{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,2]],"date-time":"2026-11-02T15:01:46Z","timestamp":1793631706514,"version":"4.5.1"},"reference-count":105,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,1]],"date-time":"2024-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1709251200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,1]],"date-time":"2024-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1709251200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,26]],"date-time":"2023-09-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1695686400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["ajog.org","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2023.09.089","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,9]],"date-time":"2024-01-09T09:11:09Z","timestamp":1704791469000},"page":"S1116-S1127","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":206,"special_numbering":"S","title":["Childbirth-related posttraumatic stress disorder: definition, risk factors, pathophysiology, diagnosis,\u00a0prevention, and treatment"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"230","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9950-9661","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antje","family":"Horsch","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan","family":"Garthus-Niegel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan","family":"Ayers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Prabha","family":"Chandra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katharina","family":"Hartmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edi","family":"Vaisbuch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joan","family":"Lalor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2023.09.089_bib1","author":"Ritchie"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2023.09.089_bib4","series-title":"WHO recommendations: intrapartum care for a positive childbirth experience","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2023.09.089_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.21.285945","article-title":"Maternal mortality: near-miss events in middle-income countries, a systematic review","volume":"99","author":"Heitkamp","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2023.09.089_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2012.03294.x","article-title":"The prevalence of maternal near miss: a\u00a0systematic review","volume":"119","author":"Tun\u00e7alp","year":"2012","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2023.09.089_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jogn.2015.12.006","article-title":"Hormonal physiology of childbearing, an essential framework for maternal\u2013newborn nursing","volume":"45","author":"Sakala","year":"2016","journal-title":"J\u00a0Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2023.09.089_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1016\/j.midw.2014.03.011","article-title":"Predicting posttraumatic stress disorder after childbirth","volume":"30","author":"O\u2019Donovan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Midwifery"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2023.09.089_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.3109\/0167482X.2011.569801","article-title":"Posttraumatic stress following childbirth in homelike- and hospital settings","volume":"32","author":"Stramrood","year":"2011","journal-title":"J\u00a0Psychosom Obstet Gynaecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2023.09.089_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1111\/birt.12634","article-title":"Developing a woman-centered, inclusive definition of traumatic childbirth experiences: a discussion paper","volume":"49","author":"Leinweber","year":"2022","journal-title":"Birth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2023.09.089_bib13","series-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2023.09.089_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1097\/00006199-200401000-00005","article-title":"Birth trauma: in the eye of the beholder","volume":"53","author":"Beck","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nurs Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2023.09.089_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2022.102157","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors of birth-related posttraumatic stress among parents: a comparative systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"94","author":"Heyne","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2023.09.089_bib16","unstructured":"World Health Organization. (2018). ICD-11. International Classification of Diseases 11th Revision. The global standard for diagnostic health information. Geneva: WHO."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2023.09.089_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2016.10.009","article-title":"The prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder in pregnancy and after birth: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"208","author":"Yildiz","year":"2017","journal-title":"J\u00a0Affect Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2023.09.089_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2014.05.003","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors of postpartum posttraumatic stress disorder: a meta-analysis","volume":"34","author":"Grekin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2023.09.089_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2006.00861.x","article-title":"Post-traumatic stress disorder after childbirth in Nigerian women: prevalence and risk factors","volume":"113","author":"Adewuya","year":"2006","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2023.09.089_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.640014","article-title":"Negative childbirth experience and post-traumatic stress disorder \u2013 a study among postpartum women in south