{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T13:47:27Z","timestamp":1791294447983,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761955200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761955200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,6]],"date-time":"2025-05-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746489600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005744","name":"Lastentautien Tutkimuss\u00e4\u00e4ti\u00f6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005744","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010135","name":"Finska L\u00e4kares\u00e4llskapet","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010135","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["ajog.org","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.04.073","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,9]],"date-time":"2025-05-09T02:12:28Z","timestamp":1746756748000},"page":"475.e1-475.e13","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy following intrapartum asphyxia: is it avoidable?"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"233","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3289-2173","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mikko","family":"Tarvonen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7459-2032","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Riina","family":"Jernman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5230-1698","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vedran","family":"Stefanovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-6660-189X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ville","family":"Tuppurainen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5134-9876","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Riitta","family":"Karikoski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8057-6194","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leena","family":"Haataja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9026-412X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sture","family":"Andersson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.04.073_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)71048-5","article-title":"4 Million neonatal deaths: when? where? why?","volume":"365","author":"Lawn","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.04.073_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1038\/pr.2013.206","article-title":"Intrapartum-related neonatal encephalopathy incidence and impairment at regional and global levels for 2010 with trends from 1990","volume":"74","author":"Lee","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.04.073_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.16133","article-title":"Profile of minor neurological findings after perinatal asphyxia","volume":"111","author":"Kivi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.04.073_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clp.2024.04.008","article-title":"Long-Term outcomes following hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy","volume":"51","author":"Huntingford","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin Perinatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.04.073_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"942","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.14234","article-title":"Low Apgar scores at both one and five minutes are associated with long-term neurological morbidity","volume":"107","author":"Leinonen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Paediatrica"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.04.073_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.siny.2021.101272","article-title":"Neonatal encephalopathy: etiologies other than hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy","volume":"26","author":"Sandoval Karamian","year":"2021","journal-title":"Semin Fetal Neonatal Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.04.073_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2010.05.010","article-title":"Epidemiology of neonatal encephalopathy and hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy","volume":"86","author":"Kurinczuk","year":"2010","journal-title":"Early Hum Dev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.04.073_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.siny.2021.101265","article-title":"Newborn brain society guidelines and publications committee. Neonatal encephalopathy: focus on epidemiology and underexplored aspects of etiology","volume":"26","author":"McIntyre","year":"2021","journal-title":"Semin Fetal Neonatal Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.04.073_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-024-06596-8","article-title":"Risk factors for neonatal hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy and therapeutic hypothermia: a matched case-control study","volume":"24","author":"Roto","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy Childbirth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.04.073_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2011.09.031","article-title":"Perinatal morbidity and risk of hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy associated with intrapartum sentinel events","volume":"206","author":"Martinez-Biarge","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.04.073_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2013.03.023","article-title":"A case-control study of hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy in newborn infants at >36 weeks gestation","volume":"209","author":"Hayes","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.04.073_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1007\/s00404-020-05757-2","article-title":"Intrapartum fetal monitoring and perinatal risk factors of neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy","volume":"303","author":"Michaeli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arch Gynecol Obstet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.04.073_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1515\/JPM.2004.045","article-title":"Amniotic fluid and cord plasma erythropoietin levels in pregnancies complicated by preeclampsia, pregnancy-induced hypertension and chronic hypertension","volume":"32","author":"Teramo","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Perinat Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.04.073_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1523","DOI":"10.3109\/14767058.2012.664200","article-title":"S100B - a potential biomarker for early detection of neonatal brain damage following asphyxia","volume":"25","author":"Beharier","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.04.073_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.siny.2021.101276","article-title":"Newborn