{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T16:25:13Z","timestamp":1788452713000,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":169,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,1]],"date-time":"2024-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1709251200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,1]],"date-time":"2024-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1709251200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,9]],"date-time":"2022-09-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1662681600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005788","name":"Medizinische Universit\u00e4t Wien","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005788","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003065","name":"Universit\u00e4t Wien","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003065","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002428","name":"Austrian Science Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["826-B"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["826-B"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002428","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["ajog.org","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.09.010","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,18]],"date-time":"2023-07-18T01:58:05Z","timestamp":1689645485000},"page":"S841-S855","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"special_numbering":"S","title":["Evolution of the human birth canal"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"230","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5308-3837","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Philipp","family":"Mitteroecker","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"Fischer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.09.010_bib1","series-title":"The Life of Primates","author":"Schultz","year":"1969"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.09.010_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-anthro-102214-013918","article-title":"The evolution of difficult childbirth and helpless hominin infants","volume":"44","author":"Dunsworth","year":"2015","journal-title":"Annu Rev Anthropol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.09.010_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2014.0063","article-title":"The evolution of the human pelvis: changing adaptations to bipedalism, obstetrics and thermoregulation","volume":"370","author":"Gruss","year":"2015","journal-title":"Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.09.010_bib4","first-page":"95","article-title":"The natural history of human gait and posture. Part 1. Spine and pelvis","volume":"21","author":"Lovejoy","year":"2005","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"issue":"Suppl15","key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.09.010_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330350605","article-title":"The evolution of modern human childbirth","volume":"35","author":"Rosenberg","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am J Phys Anthropol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.09.010_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1002\/evan.1360040506","article-title":"Bipedalism and human birth: the obstetrical dilemma revisited","volume":"4","author":"Rosenberg","year":"1995","journal-title":"Evol Anthropol"},{"issue":"Suppl19","key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.09.010_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330370605","article-title":"Morphological adaptation to climate in modern and fossil hominids","volume":"37","author":"Ruff","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am J Phys Anthropol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.09.010_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2014.0062","article-title":"Brain ontogeny and life history in Pleistocene hominins","volume":"370","author":"Hublin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.09.010_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1038\/387173a0","article-title":"Body mass and encephalization in Pleistocene Homo","volume":"387","author":"Ruff","year":"1997","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.09.010_bib10","series-title":"Human birth: an evolutionary perspective","author":"Trevathan","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.09.010_bib11","author":"Fremondiere"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.09.010_bib12","first-page":"165","article-title":"Virtual reconstruction of the MH2 pelvis (Australopithecus sediba) and obstetrical implications","volume":"195","author":"Haeusler","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Biol Anthropol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.09.010_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1407","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1202521","article-title":"A\u00a0partial pelvis of Australopithecus sediba","volume":"333","author":"Kibii","year":"2011","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.09.010_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0221871","article-title":"Reconstructing birth in Australopithecus sediba","volume":"14","author":"Laudicina","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.09.010_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330980412","article-title":"Biomechanics of the hip and birth in early Homo","volume":"98","author":"Ruff","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Phys Anthropol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.09.010_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-022-03321-z","article-title":"Dynamic finite-element simulations reveal early origin of complex human birth pattern","volume":"5","author":"Fr\u00e9mondi\u00e8re","year":"2022","journal-title":"Commun Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.09.010_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1089","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1163592","article-title":"A\u00a0female Homo erectus pelvis from Gona, Ethiopia","volume":"322","author":"Simpson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.09.010_bib18","series-title":"The Nariokotome Homo erectus skeleton","first-page":"221","article-title":"The reconstruction of the