{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,4]],"date-time":"2026-11-04T17:13:11Z","timestamp":1793812391189,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,1]],"date-time":"2023-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1682899200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,1]],"date-time":"2023-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1682899200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,1]],"date-time":"2023-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1682899200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,1]],"date-time":"2023-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1682899200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,1]],"date-time":"2023-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1682899200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,1]],"date-time":"2023-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1682899200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,1]],"date-time":"2023-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1682899200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["ajog.org","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2023.03.003","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,20]],"date-time":"2023-03-20T05:34:02Z","timestamp":1679290442000},"page":"S1246-S1259","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":130,"special_numbering":"S","title":["Pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic options for pain relief during labor: an expert review"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"228","author":[{"given":"Sivan","family":"Zuarez-Easton","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Offer","family":"Erez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Noah","family":"Zafran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julia","family":"Carmeli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gali","family":"Garmi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3603-8452","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raed","family":"Salim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2023.03.003_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1511\/2013.105.426","article-title":"Why is human childbirth so painful?","volume":"101","author":"Shipman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2023.03.003_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e73","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000002018","article-title":"Practice Bulletin No. 177: obstetric analgesia and anesthesia","volume":"129","year":"2017","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2023.03.003_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1119","DOI":"10.1007\/s00404-017-4337-5","article-title":"Risk factors and peripartum outcomes of failed epidural: a prospective cohort study","volume":"295","author":"Bucstain","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arch Gynecol Obstet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2023.03.003_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1097\/01.NAJ.0000370157.33223.6d","article-title":"Culture\u2019s effects on pain assessment and management","volume":"110","author":"Narayan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Nurs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2023.03.003_bib5","first-page":"14","article-title":"Supporting healthy and normal physiologic childbirth: a consensus statement by ACNM, MANA, and NACPM","volume":"22","year":"2013","journal-title":"J\u00a0Perinat Educ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2023.03.003_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1766","DOI":"10.1186\/s40064-016-3366-z","article-title":"The relationship between expectation, experience and perception of labour pain: an observational study","volume":"5","author":"Aksoy","year":"2016","journal-title":"Springerplus"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2023.03.003_bib7","series-title":"Bonica\u2019s management of pain","first-page":"1388","article-title":"Pain of childbirth","author":"McDonald","year":"2001"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2023.03.003_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1552-6909.1996.tb02517.x","article-title":"The pain and discomfort of labor and birth","volume":"25","author":"Lowe","year":"1996","journal-title":"J\u00a0Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2023.03.003_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S9","DOI":"10.1016\/0028-2243(95)02058-Z","article-title":"The nature and consequences of childbirth pain","volume":"59","author":"Brownridge","year":"1995","journal-title":"Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2023.03.003_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1006\/ccog.1999.0411","article-title":"A\u00a0passion of the soul: an introduction to pain for consciousness researchers","volume":"8","author":"Chapman","year":"1999","journal-title":"Conscious Cogn"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2023.03.003_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1177\/082585979300900202","article-title":"Suffering and its relationship to pain","volume":"9","author":"Chapman","year":"1993","journal-title":"J\u00a0Palliat Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2023.03.003_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1186\/s12978-019-0735-4","article-title":"Women\u2019s experiences of pharmacological and non-pharmacological pain relief methods for labour and childbirth: a qualitative systematic review","volume":"16","author":"Thomson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Reprod Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2023.03.003_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctcp.2015.05.006","article-title":"Women\u2019s use of complementary and alternative medicine in pregnancy: narratives of transformation","volume":"23","author":"Mitchell","year":"2016","journal-title":"Complement Ther Clin Pract"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2023.03.003_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1891\/1058-1243.23.1.9","article-title":"Major survey findings of listening to mothers(SM) III: pregnancy and birth: report of the third national U.S. survey of women\u2019s childbearing experiences","volume":"23","author":"Declercq","year":"2014","journal-title":"J\u00a0Perinat Educ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2023.03.003_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1007\/s00404-010-1388-2","article-title":"Use of complementary and alternative medicine during pregnancy and delivery","volume":"283","author":"Kalder","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arch Gynecol Obstet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2023.03.003_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-022-03804-w","article-title":"Use of complementary and alternative medicine in pregnancy and labour pain: a cross-sectional study from turkey","volume":"22","author":"\u00d6zt\u00fcrk","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Complement Med Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2023.03.003_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000003081","article-title":"766 summary: approaches to limit intervention during labor and