India","volume":"12","author":"Shiva","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2023.09.089_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-021-04058-z","article-title":"Prevalence and associated factors of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among a cohort of Srilankan post-partum mothers: a cross-sectional study","volume":"21","author":"Gankanda","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy Childbirth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2023.09.089_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1097\/00006199-200407000-00004","article-title":"Post-traumatic stress disorder due to childbirth: the aftermath","volume":"53","author":"Beck","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nurs Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2023.09.089_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1007\/s00737-019-01006-x","article-title":"Beyond postpartum depression: posttraumatic stress-depressive response following childbirth","volume":"23","author":"Dekel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arch Womens Ment Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2023.09.089_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1007\/s00737-019-01011-0","article-title":"Posttraumatic stress symptoms following childbirth: associations with prenatal attachment in subsequent pregnancies","volume":"23","author":"Garthus-Niegel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arch Womens Ment Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2023.09.089_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-017-1621-0","article-title":"Women\u2019s motivations for choosing a high risk birth setting against medical advice in the Netherlands: a qualitative analysis","volume":"17","author":"Hollander","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy Childbirth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2023.09.089_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1111\/birt.12328","article-title":"The influence of postpartum PTSD on breastfeeding: a longitudinal population-based study","volume":"45","author":"Garthus-Niegel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Birth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2023.09.089_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1017\/S003329171600235X","article-title":"The impact of postpartum post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms on child development: a population-based, 2-year follow-up study","volume":"47","author":"Garthus-Niegel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2023.09.089_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2018.07.067","article-title":"The prospective relationship between postpartum PTSD and child sleep: a 2-year follow-up study","volume":"241","author":"Garthus-Niegel","year":"2018","journal-title":"J\u00a0Affect Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2023.09.089_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2022.105667","article-title":"Childbirth related PTSD and its association with infant outcome: a systematic review","volume":"174","author":"Van Sieleghem","year":"2022","journal-title":"Early Hum Dev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2023.09.089_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1080\/02646838.2019.1629190","article-title":"Intergenerational transfer of perinatal trauma-related consequences","volume":"37","author":"Horsch","year":"2019","journal-title":"J\u00a0Reprod Infant Psychol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2023.09.089_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.20448","article-title":"The relevance of epigenetics to PTSD: implications for the DSM-V","volume":"22","author":"Yehuda","year":"2009","journal-title":"J\u00a0Trauma Stress"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2023.09.089_bib32","unstructured":"Bauer A, Parsonage M, Knapp M, Iemmi V, Adelaja B. The costs of perinatal mental health problems. London.\u00a02014."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2023.09.089_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"888","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2020.305619","article-title":"Financial toll of untreated perinatal mood and anxiety disorders among 2017 births in the United States","volume":"110","author":"Luca","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2023.09.089_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-021-07238-x","article-title":"Policy, service, and training provision for women following a traumatic birth: an international knowledge mapping exercise","volume":"21","author":"Thomson","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2023.09.089_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291715002706","article-title":"The aetiology of post-traumatic stress following childbirth: a meta-analysis and theoretical framework","volume":"46","author":"Ayers","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2023.09.089_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.22179","article-title":"The association between peritraumatic dissociation and PTSD symptoms: the mediating role of negative beliefs about the self","volume":"30","author":"Thompson-Hollands","year":"2017","journal-title":"J\u00a0Trauma Stress"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2023.09.089_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)30044-2","article-title":"Stressed brain, stressed heart?","volume":"389","author":"Bot","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2023.09.089_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1562","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2010.11.007","article-title":"The Adaptive Calibration Model of stress responsivity","volume":"35","author":"Del Giudice","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2023.09.089_bib39","first-page":"1","article-title":"Meta-analysis of heart rate variability as a psychophysiological indicator of posttraumatic stress disorder","volume":"3","author":"Nagpal","year":"2013","journal-title":"J\u00a0Trauma