{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T01:33:32Z","timestamp":1785548012408,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":127,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,1]],"date-time":"2022-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669852800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,1]],"date-time":"2022-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669852800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,1]],"date-time":"2022-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669852800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,1]],"date-time":"2022-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669852800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,1]],"date-time":"2022-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669852800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,1]],"date-time":"2022-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669852800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,1]],"date-time":"2022-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669852800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["ajog.org","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.07.007","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,16]],"date-time":"2022-07-16T18:20:23Z","timestamp":1657995623000},"page":"895.e1-895.e13","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["The role of intraamniotic inflammation in threatened midtrimester miscarriage"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"227","author":[{"given":"Kyung Joon","family":"Oh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4448-5121","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roberto","family":"Romero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyeon Ji","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eunjung","family":"Jung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Gotsch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manaphat","family":"Suksai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bo Hyun","family":"Yoon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.07.007_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(92)91841-W","article-title":"Spontaneous abortion and subsequent adverse birth outcomes","volume":"166","author":"Thom","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.07.007_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2007.09.016","article-title":"Second-trimester loss and subsequent pregnancy outcomes: what is the real risk?","volume":"197","author":"Edlow","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.07.007_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2003.09.023","article-title":"Threatened abortion: a risk factor for poor pregnancy outcome, a population-based screening study","volume":"190","author":"Weiss","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.07.007_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1658","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)00682-6","article-title":"Miscarriage matters: the epidemiological, physical, psychological, and economic costs of early pregnancy loss","volume":"397","author":"Quenby","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.07.007_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1394","DOI":"10.1097\/01.AOG.0000431056.79334.cc","article-title":"ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 135: second-trimester abortion","volume":"121","year":"2013","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.07.007_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(70)90269-3","article-title":"Anatomic and chromosomal anomalies in spontaneous abortion. Possible correlation with overripeness of oocytes","volume":"106","author":"Mikamo","year":"1970","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.07.007_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"784","DOI":"10.1097\/01.AOG.0000137832.86727.e2","article-title":"Recurrent fetal aneuploidy and recurrent miscarriage","volume":"104","author":"Sullivan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.07.007_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0897.2011.00996.x","article-title":"Association between MTHFR 1298A>C polymorphism and spontaneous abortion with fetal chromosomal aneuploidy","volume":"66","author":"Kim","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Reprod Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.07.007_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(50)90342-5","article-title":"Habitual abortion; the incompetent internal os of the cervix","volume":"59","author":"Lash","year":"1950","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.07.007_bib10","article-title":"Mid-trimester miscarriage and subsequent pregnancy outcomes: the role of cervical insufficiency in a cohort of 175 cases","author":"Joubert","year":"2021","journal-title":"J\u00a0Matern Fetal Neonatal Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.07.007_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0031-1293205","article-title":"Uterine anomaly and recurrent pregnancy loss","volume":"29","author":"Sugiura-Ogasawara","year":"2011","journal-title":"Semin Reprod Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.07.007_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000004627","article-title":"Obstetric complications in women With congenital uterine anomalies according to the 2013 European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology and the European society for gynaecological endoscopy classification: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"139","author":"Panagiotopoulos","year":"2022","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.07.007_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(96)04125-6","article-title":"Increased fetal loss in women with heritable thrombophilia","volume":"348","author":"Preston","year":"1996","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.07.007_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/S0049-3848(03)00095-1","article-title":"Thrombophilia: implications for pregnancy outcome","volume":"109","author":"Greer","year":"2003","journal-title":"Thromb Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.07.007_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1160\/TH04-02-0096","article-title":"Thrombophilia