birth","volume":"133","year":"2019","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2023.03.003_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2022.10.009","article-title":"The role of traditional complementary physical interventions in obstetrics - a scientific review commissioned by the European Board And College of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (EBCOG)","volume":"279","author":"Savona-Ventura","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2023.03.003_bib19","series-title":"WHO recommendations: intrapartum care for a positive childbirth experience","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2023.03.003_bib20","first-page":"CD009514","article-title":"Relaxation techniques for pain management in labour","volume":"3","author":"Smith","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2023.03.003_bib21","first-page":"6","article-title":"Effects of yoga and meditation on the birth process","volume":"29","author":"Yilmaz Esencan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Altern Ther Health Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2023.03.003_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100584","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaim.2022.100584","article-title":"Reduction of anxiety and pain in primigravida mothers with modified Iyengar yoga: a clinical study","volume":"14","author":"Rahayu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J\u00a0Ayurveda Integr Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2023.03.003_bib23","first-page":"CD009356","article-title":"Hypnosis for pain management during labour and childbirth","volume":"2016","author":"Madden","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2023.03.003_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102627","DOI":"10.1016\/j.midw.2020.102627","article-title":"The role and outcomes of music listening for women in childbirth: an integrative review","volume":"83","author":"McCaffrey","year":"2020","journal-title":"Midwifery"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2023.03.003_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.midw.2020.102856","article-title":"The effect of cognitive behavioral techniques using virtual reality on birth pain: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"91","author":"G\u00fcr","year":"2020","journal-title":"Midwifery"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2023.03.003_bib26","first-page":"CD009290","article-title":"Massage, reflexology and other manual methods for pain management in labour","volume":"3","author":"Smith","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2023.03.003_bib27","first-page":"CD009232","article-title":"Acupuncture or acupressure for pain management during labour","volume":"2","author":"Smith","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2023.03.003_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1177\/0964528420946044","article-title":"Acupressure for labor pain management: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"39","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acupunct Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2023.03.003_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102683","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctim.2021.102683","article-title":"The effect of GB21 acupressure on pain intensity in the first stage of labor in primiparous women: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"58","author":"Torkiyan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Complement Ther Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2023.03.003_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5184","DOI":"10.1080\/14767058.2021.1875439","article-title":"Birthing ball for reducing labor pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"35","author":"Grenvik","year":"2022","journal-title":"J\u00a0Matern Fetal Neonatal Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2023.03.003_bib31","first-page":"109","article-title":"Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation: basic science mechanisms and clinical effectiveness","volume":"4","author":"Sluka","year":"2003","journal-title":"J\u00a0Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2023.03.003_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1177\/204946370700100103","article-title":"Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation: mechanisms, clinical application and evidence","volume":"1","author":"Johnson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Rev Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2023.03.003_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"831413","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2022.831413","article-title":"Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation in rodent models of neuropathic pain: a meta-analysis","volume":"16","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2023.03.003_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.1111\/ner.13221","article-title":"Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation as A pain-relieving approach in labor pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"23","author":"Thuvarakan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuromodulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2023.03.003_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-021-03625-8","article-title":"The effects of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation during the first stage of labor: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"21","author":"Njogu","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy Childbirth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2023.03.003_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1186\/s13063-018-3036-2","article-title":"Evaluation of different doses of transcutaneous nerve stimulation for pain relief during labour: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"19","author":"B\u00e1ez-Su\u00e1rez","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trials"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2023.03.003_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1186\/s13063-021-05969-0","article-title":"Effects of the addition of transcutaneous electrical stimulation to non-pharmacological measures in labor pain: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial","volume":"23","author":"Dias","year":"2022","journal-title":"Trials"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2023.03.003_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00043.2010","article-title":"Fast synaptic inhibition in spinal sensory processing and pain control","volume":"92","author":"Zeilhofer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2023.03.003_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wombi.2017.12.001","article-title":"Sterile water injections for childbirth pain: an evidenced based guide to practice","volume":"31","author":"M\u00e5rtensson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Women Birth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2023.03.003_bib40","first-page":"CD009107","article-title":"Intracutaneous or subcutaneous sterile water injection compared with blinded controls for pain management in labour","volume":"1","author":"Derry","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2023.03.003_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1002\/ijgo.14168","article-title":"Analgesic