Treat"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2023.09.089_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3339","article-title":"Biological studies of post-traumatic stress\u00a0disorder","volume":"13","author":"Pitman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2023.09.089_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1937","DOI":"10.1017\/S003329172000207X","article-title":"Autonomic dysfunction in posttraumatic stress disorder indexed by heart rate variability: a meta-analysis","volume":"50","author":"Schneider","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2023.09.089_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.133.1.25","article-title":"If it goes up, must it come down? Chronic stress and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis in humans","volume":"133","author":"Miller","year":"2007","journal-title":"Psychol Bull"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2023.09.089_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.26929","article-title":"MRI findings in posttraumatic stress disorder","volume":"52","author":"Kunimatsu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J\u00a0Magn Reson Imaging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2023.09.089_bib44","first-page":"472","article-title":"The Lausanne Infant Crying Stress Paradigm: validation of an early postpartum stress paradigm with women at low vs. high risk of childbirth-related posttraumatic stress disorder","volume":"11","author":"Sandoz","year":"2021","journal-title":"J\u00a0Pers Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2023.09.089_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.05.051","article-title":"Validation of childbirth-related posttraumatic stress disorder using psychophysiological assessment","volume":"227","author":"Chan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2023.09.089_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2022.105973","article-title":"Hair glucocorticoids during pregnancy in the context of trauma exposure and their predictive value for the development of\u00a0childbirth-related posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms","volume":"148","author":"Steudte-Schmiedgen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2023.09.089_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-023-02610-3","article-title":"Childbirth-related posttraumatic stress symptoms \u2013 examining associations with hair endocannabinoid concentrations during pregnancy and lifetime trauma","volume":"13","author":"Bergunde","year":"2023","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2023.09.089_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2020.121006","article-title":"Determination of endocannabinoids and N-acylethanolamines in human hair with LC-MS\/MS and their relation to symptoms of depression, burnout, and anxiety","volume":"217","author":"Gao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2023.09.089_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchromb.2013.03.008","article-title":"Quantitative analysis of steroid hormones in human hair using a column-switching LC\u2013APCI\u2013MS\/MS assay","volume":"928","author":"Gao","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Chromatogr B Analyt\u00a0Technol Biomed Life Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2023.09.089_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/S0379-0738(99)00146-2","article-title":"Potential problems with the interpretation of hair analysis results","volume":"107","author":"Wennig","year":"2000","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2023.09.089_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.5830\/CVJA-2016-021","article-title":"Physiological changes in pregnancy","volume":"27","author":"Soma-Pillay","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cardiovasc J Afr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2023.09.089_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1007\/s00737-019-00994-0","article-title":"The oxytocinergic system in PTSD following traumatic childbirth: endogenous and exogenous oxytocin in the peripartum period","volume":"23","author":"Witteveen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arch Womens Ment Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2023.09.089_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-019-2365-9","article-title":"Maternal plasma levels of oxytocin during physiological childbirth \u2013 a systematic review with implications for uterine contractions and central actions of oxytocin","volume":"19","author":"Uvn\u00e4s-Moberg","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy Childbirth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2023.09.089_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.107.3.411","article-title":"Biobehavioral responses to stress in females: tend-and-befriend, not fight-or-flight","volume":"107","author":"Taylor","year":"2000","journal-title":"Psychol Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2023.09.089_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2015.247","article-title":"Intergenerational transmission of stress in humans","volume":"41","author":"Bowers","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2023.09.089_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1080\/02646838.2022.2101781","article-title":"Perinatal mental health research: towards an integrative biopsychosocial approach","volume":"40","author":"Bergunde","year":"2022","journal-title":"J\u00a0Reprod Infant Psychol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2023.09.089_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1186\/s13148-015-0156-3","article-title":"Epigenetic alterations following early postnatal stress: a review on novel aetiological mechanisms of common psychiatric disorders","volume":"7","author":"Jawahar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Epigenetics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2023.09.089_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1361","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579412000764","article-title":"Linking