pelvis","author":"Walker","year":"1993"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.09.010_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13764","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0803917105","article-title":"Neanderthal brain size at birth provides insights into the evolution of human life history","volume":"105","author":"Ponce de Le\u00f3n","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.09.010_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8151","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0812554106","article-title":"Neandertal birth canal shape and the evolution of human childbirth","volume":"106","author":"Weaver","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.09.010_bib21","first-page":"798","article-title":"Comparative anatomy of neonates of the three major mammalian groups (monotremes, marsupials, placentals) and implications for the ancestral mammalian neonate morphotype","volume":"231","author":"Ferner","year":"2017","journal-title":"J\u00a0Anat"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.09.010_bib22","series-title":"Growing young","author":"Montagu","year":"1989"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.09.010_bib23","unstructured":"Portmann A. Biologische Fragmente zu einer Lehre vom Menschen 1969;3., \u00fcberarb. Schwabe Verlagsgruppe AG Schwabe Verlag."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.09.010_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15212","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1205282109","article-title":"Metabolic hypothesis for human altriciality","volume":"109","author":"Dunsworth","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.09.010_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/ajhb.23227","article-title":"Humans as inverted bats: a comparative approach to the obstetric conundrum","volume":"31","author":"Grunstra","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Hum Biol"},{"issue":"Suppl55","key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.09.010_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.22160","article-title":"The obstetric dilemma: an ancient game of Russian roulette, or a variable dilemma sensitive to ecology?","volume":"149","author":"Wells","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Phys Anthropol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.09.010_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1177\/014107689108400505","article-title":"Are our babies becoming bigger?","volume":"84","author":"Alberman","year":"1991","journal-title":"J\u00a0R Soc Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.09.010_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1038\/nature19806","article-title":"Genome-wide associations for birth weight and correlations with adult disease","volume":"538","author":"Horikoshi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.09.010_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000289","article-title":"Gestational age at delivery and special educational need: retrospective cohort study of 407,503 schoolchildren","volume":"7","author":"MacKay","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.09.010_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2014.0067","article-title":"Between Scylla and Charybdis: renegotiating resolution of the \u2018obstetric dilemma\u2019 in response to ecological change","volume":"370","author":"Wells","year":"2015","journal-title":"Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.09.010_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1233","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/30.6.1233","article-title":"On the importance--and the unimportance--of birthweight","volume":"30","author":"Wilcox","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.09.010_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1038\/nature21369","article-title":"Early brain development in infants at high risk for autism spectrum disorder","volume":"542","author":"Hazlett","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.09.010_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14680","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1612410113","article-title":"Cliff-edge model of obstetric selection in humans","volume":"113","author":"Mitteroecker","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.09.010_bib34","series-title":"Evolutionary quantitative genetics","author":"Roff","year":"1997"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.09.010_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2085","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms3085","article-title":"Asymmetric selection and the evolution of extraordinary defences","volume":"4","author":"Urban","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.09.010_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1038\/scientificamerican1251-54","article-title":"The scars of human evolution","volume":"185","author":"Krogman","year":"1951","journal-title":"Sci Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.09.010_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2031","DOI":"10.1111\/brv.12744","article-title":"The obstetrical dilemma hypothesis: there\u2019s life in the old dog yet","volume":"96","author":"Haeusler","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.09.010_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.23550","article-title":"Pelvic breadth and locomotor kinematics in human evolution","volume":"300","author":"Gruss","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anat Rec (Hoboken)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.09.010_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.23301","article-title":"Energetic cost of walking in fossil hominins","volume":"164","author":"Vidal-Cordasco","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Phys Anthropol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.09.010_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.23553","article-title":"The biomechanical and energetic advantages of a mediolaterally wide pelvis in women","volume":"300","author":"Wall-Scheffler","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anat Rec (Hoboken)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.09.010_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0118903","article-title":"A\u00a0wider pelvis does not increase locomotor cost in humans, with implications for the