effects of sterile water injection in the management of low back pain during labor: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"159","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Gynaecol Obstet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2023.03.003_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1186\/s13063-022-06093-3","article-title":"Sterile water injections for relief of labour pain (the Saturn trial): study protocol for a randomised controlled trial","volume":"23","author":"Lee","year":"2022","journal-title":"Trials"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2023.03.003_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2488","DOI":"10.1007\/s43032-021-00666-4","article-title":"Labor pain in different dilatations of the cervix and Apgar scores affected by aromatherapy: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"29","author":"Shaterian","year":"2022","journal-title":"Reprod Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2023.03.003_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0b013e3182a7f73c","article-title":"Nitrous oxide for the management of labor pain: a systematic review","volume":"118","author":"Likis","year":"2014","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2023.03.003_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.2344\/0003-3006(2007)54[9:AIUTAO]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Advances in understanding the actions of nitrous oxide","volume":"54","author":"Emmanouil","year":"2007","journal-title":"Anesth Prog"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2023.03.003_bib46","first-page":"CD009351","article-title":"Inhaled analgesia for pain management in labour","volume":"9","author":"Klomp","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2023.03.003_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2018.06.003","article-title":"Update on nitrous oxide and its use in anesthesia practice","volume":"32","author":"Zafirova","year":"2018","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2023.03.003_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S110","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(02)70186-5","article-title":"Nitrous oxide for relief of labor pain: a systematic review","volume":"186","author":"Rosen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2023.03.003_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2022.04.005","article-title":"Beyond the epidural: alternatives to neuraxial labor analgesia","volume":"36","author":"Sharpe","year":"2022","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2023.03.003_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1093\/bmb\/ldx050","article-title":"Past, present, and future of nitrous oxide","volume":"125","author":"Lew","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br Med Bull"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2023.03.003_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000005011","article-title":"Meperidine compared with nitrous oxide for intrapartum pain relief in multiparous patients: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"141","author":"Zuarez-Easton","year":"2023","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2023.03.003_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1177\/204946370800100202","article-title":"Basic opioid Pharmacology","volume":"1","author":"Williams","year":"2008","journal-title":"Rev Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2023.03.003_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1655","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2013.53.1079","article-title":"Opiate pharmacology and relief of pain","volume":"32","author":"Pasternak","year":"2014","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2023.03.003_bib54","first-page":"CD009234","article-title":"Pain management for women in labour: an overview of systematic reviews","volume":"2012","author":"Jones","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2023.03.003_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2020.03.002","article-title":"Pain management during labor and vaginal birth","volume":"67","author":"Nanji","year":"2020","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2023.03.003_bib56","first-page":"CD007396","article-title":"Parenteral opioids for maternal pain management in labour","volume":"6","author":"Smith","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2023.03.003_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2009.11.003","article-title":"The effects of maternal labour analgesia on the fetus","volume":"24","author":"Reynolds","year":"2010","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2023.03.003_bib58","first-page":"CD003483","article-title":"Naloxone for opioid-exposed newborn infants","volume":"10","author":"Moe-Byrne","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2023.03.003_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1097\/GRF.0000000000000277","article-title":"Non-neuraxial labor analgesia: options","volume":"60","author":"Markley","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2023.03.003_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1016\/S0959-289X(96)80028-8","article-title":"Analgesic efficacy of intravenous morphine in labour pain: a reappraisal","volume":"5","author":"Olofsson","year":"1996","journal-title":"Int J Obstet Anesth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2023.03.003_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1097\/ACO.0b013e328136c1d1","article-title":"Options for systemic labor analgesia","volume":"20","author":"Evron","year":"2007","journal-title":"Curr Opin Anaesthesiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2023.03.003_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1007\/s004040050003","article-title":"A\u00a0comparison between the effectiveness of epidural analgesia and parenteral pethidine during labor","volume":"263","author":"Sheiner","year":"2000","journal-title":"Arch Gynecol Obstet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2023.03.003_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/0028-2243(90)90072-9","article-title":"Maternal opinion about analgesia in labour and delivery. A comparison of epidural blockade and intramuscular pethidine","volume":"34","author":"Philipsen","year":"1990","journal-title":"Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2023.03.003_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinane.2014.08.008","article-title":"Comparison of analgesic efficacy of paracetamol and tramadol for pain relief in active labor","volume":"27","author":"Kaur Makkar","year":"2015","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Anesth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2023.03.003_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1007\/s00404-022-06585-2","article-title":"Comparison of intravenous paracetamol infusion versus intramuscular tramadol as labor analgesia: a randomized control trial","volume":"307","author":"Monisha","year":"2023","journal-title":"Arch Gynecol Obstet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2023.03.003_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.2174\/138945005774574524","article-title":"Patient-controlled