prenatal maternal adversity to developmental outcomes in infants: the role of epigenetic pathways","volume":"24","author":"Monk","year":"2012","journal-title":"Dev Psychopathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2023.09.089_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2017.07.045","article-title":"Maternal posttraumatic stress disorder during the perinatal period and child outcomes: a systematic review","volume":"225","author":"Cook","year":"2018","journal-title":"J\u00a0Affect Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2023.09.089_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/dev.22161","article-title":"Associations between infant\u2013mother physiological synchrony and 4-and 6-month-old infants\u2019 emotion regulation","volume":"63","author":"Abney","year":"2021","journal-title":"Dev Psychobiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2023.09.089_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2006.01701.x","article-title":"Parent\u2013infant synchrony and the construction of shared timing; physiological precursors, developmental outcomes, and risk conditions","volume":"48","author":"Feldman","year":"2007","journal-title":"J\u00a0Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2023.09.089_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3040","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291720005085","article-title":"Anxious parents show higher physiological synchrony with their infants","volume":"52","author":"Smith","year":"2022","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2023.09.089_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2022.105667","article-title":"Childbirth related PTSD and its association with infant outcome: a systematic review","author":"Van Sieleghem","year":"2022","journal-title":"Early Hum Dev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2023.09.089_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1080\/02646838.2013.841880","article-title":"Post-traumatic stress symptoms after childbirth and early mother\u2013child interactions: an exploratory study","volume":"32","author":"Ionio","year":"2014","journal-title":"J\u00a0Reprod Infant Psychol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2023.09.089_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.570727","article-title":"Parental birth-related PTSD symptoms and bonding in the early postpartum period: a prospective population-based cohort study","volume":"11","author":"Stuijfzand","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2023.09.089_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1080\/02646838.2020.1788210","article-title":"Health-care practitioners\u2019 assessment and observations of birth trauma in mothers and partners","volume":"40","author":"Delicate","year":"2022","journal-title":"J\u00a0Reprod Infant Psychol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2023.09.089_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e40","DOI":"10.1017\/S1463423620000407","article-title":"Health care practitioners\u2019 views of the support women, partners, and the couple relationship require for birth trauma: current practice and potential improvements","volume":"21","author":"Delicate","year":"2020","journal-title":"Prim Health Care Res Dev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2023.09.089_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3402\/ejpt.v4i0.20706","article-title":"Evidence for proposed ICD-11 PTSD and complex PTSD: a latent profile analysis","volume":"4","author":"Cloitre","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur J Psychotraumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2023.09.089_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2014.03.002","article-title":"Remission from post-traumatic stress disorder in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of long term outcome studies","volume":"34","author":"Morina","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2023.09.089_bib70","first-page":"41","article-title":"The reliability of psychiatric diagnosis revisited: the clinician\u2019s guide to improve the reliability of psychiatric diagnosis","volume":"3","author":"Aboraya","year":"2006","journal-title":"Psychiatry (Edgmont)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2023.09.089_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1177\/2167702617745092","article-title":"Replicability and generalizability of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) networks: a cross-cultural multisite study of PTSD symptoms in four trauma patient samples","volume":"6","author":"Fried","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2023.09.089_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.22361","article-title":"A\u00a0cross-cultural comparison of ICD-11 complex posttraumatic stress disorder symptom networks in Austria, the United Kingdom, and\u00a0Lithuania","volume":"33","author":"Knefel","year":"2020","journal-title":"J\u00a0Trauma Stress"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2023.09.089_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2759","DOI":"10.1080\/14767058.2018.1560409","article-title":"Screening for trauma and anxiety recognition: knowledge, management and attitudes amongst gynecologists regarding women with fear of childbirth and postpartum posttraumatic stress disorder","volume":"33","author":"van Dinter-Douma","year":"2020","journal-title":"J\u00a0Matern Fetal Neonatal Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2023.09.089_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wombi.2018.11.014","article-title":"Midwives\u2019 practices and knowledge about fear of childbirth and postpartum posttraumatic stress disorder","volume":"33","author":"de Vries","year":"2020","journal-title":"Women Birth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2023.09.089_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2393-14-67","article-title":"Public