and pregnancy complications","volume":"92","author":"Brenner","year":"2004","journal-title":"Thromb Haemost"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.07.007_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1002\/tera.1420240302","article-title":"Placental findings in spontaneous abortions and stillbirths","volume":"24","author":"Ornoy","year":"1981","journal-title":"Teratology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.07.007_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/del128","article-title":"Placental pathology of recurrent spontaneous abortion: the role of histopathological examination of products of conception in routine clinical practice: a mini review","volume":"22","author":"Jindal","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.07.007_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2011.02.006","article-title":"Placental bed disorders in preterm labor, preterm PROM, spontaneous abortion and abruptio placentae","volume":"25","author":"Romero","year":"2011","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.07.007_bib19","first-page":"820","article-title":"Salmonella sepsis and second-trimester pregnancy loss","volume":"79","author":"Scialli","year":"1992","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.07.007_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/S0046-8177(99)90307-6","article-title":"Prevalence of developmental and inflammatory lesions in nonmolar first-trimester spontaneous abortions","volume":"30","author":"Redline","year":"1999","journal-title":"Hum Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.07.007_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1054\/mehy.2000.1204","article-title":"Choriodecidual inflammatory syndrome (CoDIS) is the leading, and under recognised, cause of early preterm delivery and second trimester miscarriage","volume":"56","author":"Sebire","year":"2001","journal-title":"Med Hypotheses"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.07.007_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1080\/10647440300025508","article-title":"Second-trimester pregnancy loss at an urban hospital","volume":"11","author":"Heller","year":"2003","journal-title":"Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.07.007_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2004.05.076","article-title":"Can endometrial infection\/inflammation explain implantation failure, spontaneous abortion, and preterm birth after in\u00a0vitro fertilization?","volume":"82","author":"Romero","year":"2004","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.07.007_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2006.05.049","article-title":"Placental inflammation and viral infection are\u00a0implicated in second trimester pregnancy loss","volume":"195","author":"Srinivas","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.07.007_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1515\/jpm-2016-0305","article-title":"Association between genital mycoplasmas, acute chorioamnionitis and fetal pneumonia in spontaneous abortions","volume":"46","author":"Latino","year":"2018","journal-title":"J\u00a0Perinat Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.07.007_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2020.09.067","article-title":"The role of maternal-foetal interface inflammation mediated by NLRP3 inflammasome in the pathogenesis of recurrent spontaneous abortion","volume":"101","author":"Gao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.07.007_bib27","first-page":"748","article-title":"Cervical incompetence, hourglass membranes, and amniocentesis","volume":"54","author":"Goodlin","year":"1979","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.07.007_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1086","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(12)80043-3","article-title":"Infection and labor. VIII. Microbial invasion of the amniotic cavity in patients with suspected cervical incompetence: prevalence and clinical significance","volume":"167","author":"Romero","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.07.007_bib29","first-page":"652","article-title":"Amniocentesis for selection before rescue cerclage","volume":"95","author":"Mays","year":"2000","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.07.007_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2007.11.047","article-title":"The frequency and significance of intraamniotic inflammation in patients with cervical insufficiency","volume":"198","author":"Lee","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.07.007_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"882","DOI":"10.1016\/S1701-2163(16)32967-X","article-title":"Bacteriology of amniotic fluid in women with suspected cervical insufficiency","volume":"30","author":"Bujold","year":"2008","journal-title":"J\u00a0Obstet Gynaecol Can"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.07.007_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0028-1095182","article-title":"Amniocentesis prior to physical exam-indicated cerclage in women with midtrimester cervical dilation: results from the expectant management compared to physical exam-indicated cerclage international cohort study","volume":"26","author":"Airoldi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Perinatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.07.007_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1515\/jpm.2010.040","article-title":"Detection of ureaplasmas by the polymerase chain reaction in the amniotic fluid of patients with cervical insufficiency","volume":"38","author":"Oh","year":"2010","journal-title":"J\u00a0Perinat Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.07.007_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/S1701-2163(15)30656-3","article-title":"Diagnosis of subclinical amniotic fluid infection prior to rescue cerclage using Gram stain and glucose tests: an individual patient meta-analysis","volume":"36","author":"Lisonkova","year":"2014","journal-title":"J\u00a0Obstet Gynaecol Can"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.07.007_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1097\/01.AOG.0000443276.68274.cc","article-title":"ACOG Practice