analgesia","volume":"6","author":"Mann","year":"2005","journal-title":"Curr Drug Targets"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2023.03.003_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1248","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03012771","article-title":"Intravenous fentanyl PCA during labour","volume":"44","author":"Nikkola","year":"1997","journal-title":"Can J Anaesth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2023.03.003_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aep359","article-title":"Obstetric analgesia: a comparison of patient-controlled meperidine, remifentanil, and fentanyl in labour","volume":"104","author":"Douma","year":"2010","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2023.03.003_bib69","first-page":"1020","article-title":"Remifentanil for labor analgesia: a comprehensive review","volume":"30","author":"Ohashi","year":"2016","journal-title":"J\u00a0Anesth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2023.03.003_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1054\/ijoa.2000.0831","article-title":"A\u00a0comparison of pethidine\u00a0and remifentanil patient-controlled analgesia in labour","volume":"10","author":"Volikas","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int J Obstet Anesth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2023.03.003_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0275716","article-title":"The efficacy and safety of remifentanil patient-controlled versus epidural analgesia in labor: a meta-analysis and systematic review","volume":"17","author":"Lei","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2023.03.003_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijoa.2015.12.004","article-title":"Remifentanil for labor analgesia: an evidence-based narrative review","volume":"25","author":"Van de Velde","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Obstet Anesth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2023.03.003_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1097\/EJA.0b013e32834fc260","article-title":"Remifentanil for labour analgesia: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials","volume":"29","author":"Schnabel","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur J Anaesthesiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2023.03.003_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1007\/s40140-021-00463-4","article-title":"Update on non-neuraxial labor analgesia","volume":"11","author":"Karol","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr Anesthesiol Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2023.03.003_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0b013e3182a7cd1b","article-title":"A\u00a0randomized controlled trial of the efficacy and respiratory effects of patient-controlled intravenous remifentanil analgesia and patient-controlled epidural analgesia in laboring women","volume":"118","author":"Stocki","year":"2014","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2023.03.003_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-017-1633-9","article-title":"Pharmacological pain relief and fear of childbirth in low risk women: secondary analysis of the RAVEL study","volume":"18","author":"Bartsch","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy Childbirth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2023.03.003_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijoa.2018.12.004","article-title":"Remifentanil patient-controlled analgesia in labour: six-year audit of outcome data of the RemiPCA SAFE Network (2010-2015)","volume":"39","author":"Melber","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Obstet Anesth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2023.03.003_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijoa.2018.10.014","article-title":"A\u00a010-year update: national survey questionnaire of obstetric anesthesia units in Israel","volume":"38","author":"Shatalin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Obstet Anesth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2023.03.003_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.4103\/0300-1652.128167","article-title":"Intravenous paracetamol versus intramuscular pethidine in relief of labour pain in primigravid women","volume":"55","author":"Abdollahi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Niger Med J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2023.03.003_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijgo.2012.01.025","article-title":"Intravenous infusion of paracetamol versus intravenous pethidine as an intrapartum analgesic in the first stage of labor","volume":"118","author":"Elbohoty","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Gynaecol Obstet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2023.03.003_bib81","first-page":"QC18","article-title":"Efficacy of intravenous infusion of acetaminophen for intrapartum analgesia","volume":"10","author":"Zutshi","year":"2016","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Diagn Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2023.03.003_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6320","DOI":"10.1080\/14767058.2021.1911995","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of intravenous paracetamol in management of labour pains in a low resource setting: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"35","author":"Anter","year":"2022","journal-title":"J\u00a0Matern Fetal Neonatal Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2023.03.003_bib83","first-page":"38","article-title":"Intravenous acetaminophen versus morphine for analgesia in labor: a randomized trial","volume":"34","author":"Ankumah","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Perinatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2023.03.003_bib84","first-page":"CD009223","article-title":"Non-opioid drugs for pain management in labour","volume":"7","author":"Othman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2023.03.003_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ogrm.2022.11.003","article-title":"Pain relief in maternity care and the role of the obstetric anaesthetist","volume":"33","author":"Buckingham","year":"2023","journal-title":"Obstet Gynaecol Reprod Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2023.03.003_bib86","first-page":"HS44","article-title":"Options in analgesia during labor","volume":"11","author":"Ryan-Haddad","year":"2006","journal-title":"US Pharm"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S000293782300145X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S000293782300145X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T17:19:23Z","timestamp":1790183963000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S000293782300145X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]},"references-count":86,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]}},"alternative-id":["S000293782300145X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajog.2023.03.003","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9378"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9378","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic options for pain relief during labor: an expert review","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajog.2023.03.003","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}