A\u00a0unifying approach for GFR estimation: recommendations of the NKF-ASN Task Force on reassessing the inclusion of race in diagnosing kidney disease","volume":"79","author":"Delgado","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.05.048_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e4","DOI":"10.1016\/S2589-7500(21)00258-2","article-title":"Revising the atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease calculator without race","volume":"4","author":"Vyas","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Digit Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.05.048_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1001\/jamacardio.2018.1511","article-title":"Association of patient perceptions of cardiovascular risk and beliefs on statin drugs with racial differences in statin use: insights from the patient and provider assessment of lipid management registry","volume":"3","author":"Nanna","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.05.048_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1212","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.90.8.1212","article-title":"Levels of racism: a theoretic framework and a gardener\u2019s tale","volume":"90","author":"Jones","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"issue":"Suppl1","key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.05.048_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.18865\/ed.28.S1.231","article-title":"Toward the science and practice of anti-racism: launching a national campaign against racism","volume":"28","author":"Jones","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ethn Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.05.048_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.2307\/4149999","article-title":"Confronting institutionalized racism","volume":"50","author":"Jones","year":"2002","journal-title":"Phylon"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.05.048_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.93.2.277","article-title":"The structuring of ethnic inequalities in health: economic position, racial discrimination, and racism","volume":"93","author":"Nazroo","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.05.048_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2014.302008","article-title":"The role of socioeconomic factors in Black-White disparities in preterm birth","volume":"105","author":"Braveman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.05.048_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2015.302955","article-title":"Public health monitoring of privilege and deprivation with the index of concentration at the extremes","volume":"106","author":"Krieger","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.05.048_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1307","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0412.2011.01136.x","article-title":"Preconceptional stress and racial disparities in preterm birth: an overview","volume":"90","author":"Kramer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.05.048_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2015.12.001","article-title":"Economic hardship and biological weathering: the epigenetics of aging in a U.S. sample of black women","volume":"150","author":"Simons","year":"2016","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.05.048_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1111\/soc4.12054","article-title":"Transgenerational consequences of racial discrimination for African American health","volume":"7","author":"Goosby","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sociol Compass"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.05.048_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1177\/1099800417748759","article-title":"Perceived racial discrimination and DNA methylation among African American women in the InterGEN study","volume":"20","author":"Barcelona de Mendoza","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biol Res Nurs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.05.048_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/birt.12622","article-title":"Psychometric validation of a patient-reported experience measure of obstetric racism\u00a9 (The PREM-OB Scale\u2122 suite)","author":"White VanGompel","year":"2022","journal-title":"Birth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.05.048_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1177\/135910539700200305","article-title":"Racial differences in physical and mental health: socio-economic status, stress and discrimination","volume":"2","author":"Williams","year":"1997","journal-title":"J\u00a0Health Psychol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.05.048_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1017\/S1742058X11000087","article-title":"Racial disparities in health: how much does stress really matter?","volume":"8","author":"Sternthal","year":"2011","journal-title":"Du Bois Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.05.048_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/2333721419855665","article-title":"Do race and everyday discrimination predict mortality risk? Evidence from the health and retirement study","volume":"5","author":"Farmer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gerontol Geriatr Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.05.048_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2020-015602","article-title":"Racism as a root cause approach: a new framework","volume":"147","author":"Malawa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.05.048_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.1007\/s10995-021-03189-1","article-title":"The Index of Concentration at the Extremes (ICE) and pregnancy-associated mortality in Louisiana, 2016-2017","volume":"26","author":"Dyer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Matern Child Health J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.05.048_bib53","first-page":"159","article-title":"Using index of concentration at the extremes as indicators of structural racism to evaluate the association with preterm birth and infant mortality-California, 2011-2012","volume":"96","author":"Chambers","year":"2019","journal-title":"J\u00a0Urban Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.05.048_bib55","author":"Krieger"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0002937822004136?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0002937822004136?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,11]],"date-time":"2025-09-11T11:38:44Z","timestamp":1757590724000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0002937822004136"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,10]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,10]]}},"alternative-id":["S0002937822004136"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.05.048","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9378"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9378","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Toward the elimination of race-based medicine: replace race with racism as preeclampsia risk factor","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.05.048","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2022 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}