Bulletin No.142: Cerclage for the management of cervical insufficiency","volume":"123","year":"2014","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.07.007_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1212","DOI":"10.3109\/14767058.2011.629256","article-title":"The frequency and clinical significance of intra-amniotic inflammation in women with preterm uterine contractility but without cervical change: do the diagnostic criteria for preterm labor need to be changed?","volume":"25","author":"Kim","year":"2012","journal-title":"J\u00a0Matern Fetal Neonatal Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.07.007_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2727","DOI":"10.3109\/14767058.2015.1103729","article-title":"A\u00a0new antibiotic regimen treats and prevents intra-amniotic inflammation\/infection in patients with preterm PROM","volume":"29","author":"Lee","year":"2016","journal-title":"J\u00a0Matern Fetal Neonatal Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.07.007_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.3109\/14767058.2015.1020293","article-title":"A\u00a0new anti-microbial combination prolongs the latency period, reduces acute histologic chorioamnionitis as well as funisitis, and improves neonatal outcomes in preterm PROM","volume":"29","author":"Lee","year":"2016","journal-title":"J\u00a0Matern Fetal Neonatal Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.07.007_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2019.03.018","article-title":"Antibiotic administration can eradicate intra-amniotic infection or intra-amniotic inflammation in a subset of patients with preterm labor and intact membranes","volume":"221","author":"Yoon","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.07.007_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2019.03.017","article-title":"Evidence that antibiotic administration is effective in the treatment of a subset of patients with intra-amniotic infection\/inflammation presenting with cervical insufficiency","volume":"221","author":"Oh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.07.007_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1034","DOI":"10.1016\/S0029-7844(96)00339-0","article-title":"Serum C-reactive protein, white blood cell count, and amniotic fluid white blood cell count in women with preterm premature rupture of membranes","volume":"88","author":"Yoon","year":"1996","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.07.007_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2006.06.054","article-title":"A\u00a0rapid MMP-8 bedside test for the detection of intra-amniotic inflammation identifies patients at risk for imminent preterm delivery","volume":"195","author":"Nien","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.07.007_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2007.06.040","article-title":"A\u00a0rapid matrix metalloproteinase-8 bedside test for the detection of intraamniotic inflammation in women with preterm premature rupture of membranes","volume":"197","author":"Kim","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.07.007_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1515\/JPM.2008.079","article-title":"The antenatal identification of funisitis with a rapid MMP-8 bedside test","volume":"36","author":"Park","year":"2008","journal-title":"J\u00a0Perinat Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.07.007_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1515\/jpm-2016-0344","article-title":"Clinical chorioamnionitis at term VIII: a rapid MMP-8 test for the identification of intra-amniotic inflammation","volume":"45","author":"Chaiyasit","year":"2017","journal-title":"J\u00a0Perinat Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.07.007_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2414","DOI":"10.3109\/14767058.2015.1094049","article-title":"About one-half of early spontaneous preterm deliveries can be identified by a rapid matrix metalloproteinase-8 (MMP-8) bedside test at the time of mid-trimester genetic amniocentesis","volume":"29","author":"Kim","year":"2016","journal-title":"J\u00a0Matern Fetal Neonatal Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.07.007_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1080\/14767058.2017.1281904","article-title":"Comparison of rapid MMP-8 and interleukin-6 point-of-care tests to identify intra-amniotic inflammation\/infection and impending preterm delivery in patients with preterm labor and intact membranes","volume":"31","author":"Chaemsaithong","year":"2018","journal-title":"J\u00a0Matern Fetal Neonatal Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.07.007_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1067\/mob.2000.104207","article-title":"Fetal exposure to an intra-amniotic inflammation and the development of cerebral palsy at the age of three years","volume":"182","author":"Yoon","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.07.007_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1156","DOI":"10.1067\/mob.2001.117679","article-title":"The relationship between amniotic fluid matrix metalloproteinase-8 and funisitis","volume":"185","author":"Park","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.07.007_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1339","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2004.06.085","article-title":"Clinical significance of intra-amniotic inflammation in patients with preterm premature rupture of membranes","volume":"191","author":"Shim","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.07.007_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"960","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(95)90028-4","article-title":"Amniotic fluid interleukin-6: a sensitive test for antenatal diagnosis of acute inflammatory lesions of preterm placenta and prediction of perinatal morbidity","volume":"172","author":"Yoon","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.07.007_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1016\/j.siny.2006.02.011","article-title":"Inflammatory responses in the placenta and umbilical cord","volume":"11","author":"Redline","year":"2006","journal-title":"Semin Fetal Neonatal