evolution of childbirth","volume":"10","author":"Warrener","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.09.010_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.23551","article-title":"Pelvic rotation effect on human stride length: releasing the constraint of obstetric selection","volume":"300","author":"Whitcome","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anat Rec (Hoboken)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.09.010_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.23549","article-title":"Allometry and sexual dimorphism in the human pelvis","volume":"300","author":"Fischer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anat Rec (Hoboken)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.09.010_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.20603","article-title":"Infant carrying: the role of increased locomotory costs in early tool development","volume":"133","author":"Wall-Scheffler","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Phys Anthropol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.09.010_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2013.01.014","article-title":"Reproductive costs for everyone: how female loads impact human mobility strategies","volume":"64","author":"Wall-Scheffler","year":"2013","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hum Evol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.09.010_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-195335030-00003","article-title":"The major determinants in normal and pathological gait","volume":"35-A","author":"Saunders","year":"1953","journal-title":"J\u00a0Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.09.010_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(94)00125-N","article-title":"Load transfer across the pelvic bone","volume":"28","author":"Dalstra","year":"1995","journal-title":"J\u00a0Biomech"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.09.010_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"868","DOI":"10.1007\/s11999-008-0317-1","article-title":"The anatomy of the acetabulum: what is normal?","volume":"467","author":"Krebs","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.09.010_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.5301\/HIP.2013.10729","article-title":"Symptomatic sacroiliac joint disease and radiographic evidence of femoroacetabular impingement","volume":"23","author":"Morgan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hip Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.09.010_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9290(97)00041-9","article-title":"Pelvic muscle and acetabular contact forces during gait","volume":"30","author":"Pedersen","year":"1997","journal-title":"J\u00a0Biomech"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.09.010_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330750107","article-title":"Evolution of the ischial spine and of the pelvic floor in the Hominoidea","volume":"75","author":"Abitbol","year":"1988","journal-title":"Am J Phys Anthropol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.09.010_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2019.06.043","article-title":"Evolution of the human pelvis and obstructed labor: new explanations of an old obstetrical dilemma","volume":"222","author":"Pavli\u010dev","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.09.010_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2022159118","article-title":"Biomechanical trade-offs in the pelvic floor constrain the evolution of the human birth canal","volume":"118","author":"Stansfield","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.09.010_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1007\/s00192-012-1876-y","article-title":"Three-dimensional shape differences in the bony pelvis of women with pelvic floor disorders","volume":"24","author":"Brown","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int Urogynecol J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.09.010_bib55","first-page":"1283","article-title":"Architectural differences in the bony pelvis of women with and without pelvic floor disorders","volume":"102","author":"Handa","year":"2003","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.09.010_bib56","first-page":"229","article-title":"Computed tomography comparison of bony pelvis dimensions between women with and without genital prolapse","volume":"93","author":"Sze","year":"1999","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.09.010_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1007\/s00192-008-0736-2","article-title":"Magnetic resonance assessment of pelvic anatomy and pelvic floor disorders after childbirth","volume":"20","author":"Handa","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.09.010_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1002\/ca.22536","article-title":"Relationship between levator ani and bony pelvis morphology and clinical grade of prolapse in women","volume":"28","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Anat"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.09.010_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2008.10.040","article-title":"Comparison of bony dimensions at the level of the pelvic floor in women with and without pelvic organ prolapse","volume":"200","author":"Stein","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.09.010_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.342125050","article-title":"Pelvic floor failure: MR imaging evaluation of anatomic and functional abnormalities","volume":"34","author":"Bitti","year":"2014","journal-title":"Radiographics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.09.010_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2067","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-016-4471-7","article-title":"Magnetic resonance imaging of pelvic floor dysfunction - joint recommendations of the ESUR and ESGAR Pelvic Floor Working Group","volume":"27","author":"El Sayed","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.09.010_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1007\/s00192-018-3663-x","article-title":"Predictive role of measurement of pelvic floor muscle thickness with static MRI in stress and mixed urinary incontinence","volume":"30","author":"Ya\u015far","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int Urogynecol