views of acceptability of perinatal mental health screening and treatment preference: a population based survey","volume":"14","author":"Kingston","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy Childbirth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2023.09.089_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1097\/00006842-197905000-00004","article-title":"Impact of event scale: a measure of subjective stress","volume":"41","author":"Horowitz","year":"1979","journal-title":"Psychosom Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2023.09.089_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.22059","article-title":"The posttraumatic stress disorder checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5): development and initial psychometric evaluation","volume":"28","author":"Blevins","year":"2015","journal-title":"J\u00a0Trauma Stress"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2023.09.089_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1037\/1040-3590.9.4.445","article-title":"The validation of a self-report measure of posttraumatic\u00a0sress disorder: the posttraumatic diagnostic scale","volume":"9","author":"Foa","year":"1997","journal-title":"Psychol Assess"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2023.09.089_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1037\/pas0000486","article-title":"The clinician-administered PTSD scale for DSM\u20135 (CAPS-5): development and initial psychometric evaluation in military veterans","volume":"30","author":"Weathers","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychol Assess"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2023.09.089_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.3109\/01674829809048501","article-title":"Psychometric aspects of the W-DEQ; a new questionnaire for the measurement of fear of childbirth","volume":"19","author":"Wijma","year":"1998","journal-title":"J\u00a0Psychosom Obstet Gynaecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2023.09.089_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1024714903950","article-title":"Convergent and discriminant validity of the Perinatal PTSD Questionnaire (PPQ): a preliminary study","volume":"12","author":"Quinnell","year":"1999","journal-title":"J\u00a0Trauma Stress"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2023.09.089_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2018.00409","article-title":"Development of a measure of postpartum PTSD: the city birth trauma scale","volume":"9","author":"Ayers","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2023.09.089_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.05.081","article-title":"The Antenatal Risk Questionnaire-Revised: development, use and test-retest reliability in a community sample of pregnant women in Australia","volume":"293","author":"Reilly","year":"2021","journal-title":"J\u00a0Affect Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2023.09.089_bib84","first-page":"2022","article-title":"Identifying women with postdelivery posttraumatic stress disorder using natural language processing of personal childbirth narratives","author":"Bartal","year":"2022","journal-title":"Preprint. medRxiv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2023.09.089_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anclin.2021.08.007","article-title":"Trauma-informed care on labor and delivery","volume":"39","author":"Vogel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Anesthesiol Clin"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2023.09.089_bib86","first-page":"307","article-title":"Protecting children and young people: trauma informed care in the perinatal period","volume":"30","author":"Dueger","year":"2016","journal-title":"J\u00a0Prenat Perinat Psychol Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2023.09.089_bib87","unstructured":"J. Seng & J. Taylor (Eds), Protecting\u00a0Children and Young People: Trauma-Informed Care in the Perinatal Period. 2015. Edinburgh & London: Dunedin Academic Press."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2023.09.089_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2018.00364","article-title":"Mental health symptoms and work-related stressors in hospital midwives and NICU nurses: a mixed methods study","volume":"9","author":"Favrod","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2023.09.089_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1111\/birt.12043","article-title":"Feeling safe: a metasynthesis of the maternity care needs of women who were sexually abused in childhood","volume":"40","author":"Montgomery","year":"2013","journal-title":"Birth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2023.09.089_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1111\/aogs.13291","article-title":"Preventing post-traumatic stress disorder following childbirth and traumatic birth experiences: a systematic review","volume":"97","author":"de Graaff","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2023.09.089_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e94","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000004326","article-title":"Caring for patients who have experienced trauma: ACOG Committee Opinion, number 825","volume":"137","year":"2021","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2023.09.089_bib93","unstructured":"Law C, Wolfenden L, Sperlich M, Taylor J. A good practice guide to support implementation of trauma-informed care in the perinatal period. The centre for early child development (Blackpool, UK) commissioned by NHS England and NHS Improvement in.\u00a02021."