Med"},{"issue":"Suppl","key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.07.007_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2015.08.040","article-title":"Acute chorioamnionitis and funisitis: definition, pathologic features, and clinical significance","volume":"213","author":"Kim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.07.007_bib54","first-page":"33","article-title":"Clinical chorioamnionitis at term VI: acute chorioamnionitis and funisitis according to the presence or absence of microorganisms and inflammation in the amniotic cavity","volume":"44","author":"Romero","year":"2016","journal-title":"J\u00a0Perinat Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.07.007_bib55","first-page":"71","article-title":"Diagnosis of intra-amniotic infection","volume":"1","author":"Gibbs","year":"1977","journal-title":"Semin Perinatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.07.007_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(80)90445-7","article-title":"Management of acute chorioamnionitis","volume":"136","author":"Gibbs","year":"1980","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.07.007_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"848","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.09.044","article-title":"Management of clinical chorioamnionitis: an evidence-based approach","volume":"223","author":"Conde-Agudelo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.07.007_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1433","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(96)70585-9","article-title":"Interleukin-6 concentrations in umbilical cord plasma are elevated in neonates with white matter lesions associated with periventricular leukomalacia","volume":"174","author":"Yoon","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.07.007_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1515\/JPM.2006.002","article-title":"A\u00a0sonographic short cervix as the only clinical manifestation of intra-amniotic infection","volume":"34","author":"Hassan","year":"2006","journal-title":"J\u00a0Perinat Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.07.007_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.01.043","article-title":"Antibiotic administration reduces the rate of intraamniotic inflammation in preterm prelabor rupture of the membranes","volume":"223","author":"Kacerovsky","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.07.007_bib61","article-title":"Resolution of acute cervical insufficiency after antibiotics in a case with amniotic fluid sludge","author":"Yeo","year":"2021","journal-title":"J\u00a0Matern Fetal Neonatal Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.07.007_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1111\/aji.12189","article-title":"A\u00a0novel molecular microbiologic technique for the rapid diagnosis of microbial invasion of the amniotic cavity and intra-amniotic infection in preterm labor with intact membranes","volume":"71","author":"Romero","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Reprod Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.07.007_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1111\/aji.12296","article-title":"Prevalence and clinical significance of sterile intra-amniotic inflammation in patients with preterm labor and intact membranes","volume":"72","author":"Romero","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Reprod Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.07.007_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00819","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00819-20","article-title":"RNA sequencing reveals distinct immune responses in the chorioamniotic membranes of women with preterm labor and microbial or sterile intra-amniotic inflammation","volume":"89","author":"Motomura","year":"2021","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.07.007_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1343","DOI":"10.3109\/14767058.2014.954243","article-title":"Sterile intra-amniotic inflammation in asymptomatic patients with a sonographic short cervix: prevalence and clinical significance","volume":"28","author":"Romero","year":"2015","journal-title":"J\u00a0Matern Fetal Neonatal Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.07.007_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2005.06.002","article-title":"Alarmins: chemotactic activators of immune responses","volume":"17","author":"Oppenheim","year":"2005","journal-title":"Curr Opin Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.07.007_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2007.08.004","article-title":"Inside, outside, upside down: damage-associated molecular-pattern molecules (DAMPs) and redox","volume":"28","author":"Rubartelli","year":"2007","journal-title":"Trends Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.07.007_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-065X.2007.00579.x","article-title":"The grateful dead: damage-associated molecular pattern molecules and reduction\/oxidation regulate immunity","volume":"220","author":"Lotze","year":"2007","journal-title":"Immunol Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.07.007_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/aji.13049","article-title":"Inflammasome activation during spontaneous preterm labor with intra-amniotic infection or sterile intra-amniotic inflammation","volume":"80","author":"Gomez-Lopez","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Reprod Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.07.007_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1306","DOI":"10.1093\/biolre\/ioy264","article-title":"Inhibition of the NLRP3 inflammasome can prevent sterile intra-amniotic inflammation, preterm labor\/birth, and adverse neonatal outcomes\u2020","volume":"100","author":"Gomez-Lopez","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biol Reprod"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.07.007_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0003056","article-title":"Microbial prevalence, diversity and abundance in amniotic fluid during preterm labor: a molecular and culture-based investigation","volume":"3","author":"DiGiulio","year":"2008","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.07.007_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"O857","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-0691.12657","article-title":"Bloodstream