J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.09.010_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-bioeng-061008-124823","article-title":"On the biomechanics of vaginal birth and common sequelae","volume":"11","author":"Ashton-Miller","year":"2009","journal-title":"Annu Rev Biomed Eng"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.09.010_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1097\/01.AOG.0000109207.22354.65","article-title":"Levator ani muscle stretch induced by simulated vaginal birth","volume":"103","author":"Lien","year":"2004","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.09.010_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-019-01243-1","article-title":"Is physical activity good or bad for the female pelvic floor? A narrative review","volume":"50","author":"B\u00f8","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.09.010_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2018-099821","article-title":"Impact of prenatal exercise on maternal harms, labour and delivery outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"53","author":"Davenport","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.09.010_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-200434070-00004","article-title":"Urinary incontinence, pelvic floor dysfunction, exercise and sport","volume":"34","author":"B\u00f8","year":"2004","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.09.010_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.4027","article-title":"Pelvic floor function in elite nulliparous athletes","volume":"30","author":"Kruger","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.09.010_bib69","first-page":"750","article-title":"Modelling childbirth: comparing athlete and non-athlete pelvic floor mechanics","volume":"11","author":"Li","year":"2008","journal-title":"Med Image Comput Comput Assist Interv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.09.010_bib70","series-title":"Ueber die Verh\u00e4ltnisse der W\u00e4rme\u00f6konomie der Thiere zu ihrer Gr\u00f6sse","author":"Bergmann","year":"1848"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.09.010_bib71","first-page":"108","article-title":"The influence of physical conditions in the genesis of species","volume":"1","author":"Allen","year":"1877","journal-title":"Radic Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.09.010_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-8644(199808)106:4<483::AID-AJPA4>3.0.CO;2-K","article-title":"Climatic influences on human body size and proportions: ecological adaptations and secular trends","volume":"106","author":"Katzmarzyk","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Phys Anthropol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.09.010_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.anthro.31.040402.085407","article-title":"Variation in human body size and shape","volume":"31","author":"Ruff","year":"2002","journal-title":"Annu Rev Anthropol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.09.010_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9492","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1603632113","article-title":"Constraint, natural selection, and the evolution of human body form","volume":"113","author":"Savell","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.09.010_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2007.04.005","article-title":"The effects of body proportions on thermoregulation: an experimental assessment of Allen\u2019s rule","volume":"53","author":"Tilkens","year":"2007","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hum Evol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.09.010_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4000\/bmsap.7460","article-title":"Did population differences in human pelvic form evolve by drift or selection?","volume":"33","author":"Mitteroecker","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMSAP"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.09.010_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/0047-2484(91)90001-C","article-title":"Climate and body shape in hominid evolution","volume":"21","author":"Ruff","year":"1991","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hum Evol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.09.010_bib78","first-page":"475","article-title":"The adult human pubic symphysis: a systematic review","volume":"217","author":"Becker","year":"2010","journal-title":"J\u00a0Anat"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.09.010_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.827512","article-title":"Do relaxin levels impact hip injury incidence in women? A scoping review","volume":"13","author":"Parker","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.09.010_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1002\/aja.1000310403","article-title":"The pubic symphysis of the guinea-pig in relation to pregnancy and parturition","volume":"31","author":"Todd","year":"1923","journal-title":"Am J Anat"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.09.010_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.1090570407","article-title":"The cyclic relaxation of the pelvic ligaments in the guinea pig","volume":"57","author":"Pommerenke","year":"1933","journal-title":"Anat Rec"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.09.010_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.1090670404","article-title":"Metamorphosis of the pubic symphysis III. histological changes in the symphysis of the pregnant guinea pig","volume":"67","author":"Ruth","year":"1937","journal-title":"Anat Rec"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.09.010_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/0305-0491(90)90335-Q","volume":"96","author":"Schwabe","year":"1990","journal-title":"Relaxin. Comp Biochem Physiol B"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.09.010_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1086\/279962","article-title":"The absorption of the pubic symphysis of the pocket gopher, Geomys bursarius (Shaw)","volume":"58","author":"Hisaw","year":"1924","journal-title":"Am Nat"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.09.010_bib85","first-page":"411","article-title":"The influence of the ovary on the resorption of the pubic bones of the pocket gopher, Geomys bursarius (Shaw)","volume":"42","author":"Hisaw","year":"1925","journal-title":"J\u00a0Exp