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2023.09.089_bib94","first-page":"CD003766","article-title":"Continuous support for women during childbirth","volume":"10","author":"Hodnett","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2023.09.089_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1553","DOI":"10.1080\/08870446.2010.533770","article-title":"Support during birth interacts with prior trauma and birth intervention to predict postnatal post-traumatic stress symptoms","volume":"26","author":"Ford","year":"2011","journal-title":"Psychol Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2023.09.089_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3842","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-023-02275-w","article-title":"Single-session visuospatial task procedure to prevent childbirth-related posttraumatic stress disorder: a multicentre double-blind randomised controlled trial","volume":"28","author":"Deforges","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2023.09.089_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2018.00591","article-title":"Effectiveness of trauma-focused psychological therapies for treating post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms in women following childbirth: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"9","author":"Furuta","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2023.09.089_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0258170","article-title":"Early psychological interventions for prevention and treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and post-traumatic stress symptoms in post-partum women: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"16","author":"Taylor Miller","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2023.09.089_bib99","unstructured":"Antenatal and postnatal mental health: clinical management and service guidance. 2014;CG192."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2023.09.089_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1080\/20008198.2019.1695486","article-title":"Early psychological intervention following recent trauma: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"10","author":"Roberts","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur J Psychotraumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2023.09.089_bib101","first-page":"4175","article-title":"Treatment guidelines for PTSD: a systematic review","volume":"10","author":"Martin","year":"2021","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2023.09.089_bib102","first-page":"CD002795","article-title":"Pharmacotherapy for post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)","volume":"2006","author":"Stein","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2023.09.089_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1158","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.63.10.1158","article-title":"Treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder with venlafaxine extended release: a 6-month randomized controlled trial","volume":"63","author":"Davidson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2023.09.089_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1097\/01.jcp.0000222514.71390.c1","article-title":"Venlafaxine extended release in posttraumatic stress disorder: a sertraline-and placebo-controlled study","volume":"26","author":"Davidson","year":"2006","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2023.09.089_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2015.10.007","article-title":"Prazosin for treating sleep disturbances in adults with posttraumatic stress disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"39","author":"Khachatryan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gen Hosp Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2023.09.089_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1080\/0167482X.2019.1593961","article-title":"Treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder following childbirth","volume":"41","author":"de Bruijn","year":"2020","journal-title":"J\u00a0Psychosom Obstet Gynaecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2023.09.089_bib107","unstructured":"Ayers S, Horsch A, Garthus-Niegel S, Nieuwenhuijze M, et\u00a0al. Traumatic birth and childbirth-related post-traumatic stress disorder: International expert consensus recommendations for practice, policy, and research; Women and Birth;in press."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2023.09.089_bib108","author":"England"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2023.09.089_bib109","unstructured":"Gynaecologie N. VvO. RICHTLIJN: Bevallingsgerelateerde posttraumatische-stressstoornis (PTSS) en posttraumatische-stressstoornisklachten (PTSSklachten). 2019. Available at: https:\/\/www.nvog.nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/Bevallingsgerelateerde-posttraumatische-stressstoornis-PTSS-en-posttraumatische-stressstoornisklachten-PTSS-klachten.pdf. Accessed September 3, 2023."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2023.09.089_bib110","unstructured":"National Collaborating Centre for Mental Health (UK). Post-traumatic stress disorder: the management of PTSD in adults and children in primary and secondary care. Leicester, UK: Gaskell;\u00a02005."}],"container-title":["American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0002937823007135?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0002937823007135?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,11]],"date-time":"2025-09-11T11:45:40Z","timestamp":1757591140000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0002937823007135"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]},"references-count":105,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]}},"alternative-id":["S0002937823007135"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajog.2023.09.089","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9378"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9378","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Childbirth-related posttraumatic stress disorder: definition, risk factors, pathophysiology, diagnosis,\u00a0prevention, and treatment","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajog.2023.09.089","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2023 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}