infections due to Peptoniphilus spp.: report of 15 cases","volume":"20","author":"Brown","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.07.007_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1162","DOI":"10.1067\/mob.2001.117678","article-title":"An elevated amniotic fluid matrix metalloproteinase-8 level at the time of mid-trimester genetic amniocentesis is a risk factor for spontaneous preterm delivery","volume":"185","author":"Yoon","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.07.007_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1500","DOI":"10.3109\/14767058.2014.961009","article-title":"The relationship between the intensity of intra-amniotic inflammation and the presence and severity of acute histologic chorioamnionitis in preterm gestation","volume":"28","author":"Kim","year":"2015","journal-title":"J\u00a0Matern Fetal Neonatal Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.07.007_bib75","first-page":"431","article-title":"Adverse perinatal effects of early amniotomy during labor. In: L. Gluck, ed. Modern perinatal medicine.","author":"Caldeyro-Barcia","year":"1974","journal-title":"Chicago, Year Book Medical Publishers;"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.07.007_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1287","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(86)91218-3","article-title":"Randomised controlled trial of genetic amniocentesis in 4606 low-risk women","volume":"1","author":"Tabor","year":"1986","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.07.007_bib77","first-page":"745","article-title":"Conservative management of second-trimester post-amniocentesis fluid leakage","volume":"74","author":"Gold","year":"1989","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.07.007_bib78","article-title":"Two thirds of spontaneous abortion\/fetal deaths after genetic amniocentesis are the result of a pre-existing sub-clinical inflammatory process of the amniotic cavity","volume":"172","author":"Romero","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.07.007_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1097\/00003081-198809000-00006","article-title":"Infection and preterm labor","volume":"31","author":"Romero","year":"1988","journal-title":"Clin Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.07.007_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"914","DOI":"10.1067\/mob.2000.108879","article-title":"Evidence for the participation of interstitial collagenase (matrix metalloproteinase 1) in preterm premature rupture of membranes","volume":"183","author":"Maymon","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.07.007_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1067\/mob.2000.108878","article-title":"Evidence of in\u00a0vivo differential bioavailability of the active forms of matrix metalloproteinases 9 and 2 in parturition, spontaneous rupture of membranes, and intra-amniotic infection","volume":"183","author":"Maymon","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.07.007_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1545","DOI":"10.1067\/mob.2000.107652","article-title":"Matrilysin (matrix metalloproteinase 7) in parturition, premature rupture of membranes, and intrauterine infection","volume":"182","author":"Maymon","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.07.007_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(00)99072-0","article-title":"Human neutrophil collagenase (matrix metalloproteinase 8) in parturition, premature rupture of the membranes, and intrauterine infection","volume":"183","author":"Maymon","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.07.007_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1248","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(98)70141-3","article-title":"A\u00a0role for matrix metalloproteinase-9 in spontaneous rupture of the fetal membranes","volume":"179","author":"Athayde","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.07.007_bib85","first-page":"213","article-title":"Matrix metalloproteinases-9 in preterm and term human parturition","volume":"8","author":"Athayde","year":"1999","journal-title":"J\u00a0Matern Fetal Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.07.007_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1080\/jmf.12.4.237.246","article-title":"Neutrophil elastase and secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor in prelabor rupture of membranes, parturition and intra-amniotic infection","volume":"12","author":"Helmig","year":"2002","journal-title":"J\u00a0Matern Fetal Neonatal Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.07.007_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1177\/107155760200900203","article-title":"Association of type II apoptosis and 92-kDa type IV collagenase expression in human amniochorion in prematurely ruptured membranes with tumor necrosis factor receptor-1 expression","volume":"9","author":"Arechavaleta-Velasco","year":"2002","journal-title":"J\u00a0Soc Gynecol Investig"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.07.007_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-9525(90)90126-Q","article-title":"Metalloproteinases and their inhibitors in matrix remodeling","volume":"6","author":"Matrisian","year":"1990","journal-title":"Trends Genet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.07.007_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2145","DOI":"10.1096\/fasebj.5.8.1850705","article-title":"Matrix metalloproteinases and their inhibitors in connective tissue remodeling","volume":"5","author":"Woessner","year":"1991","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.07.007_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2004.06.103","article-title":"Midtrimester amniotic fluid matrix metalloproteinase-8 (MMP-8) levels above the 90th percentile are a marker for subsequent preterm premature rupture of membranes","volume":"192","author":"Biggio","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.07.007_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.2741\/2089","article-title":"The matrix metalloproteinases (MMPS) in the decidua and fetal membranes","volume":"12","author":"Weiss","year":"2007","journal-title":"Front Biosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.07.007_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1177\/1933719111424454","article-title":"Extracellular matrix dynamics and fetal membrane rupture","volume":"20","author":"Strauss","year":"2013","journal-title":"Reprod Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.07.007_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"830","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(96)80007-X","article-title":"Elevated amniotic fluid interleukin-6 levels at genetic amniocentesis predict subsequent pregnancy loss","volume":"175","author":"Wenstrom","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.07.007_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(98)70436-3","article-title":"Elevated second-trimester amniotic fluid interleukin-6 levels predict preterm delivery","volume":"178","author":"Wenstrom","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.07.007_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.1999.tb08088.x","article-title":"Amniotic fluid concentrations of interleukin-1beta, interleukin-6 and TNF-alpha in chorioamnionitis before 32 weeks of gestation: histological associations and neonatal outcome","volume":"106","author":"Baud","year":"1999","journal-title":"Br J Obstet Gynaecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.07.007_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2009.10.027","article-title":"Amniotic fluid interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1 at mid-trimester genetic amniocentesis: relationship to intra-amniotic microbial invasion and preterm delivery","volume":"148","author":"Thomakos","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.07.007_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1515\/jpm-2012-0034","article-title":"Midtrimester amniotic fluid concentrations of interleukin-6 and interferon-gamma-inducible protein-10: evidence for heterogeneity of intra-amniotic inflammation and associations with spontaneous early (<32 weeks) and late (>32 weeks) preterm delivery","volume":"40","author":"Gervasi","year":"2012","journal-title":"J\u00a0Perinat Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.07.007_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1080\/jmf.12.3.159.164","article-title":"Elevated monocyte chemotactic protein-1 in amniotic fluid is a risk factor for pregnancy loss","volume":"12","author":"Chaiworapongsa","year":"2002","journal-title":"J\u00a0Matern Fetal Neonatal Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.07.007_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.1067\/S0002-9378(03)00594-5","article-title":"Monocyte chemotactic protein-1 in cervical and amniotic fluid: relationship to microbial invasion of the amniotic cavity, intra-amniotic inflammation, and preterm delivery","volume":"189","author":"Jacobsson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.07.007_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(88)80002-4","article-title":"Ampicillin prophylaxis in preterm premature rupture of the membranes: a prospective randomized study","volume":"159","author":"Amon","year":"1988","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.07.007_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1024","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(90)91117-U","article-title":"Cases with ruptured membranes that \u201dreseal\u201d","volume":"163","author":"Johnson","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.07.007_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1067\/mob.2000.108872","article-title":"Outcome of pregnancies complicated by ruptured membranes after genetic amniocentesis","volume":"183","author":"Borgida","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.07.007_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-13296-1","article-title":"Healing of preterm ruptured fetal membranes","volume":"7","author":"Mogami","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.07.007_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-18787-9","article-title":"Collagen Type 1 accelerates healing of ruptured fetal membranes","volume":"8","author":"Mogami","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.07.007_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1111\/jog.15161","article-title":"Mini-review: wound healing of amnion and macrophages","volume":"48","author":"Mogami","year":"2022","journal-title":"J\u00a0Obstet Gynaecol Res"},{"issue":"Suppl 9A","key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.07.007_bib106","first-page":"5S","article-title":"Clinical implications of the immunomodulatory effects of macrolides","volume":"117","author":"Tamaoki","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.07.007_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1738","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.50.5.1738-1744.2006","article-title":"Clarithromycin delays progression of bronchial epithelial cells from G1 phase to S phase and delays cell growth via extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase suppression","volume":"50","author":"Shinkai","year":"2006","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.07.007_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200707-1134OC","article-title":"Clarithromycin targets neutrophilic airway inflammation in refractory asthma","volume":"177","author":"Simpson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.07.007_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1177\/0003489492101S1005","article-title":"Erythromycin inhibition of lipopolysaccharide-stimulated tumor necrosis factor alpha production by human monocytes in\u00a0vitro","volume":"157","author":"Iino","year":"1992","journal-title":"Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol Suppl"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.07.007_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4145","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.62.10.4145-4152.1994","article-title":"Role of interleukin-8 (IL-8) and an inhibitory effect of erythromycin on IL-8 release in the airways of patients with chronic airway diseases","volume":"62","author":"Oishi","year":"1994","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.07.007_bib111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2249.1996.46752.x","article-title":"Inhibitory