brain society guidelines and publications committee. Placental contribution to neonatal encephalopathy","volume":"26","author":"Penn","year":"2021","journal-title":"Semin Fetal Neonatal Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.04.073_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.4103\/NRR.NRR-D-24-01091","article-title":"What is the pathophysiology of inflammation-induced cortical injury in the perinatal brain?","volume":"21","author":"Kelly","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neural Regen Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.04.073_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2024.12.012","article-title":"A pragmatic approach to recognize intrapartum chorioamnionitis","volume":"305","author":"Pereira","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.04.073_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2006.12.032","article-title":"The relationship between human fetal cardiovascular hemodynamics and serum erythropoietin levels in growth-restricted fetuses","volume":"196","author":"Girsen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.04.073_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1159\/000504941","article-title":"Saltatory pattern of fetal heart rate during labor is a sign of fetal hypoxia","volume":"117","author":"Tarvonen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neonatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.04.073_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-200104000-00011","article-title":"Early biochemical indicators of hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy after birth asphyxia","volume":"49","author":"Nagdyman","year":"2001","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.04.073_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2543","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.17368","article-title":"Significant correlation between serum biomarkers and outcome in neonatal hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy","volume":"113","author":"Gang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.04.073_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2024.01.011","article-title":"Intrapartum cardiotocography with simultaneous maternal heart rate registration improves neonatal outcome","volume":"230","author":"Tarvonen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.04.073_bib23","article-title":"Continuous cardiotocography (CTG) as a form of Electronic Fetal Monitoring (EFM) for fetal assessment during labour","volume":"2","author":"Alfirevic","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.04.073_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spen.2018.05.002","article-title":"Understanding fetal heart rate patterns that may predict antenatal and intrapartum neural injury","volume":"28","author":"Lear","year":"2018","journal-title":"Semin Pediatr Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.04.073_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2070","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.17234","article-title":"Increased variability of fetal heart rate during labour: a review of preclinical and clinical studies","volume":"129","author":"Tarvonen","year":"2022","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.04.073_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9675","DOI":"10.1080\/14767058.2022.2050366","article-title":"Physiological CTG categorization in types of hypoxia compared with MRI and neurodevelopmental outcome in infants with HIE","volume":"35","author":"Pereira","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.04.073_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.05.023","article-title":"Pathophysiological interpretation of fetal heart rate tracings in clinical practice","volume":"228","author":"Jia","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.04.073_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1976.00500100030012","article-title":"Neonatal encephalopathy following fetal distress. A clinical and electroencephalographic study","volume":"33","author":"Sarnat","year":"1976","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.04.073_bib29","series-title":"Neonatal encephalopathy and cerebral palsy: defining the pathogenesis and pathophysiology","year":"2003"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.04.073_bib30","first-page":"159","article-title":"Guidelines for the use of fetal monitoring","volume":"25","year":"1987","journal-title":"Int J Gynecol Obstet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.04.073_bib31","first-page":"CD005122","article-title":"Cardiotocography versus intermittent auscultation of fetal heart on admission to labour ward for assessment of fetal wellbeing","volume":"1","author":"Devane","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.04.073_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0028-1103033","article-title":"Emergency cesarean section and the 30-minute rule: definitions","volume":"26","author":"Schauberger","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Perinatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.04.073_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.3109\/00016340903418751","article-title":"Risk factors for asphyxia associated with substandard care during labor","volume":"89","author":"Berglund","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.04.073_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.05.014","article-title":"Optimizing the management of acute, prolonged decelerations and fetal bradycardia based on the understanding of fetal pathophysiology","volume":"228","author":"Chandraharan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.04.073_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1097\/00001703-200012000-00003","article-title":"Vacuum extraction in modern obstetric practice: a review and critique","volume":"12","author":"O'Grady","year":"2000","journal-title":"Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.04.073_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2010.06.013","article-title":"Histologic chorioamnionitis is more common after spontaneous labor than after induced labor at term","volume":"31","author":"Park","year":"2010","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"issue":"4 Suppl l","key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.04.073_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2015.05.056","article-title":"Classification of placental lesions","volume":"213","author":"Redline","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.04.073_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S807","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2023.02.002","article-title":"Clinical chorioamnionitis at term: definition, pathogenesis, microbiology, diagnosis, and treatment","volume":"230","author":"Jung","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.04.073_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0029-1220774","article-title":"Fetal heart rate patterns in neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy: relationship with early cerebral activity and neurodevelopmental outcome","volume":"26","author":"Murray","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Perinatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.04.073_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2014.06.027","article-title":"Neonatal encephalopathy and the association to asphyxia in labor","volume":"211","author":"Jonsson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.04.073_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1111\/aogs.12091","article-title":"The admission CTG: is there any evidence for still using the test?","volume":"92","author":"Blix","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.04.073_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2019.07.032","article-title":"The physiology of intrapartum fetal compromise at term","volume":"222","author":"Turner","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.04.073_bib43","article-title":"Improving UK data on avoidable perinatal brain injury: review of data dictionaries and consultation","author":"van der Scheer","year":"2025","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.04.073_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2018.07.016","article-title":"Admission cardiotocography: a hospital based validation study","volume":"229","author":"Parts","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.04.073_bib45","first-page":"1","article-title":"First intrapartum sonographic diagnosis of fetal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy","author":"Dall'Asta","year":"2025","journal-title":"Fetal Diagn Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.04.073_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1916","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.17133","article-title":"Short-term morbidity and types of intrapartum hypoxia in the newborn with metabolic acidaemia: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"129","author":"di Pasquo","year":"2022","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.04.073_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.siny.2024.101543","article-title":"The peripheral chemoreflex and fetal defenses against intrapartum hypoxic-ischemic brain injury at term gestation","volume":"29","author":"Lear","year":"2024","journal-title":"Semin Fetal Neonatal Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.04.073_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2007.01602.x","article-title":"Severe asphyxia due to delivery-related malpractice in Sweden 1990-2005","volume":"115","author":"Berglund","year":"2008","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.04.073_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2015.12.037","article-title":"Contributory factors and potentially avoidable neonatal encephalopathy associated with perinatal asphyxia","volume":"214","author":"Sadler","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.04.073_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2019.21363","article-title":"Clinician identification of birth asphyxia using intrapartum cardiotocography among neonates with and without encephalopathy in New Zealand","volume":"3","author":"Farquhar","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.04.073_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2024-085827","article-title":"Influences on safety of intrapartum electronic fetal heart rate monitoring practices: a scoping review","volume":"14","author":"Kelly","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.04.073_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.siny.2017.02.001","article-title":"Each baby counts: National quality improvement programme to reduce intrapartum-related deaths and brain injuries in term babies","volume":"22","author":"Robertson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Semin Fetal Neonatal Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.04.073_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(89)80040-7","article-title":"Temporal relationships of neuropathologic conditions caused by perinatal asphyxia","volume":"160","author":"Low","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.04.073_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1054","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.319.7216.1054","article-title":"A template for defining a causal relation between acute intrapartum events and cerebral palsy: international consensus statement","volume":"319","author":"MacLennan","year":"1999","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.04.073_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1506","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(92)91728-S","article-title":"Asphyxial complications in the term newborn with severe umbilical acidemia","volume":"167","author":"Goodwin","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.04.073_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1554","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.317.7172.1554","article-title":"Intrapartum risk factors for newborn encephalopathy: the Western Australian case-control study","volume":"317","author":"Badawi","year":"1998","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.04.073_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-025-03986-2","article-title":"Neonatal encephalopathy and hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy: the state of the art","author":"Chakkarapani","year":"2025","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.04.073_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.c1471","article-title":"Strength of association between umbilical cord pH and perinatal and long term outcomes: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"340","author":"Malin","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.04.073_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1263","DOI":"10.3109\/00016349.2010.513426","article-title":"Relation between umbilical cord blood pH, base deficit, lactate, 5-minute Apgar score and development of hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy","volume":"89","author":"Wiberg","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.04.073_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1276","DOI":"10.1111\/aogs.14436","article-title":"Types of intrapartum hypoxia in the newborn at term with metabolic acidemia: a retrospective