Zool"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.09.010_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/S0083-6729(08)60670-6","article-title":"The physiology of relaxin","author":"Hisaw","year":"1950","journal-title":"Vitam Horm"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.09.010_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-2115(02)00192-6","article-title":"Symphysis pubis dysfunction--a cause of significant obstetric morbidity","volume":"105","author":"Owens","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.09.010_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E145","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e3181657f03","article-title":"Physical characteristics of women with severe pelvic girdle pain after pregnancy: a descriptive cohort study","volume":"33","author":"Ronchetti","year":"2008","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.09.010_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"794","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-008-0602-4","article-title":"European guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of pelvic girdle pain","volume":"17","author":"Vleeming","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.09.010_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1769","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-012-2162-x","article-title":"Pregnancy-related pelvic girdle pain and its relationship with relaxin levels during pregnancy: a systematic review","volume":"21","author":"Aldabe","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.09.010_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(86)92069-6","article-title":"Serum relaxin and pelvic pain of pregnancy","volume":"328","author":"MacLennan","year":"1986","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.09.010_bib92","first-page":"19","article-title":"Trends in serum relaxin concentration among elite collegiate female athletes","volume":"3","author":"Dragoo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int J Womens Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.09.010_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2175","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546511413378","article-title":"Prospective correlation Between serum relaxin concentration and anterior cruciate ligament tears among elite collegiate female athletes","volume":"39","author":"Dragoo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.09.010_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod50.2.258","article-title":"Transmission of relaxin from lactating bitches to their offspring via suckling","volume":"50","author":"Goldsmith","year":"1994","journal-title":"Biol Reprod"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.09.010_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1007\/s11832-014-0615-y","article-title":"A\u00a0review of environmental factors implicated in human developmental dysplasia of the hip","volume":"8","author":"Rhodes","year":"2014","journal-title":"J\u00a0Child Orthop"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.09.010_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.69.1.59","article-title":"Transmission of relaxin and estrogens to suckling canine pups via milk and possible association with hip joint laxity","volume":"69","author":"Steinetz","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.09.010_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1097\/01241398-199807000-00026","article-title":"Serum relaxin in the newborn is not a marker of neonatal hip instability","volume":"18","author":"Vogel","year":"1998","journal-title":"J\u00a0Pediatr Orthop"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.09.010_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.1091640310","article-title":"The pelvis of the Free-tailed bat: sexual dimorphism and pregnancy changes","volume":"164","author":"Crelin","year":"1969","journal-title":"Anat Rec"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.09.010_bib99","series-title":"Biology of bats","author":"Neuweiler","year":"2000"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.09.010_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2150","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.23646","article-title":"Morphology and postnatal development of lower hindlimbs in Desmodus rotundus (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae): a comparative study","volume":"300","author":"Reyes-Amaya","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anat Rec (Hoboken)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.09.010_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2008.03788.x","article-title":"Role of relaxin in human osteoclastogenesis","volume":"1160","author":"Facciolli","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.09.010_bib102","first-page":"91","article-title":"The growth and development of the pelvis of individual girls before, during, and after puberty","volume":"17","author":"Greulich","year":"1944","journal-title":"Yale J Biol Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.09.010_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330980106","article-title":"Natural selection and developmental sexual variation in the human pelvis","volume":"98","author":"LaVelle","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Phys Anthropol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.09.010_bib104","series-title":"Developmental juvenile osteology","author":"Scheuer","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.09.010_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1038\/272610a0","article-title":"Scaling of sexual dimorphism in body size and breeding system in primates","volume":"272","author":"Leutenegger","year":"1978","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.09.010_bib106","series-title":"Size and scaling in primate biology","first-page":"33","article-title":"Sexual dimorphism in primates","author":"Leutenegger","year":"1985"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.09.010_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"870","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.23572","article-title":"Dimorphism in the size and shape of the birth canal across anthropoid primates","volume":"300","author":"Moffett","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anat Rec (Hoboken)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.09.010_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330970209","article-title":"Brief communication: Pelvic sexual dimorphism and relative neonatal brain size really are related","volume":"97","author":"Ridley","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Phys Anthropol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.09.010_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330070307","article-title":"Sex differences in the pelves of primates","volume":"7","author":"Schultz","year":"1949","journal-title":"Am J Phys Anthropol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.09.010_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1558-5646.1980.tb04817.x","article-title":"Sexual dimorphism, sexual selection, and adaptation in polygenic characters","volume":"34","author":"Lande","year":"1980","journal-title":"Evolution"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.09.010_bib111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1038\/s41559-021-01425-z","article-title":"Sex differences in the pelvis did not evolve de novo in modern humans","volume":"5","author":"Fischer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Ecol Evol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.09.010_bib112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1464","DOI":"10.1644\/BME-009","article-title":"Pelvic sexual dimorphism in a metatherian, Didelphis virginiana: implications for eutherians","volume":"84","author":"Tague","year":"2003","journal-title":"J\u00a0Mammal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.09.010_bib113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.1092240406","article-title":"Morphometric analysis of the development of sexual dimorphism of the mouse pelvis","volume":"224","author":"Iguchi","year":"1989","journal-title":"Anat Rec"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.09.010_bib114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.1092340409","article-title":"Effects of sex steroids on the development of sexual dimorphism in mouse innominate bone","volume":"234","author":"Uesugi","year":"1992","journal-title":"Anat Rec"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.09.010_bib115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1098\/rsbl.2011.0214","article-title":"Mechanism of birth in chimpanzees: humans are not unique among primates","volume":"7","author":"Hirata","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biol Lett"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.09.010_bib116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.1090860407","article-title":"Reproduction in the chimpanzee: report on forty-nine births","volume":"86","author":"Nissen","year":"1943","journal-title":"Anat Rec"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.09.010_bib117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.20226","article-title":"Big-bodied males help us recognize that females have big pelves","volume":"127","author":"Tague","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Phys Anthropol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.09.010_bib118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1186\/s12915-021-01150-w","article-title":"The evolution of pelvic canal shape and rotational birth in humans","volume":"19","author":"Stansfield","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.09.010_bib119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e849","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(18)30565-5","article-title":"National, regional, and worldwide estimates of low birthweight in 2015, with trends from 2000: a systematic analysis","volume":"7","author":"Blencowe","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.09.010_bib120","first-page":"217","article-title":"Body weight at birth of viable human infants: a worldwide comparative treatise","volume":"42","author":"Meredith","year":"1970","journal-title":"Hum Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.09.010_bib121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1855","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)60364-4","article-title":"A\u00a0global reference for fetal-weight and birthweight percentiles","volume":"377","author":"Mikolajczyk","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.09.010_bib122","first-page":"459","article-title":"Altitude, ethnic and sex differences in birth weight and length in Bolivia","volume":"52","author":"Hass","year":"1980","journal-title":"Hum Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.09.010_bib123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyg238","article-title":"Does gestation vary by ethnic group? A London-based study of over 122,000 pregnancies with spontaneous onset of labour","volume":"33","author":"Patel","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.09.010_bib124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2006.06.016","article-title":"Are there ethnic differences in the length of labor?","volume":"195","author":"Greenberg","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.09.010_bib125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)60932-6","article-title":"International standards for newborn weight, length, and head circumference by gestational age and sex: the Newborn Cross-Sectional Study of the INTERGROWTH-21st Project","volume":"384","author":"Villar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.09.010_bib126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1002\/ajhb.22455","article-title":"Skeletal variability in the pelvis and limb skeleton of humans: does stabilizing selection limit female pelvic variation?","volume":"25","author":"Kurki","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Hum Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.09.010_bib127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.22243","article-title":"Bony pelvic canal size and shape in relation to body proportionality in humans","volume":"151","author":"Kurki","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Phys Anthropol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.09.010_bib128","article-title":"Human variation in the shape of the birth canal is significant and geographically structured","volume":"285","author":"Betti","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc Biol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.09.010_bib129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330200412","article-title":"Maternal height and the prevalence of stillbirths","volume":"20","author":"Bresler","year":"1962","journal-title":"Am J Phys Anthropol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.09.010_bib130","first-page":"330","article-title":"Labor in short women","volume":"34","author":"Molloy","year":"1969","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.09.010_bib131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1016\/0028-2243(81)90080-0","article-title":"The obstetric significance of short stature","volume":"12","author":"Camilleri","year":"1981","journal-title":"Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.09.010_bib132","article-title":"A\u00a0century of trends in adult human height","volume":"5","year":"2016","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.09.010_bib133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1002\/ajhb.10139","article-title":"Impact of maternal age and maternal somatic characteristics on newborn size","volume":"15","author":"Kirchengast","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Hum Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.09.010_bib134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2010.05.021","article-title":"Estimating the relative contributions of maternal genetic, paternal genetic and intrauterine factors to offspring birth weight and head circumference","volume":"86","author":"Rice","year":"2010","journal-title":"Early Hum Dev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.09.010_bib135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5655","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1420325112","article-title":"Covariation between human pelvis shape, stature, and head size alleviates the obstetric dilemma","volume":"112","author":"Fischer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.09.010_bib136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0154304","article-title":"Maternal height and preterm birth: a study on 192,432 Swedish women","volume":"11","author":"Derraik","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.09.010_bib137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1007\/s00192-010-1215-0","article-title":"Pelvic organ prolapse and incontinence in developing countries: review of prevalence and risk factors","volume":"22","author":"Walker","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int Urogynecol J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.09.010_bib138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1559","DOI":"10.1007\/s00192-015-2695-8","article-title":"Risk factors for pelvic organ prolapse and its recurrence: a systematic review","volume":"26","author":"Vergeldt","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int Urogynecol J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.09.010_bib139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2001","DOI":"10.1007\/s00192-019-03992-z","article-title":"Prevalence of symptomatic pelvic floor disorders in community-dwelling women in low and middle-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"30","author":"Islam","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int Urogynecol J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.09.010_bib140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2018.00292","article-title":"The dual burden of malnutrition increases the risk of cesarean delivery: evidence from India","volume":"6","author":"Wells","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.09.010_bib141","article-title":"Secular changes in body height predict global rates of caesarean section","volume":"286","author":"Zaffarini","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc Biol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.09.010_bib142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2021.696516","article-title":"Evolution of lactase persistence: turbo-charging adaptation in growth Under the selective pressure of maternal mortality?","volume":"12","author":"Wells","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.09.010_bib143","first-page":"260","article-title":"Midwifery and Neolithic Malta: interpreting and contextualizing two terracotta figurines","author":"Rich","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Appl Anthropol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.09.010_bib144","series-title":"Medical anthropology","first-page":"229","article-title":"Cross-cultural perspectives on midwifery","author":"Cosminsky","year":"1976"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.09.010_bib145","first-page":"114","article-title":"Midwifery and midwives: a historical analysis","volume":"2","author":"Barnawi","year":"2013","journal-title":"J\u00a0Res Nurs Midwif"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.09.010_bib146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1199","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-0528.2002.00010.x","article-title":"Birth, obstetrics and human evolution","volume":"109","author":"Rosenberg","year":"2002","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.09.010_bib147","series-title":"The extended phenotype: the gene as the unit of selection","author":"Dawkins","year":"1982"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.09.010_bib148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1016\/0169-5347(96)10052-5","article-title":"Gene-culture coevolutionary theory","volume":"11","author":"Feldman","year":"1996","journal-title":"Trends Ecol Evol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.09.010_bib149","article-title":"Long-term gene-culture coevolution and the human evolutionary transition","volume":"288","author":"Waring","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proc Biol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.09.010_bib150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1086\/346135","article-title":"Behavioral drive versus behavioral inertia in evolution: a null model approach","volume":"161","author":"Huey","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am Nat"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.09.010_bib151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1007\/s00442-019-04541-7","article-title":"The Bogert effect and environmental