effect of clarithromycin on costimulatory molecule expression and cytokine production by synovial fibroblast-like cells","volume":"104","author":"Matsuoka","year":"1996","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.07.007_bib112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1661","DOI":"10.1097\/00005537-199712000-00016","article-title":"Inhibitory effect of macrolides on interleukin-8 secretion from cultured human nasal epithelial cells","volume":"107","author":"Suzuki","year":"1997","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.07.007_bib113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkf008","article-title":"Clarithromycin suppresses lipopolysaccharide-induced interleukin-8 production by human monocytes through AP-1 and NF-kappa B transcription factors","volume":"49","author":"Kikuchi","year":"2002","journal-title":"J\u00a0Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.07.007_bib114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1451","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.95.08091451","article-title":"Effect of erythromycin on Haemophilus influenzae endotoxin-induced release of IL-6, IL-8 and sICAM-1 by cultured human bronchial epithelial cells","volume":"8","author":"Khair","year":"1995","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.07.007_bib115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1097\/00005537-200402000-00019","article-title":"Effect of clarithromycin on nuclear factor-kappa B and transforming growth factor-beta in chronic rhinosinusitis","volume":"114","author":"Wallwork","year":"2004","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.07.007_bib116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.34.5.863","article-title":"Antibiotic inhibition of the respiratory burst response in human polymorphonuclear leukocytes","volume":"34","author":"Hand","year":"1990","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.07.007_bib117","first-page":"124","article-title":"The effects of erythromycin on human peripheral neutrophil apoptosis","volume":"38","author":"Inamura","year":"2000","journal-title":"Rhinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.07.007_bib118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.45.1.44-47.2001","article-title":"Clarithromycin inhibits NF-kappaB activation in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells and pulmonary epithelial cells","volume":"45","author":"Ichiyama","year":"2001","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.07.007_bib119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1977","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2008.01.050","article-title":"Clarithromycin attenuates acute and chronic rejection via matrix metalloproteinase suppression in murine cardiac transplantation","volume":"51","author":"Ogawa","year":"2008","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.07.007_bib120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1136\/hrt.2009.188094","article-title":"Early treatment with clarithromycin attenuates rat autoimmune myocarditis via inhibition of matrix metalloproteinase activity","volume":"96","author":"Hishikari","year":"2010","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.07.007_bib121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.1067\/mob.2001.118165","article-title":"Amniotic fluid matrix metalloproteinase-8 in preterm labor with intact membranes","volume":"185","author":"Maymon","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.07.007_bib122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1159\/000493207","article-title":"Cervical and amniotic fluid matrix metalloproteinase-8 and interleukin-6 concentrations in preterm pregnancies with or without preterm premature rupture of membranes","volume":"46","author":"Holmstr\u00f6m","year":"2019","journal-title":"Fetal Diagn Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.07.007_bib123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1080\/14767058.2022.2079404","article-title":"Fetal sepsis: a cause of stillbirth","author":"Jaiman","year":"2022","journal-title":"J\u00a0Matern Fetal Neonatal Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.07.007_bib124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.1320350205","article-title":"Incidence and timing of pregnancy losses: relevance to evaluating safety of early prenatal diagnosis","volume":"35","author":"Simpson","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am J Med Genet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.07.007_bib125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2004.06.099","article-title":"Age-specific risk of fetal loss observed in a second trimester serum screening population","volume":"192","author":"Wyatt","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.07.007_bib126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ogc.2013.10.007","article-title":"Mid-trimester pregnancy loss","volume":"41","author":"McNamee","year":"2014","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.07.007_bib127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2021.05.006","article-title":"Vertical transfer of antibiotics and antibiotic resistant strains across the mother\/baby axis","volume":"30","author":"Patangia","year":"2022","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0002937822005440?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0002937822005440?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,11]],"date-time":"2025-09-11T11:38:20Z","timestamp":1757590700000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0002937822005440"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]},"references-count":127,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"alternative-id":["S0002937822005440"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.07.007","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9378"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9378","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"The role of intraamniotic inflammation in threatened midtrimester miscarriage","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.07.007","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2022 Published by Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}