study","volume":"101","author":"Descourvieres","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.04.073_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S1222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.07.001","article-title":"Umbilical cord pH, blood gases, and lactate at birth: normal values, interpretation, and clinical utility","volume":"228","author":"Olofsson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.04.073_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2022.07.046","article-title":"Plasma biomarkers of evolving encephalopathy and brain injury in neonates with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy","volume":"252","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.04.073_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2015.08.021","article-title":"Neonatal hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy-related biomarkers in serum and cerebrospinal fluid","volume":"450","author":"Lv","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Chim Acta"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.04.073_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1515\/JPM.2008.019","article-title":"Fetal electrocardiographic monitoring during labor in relation to cord blood levels of the brain-injury marker protein S-100","volume":"36","author":"Stuart","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Perinat Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.04.073_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2017.07.015","article-title":"Protein S100B in umbilical cord blood as a potential biomarker of hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy in asphyxiated newborns","volume":"112","author":"Zaigham","year":"2017","journal-title":"Early Hum Dev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.04.073_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1203\/01.PDR.0000106806.75086.D3","article-title":"S100 protein in serum as a prognostic marker for cerebral injury in term newborn infants with hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy","volume":"55","author":"Thorngren-Jerneck","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.04.073_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1159\/000153094","article-title":"Increased fetal plasma and amniotic fluid erythropoietin concentrations: markers of intrauterine hypoxia","volume":"95","author":"Teramo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neonatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.04.073_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-018-0054-4","article-title":"Robust increases in erythropoietin production by the hypoxic fetus is a response to protect the brain and other vital organs","volume":"84","author":"Teramo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.04.073_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1442-200X.2002.01583.x","article-title":"Relationship between erythropoietin levels both in cord serum and amniotic fluid at birth and abnormal fetal heart rate records","volume":"44","author":"Kakuya","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pediatr Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.04.073_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1159\/000533652","article-title":"Placental histologic abnormalities and 2-year outcomes in neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy","volume":"120","author":"Gonzalez","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neonatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.04.073_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2021.06.023","article-title":"Acute and chronic placental abnormalities in a multicenter cohort of newborn infants with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy","volume":"237","author":"Chalak","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.04.073_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1002\/ijgo.14301","article-title":"Placental pathology and neonatal encephalopathy","volume":"160","author":"Fox","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Gynaecol Obstet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.04.073_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2018.06.005","article-title":"The placenta in neonatal encephalopathy: a case-control study","volume":"202","author":"Vik","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.04.073_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5571","DOI":"10.1113\/JP274949","article-title":"The fetus at the tipping point: modifying the outcome of fetal asphyxia","volume":"596","author":"Dhillon","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.04.073_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"950","DOI":"10.1080\/15513815.2023.2261051","article-title":"The placenta and neonatal encephalopathy with a focus on hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy","volume":"42","author":"Dehner","year":"2023","journal-title":"Fetal Pediatr Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.04.073_bib76","article-title":"Chorioamnionitis and two-year outcomes in infants with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy","volume":"278","author":"Cornet","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.04.073_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0b013e3181841395","article-title":"The 2008 National Institute of Child Health and Human Development workshop report on electronic fetal monitoring: update on definitions, interpretation, and research guidelines","volume":"112","author":"Macones","year":"2008","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.04.073_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2024.09.034","article-title":"International expert consensus statement on physiological interpretation of cardiotocograph (CTG): first revision (2024)","volume":"302","author":"Chandraharan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.04.073_bib79","article-title":"Fetal monitoring in labour: summary and update of NICE guidance","volume":"379","author":"O'Heney","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0002937825003059?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0002937825003059?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,16]],"date-time":"2026-05-16T15:25:28Z","timestamp":1778945128000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0002937825003059"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"references-count":79,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]}},"alternative-id":["S0002937825003059"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.04.073","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9378"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9378","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy following intrapartum asphyxia: is it avoidable?","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.04.073","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}