heterogeneity","volume":"191","author":"Logan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Oecologia"},{"issue":"Suppl1","key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.09.010_bib152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1111\/evo.14388","article-title":"The Bogert effect, a factor in\u00a0evolution","volume":"76","author":"Mu\u00f1oz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Evolution"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.09.010_bib153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-ecolsys-110316-023011","article-title":"Evolutionary rescue","volume":"48","author":"Bell","year":"2017","journal-title":"Annu Rev Ecol Evol Syst"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.09.010_bib154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R996","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2019.08.028","article-title":"The potential for rapid evolution under anthropogenic climate change","volume":"29","author":"Catullo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.09.010_bib155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11669","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1712203114","article-title":"Cliff-edge model predicts intergenerational predisposition to dystocia and caesarean delivery","volume":"114","author":"Mitteroecker","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"Suppl61","key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.09.010_bib156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S150","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.22906","article-title":"Biocultural perspectives on maternal mortality and obstetrical death from the past to the present","volume":"159","author":"Stone","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Phys Anthropol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.09.010_bib157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1353\/pbm.2018.0040","article-title":"There is no \u201cobstetrical dilemma\u201d: towards a braver medicine with fewer childbirth interventions","volume":"61","author":"Dunsworth","year":"2018","journal-title":"Perspect Biol Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.09.010_bib158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1304","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1620160114","article-title":"Are human heads getting larger?","volume":"114","author":"Grossman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.09.010_bib159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1305","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1621176114","article-title":"Reply to Grossman: the role of natural selection for the increase of caesarean section rates","volume":"114","author":"Mitteroecker","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.09.010_bib160","first-page":"467","article-title":"The architecture of complexity","volume":"106","author":"Simon","year":"1962","journal-title":"Proc Am Philos Soc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.09.010_bib161","series-title":"The sciences of the artificial","author":"Simon","year":"1969"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.09.010_bib162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1097\/00006254-199609000-00024","article-title":"Obstructed labor injury complex: obstetric fistula\u00a0formation and the multifaceted morbidity\u00a0of maternal birth trauma in the developing world","volume":"51","author":"Arrowsmith","year":"1996","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol Surv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.09.010_bib163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1089\/jwh.1999.8.149","article-title":"Birth trauma and the pelvic floor: lessons from the developing world","volume":"8","author":"Wall","year":"1999","journal-title":"J\u00a0Womens Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.09.010_bib164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1201","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)69476-2","article-title":"Obstetric vesicovaginal fistula as an international public-health problem","volume":"368","author":"Wall","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"Suppl1","key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.09.010_bib165","first-page":"S2","article-title":"The prevalence of urinary incontinence","volume":"3","author":"Nitti","year":"2001","journal-title":"Rev Urol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.09.010_bib166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1007\/s00192-005-1326-1","article-title":"Prevalence of symptomatic pelvic organ prolapse in a Swedish population","volume":"16","author":"Tegerstedt","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.09.010_bib167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1235","DOI":"10.1097\/gme.0b013e31826d2d94","article-title":"Prevalence, risk factors, and predictors of pelvic organ prolapse: a community-based study","volume":"19","author":"Awwad","year":"2012","journal-title":"Menopause"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.09.010_bib168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1080\/13697137.2018.1543263","article-title":"The prevalence of urinary incontinence","volume":"22","author":"Milsom","year":"2019","journal-title":"Climacteric"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.09.010_bib169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0148343","article-title":"The increasing trend in caesarean section rates: global, regional and national estimates: 1990-2014","volume":"11","author":"Betr\u00e1n","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0002937822007335?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0002937822007335?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T17:58:51Z","timestamp":1777399131000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0002937822007335"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]},"references-count":169,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]}},"alternative-id":["S0002937822007335"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.09.010","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9378"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9378","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Evolution of the human birth canal","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.09.010","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}