{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T02:32:05Z","timestamp":1793241125708,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":149,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["ajog.org","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.05.018","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,18]],"date-time":"2025-08-18T05:07:30Z","timestamp":1755493650000},"page":"S135-S152","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"special_numbering":"S","title":["Neuraxial anesthesia and pain management for cesarean delivery"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"233","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3737-7536","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ruth","family":"Landau","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pervez","family":"Sultan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.05.018_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2021-005671","article-title":"Trends and projections of caesarean section rates: global and regional estimates","volume":"6","author":"Betran","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ Glob Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.05.018_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2009.06.021","article-title":"Comparative analysis of international cesarean delivery rates using 10-group classification identifies significant variation in spontaneous labor","volume":"201","author":"Brennan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.05.018_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2018.05.026","article-title":"The 10-Group classification system-a new way of thinking","volume":"219","author":"Robson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.05.018_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijoa.2018.11.007","article-title":"Neuraxial labor analgesia, obstetrical outcomes, and the robson 10-group classification","volume":"37","author":"Landau","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Obstet Anesth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.05.018_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1111\/anae.15339","article-title":"PROSPECT guideline for elective caesarean section: updated systematic review and procedure-specific postoperative pain management recommendations","volume":"76","author":"Roofthooft","year":"2021","journal-title":"Anaesthesia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.05.018_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1362","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0000000000005257","article-title":"Society for obstetric anesthesia and Perinatology: consensus statement and recommendations for enhanced recovery after cesarean","volume":"132","author":"Bollag","year":"2021","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.05.018_bib7","article-title":"Using linked data to explore medical complications associated with Robson classification of cesarean deliveries in Massachusetts, 2011 to 2018","volume":"5","author":"Barnard-Mayers","year":"2025","journal-title":"AJOG Glob Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.05.018_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2018.04.012","article-title":"Cesarean delivery in the United States 2005 through 2014: a population-based analysis using the Robson 10-group classification system","volume":"219","author":"Hehir","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.05.018_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1111\/anae.15251","article-title":"Tailoring postoperative pain management with a procedure-specific approach: how to best apply this concept to caesarean deliveries","volume":"76","author":"Landau","year":"2021","journal-title":"Anaesthesia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.05.018_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1433","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13051433","article-title":"Advanced insights into human uterine innervation: implications for endometriosis and pelvic pain","volume":"13","author":"Astruc","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.05.018_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1097\/ACO.0b013e328337c881","article-title":"Changes in uterine innervation in pregnancy and during labour","volume":"23","author":"Tingaker","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr Opin Anaesthesiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.05.018_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1515\/pp-2017-0024","article-title":"Peritoneal innervation: embryology and functional anatomy","volume":"2","author":"Struller","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pleura Peritoneum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.05.018_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1007\/s12630-021-02142-8","article-title":"Uterine exteriorization versus in situ repair in Cesarean delivery: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"69","author":"Tan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Can J Anaesth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.05.018_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1290","DOI":"10.23736\/S0375-9393.21.15654-8","article-title":"Neuropathic component of postoperative pain for predicting post-cesarean chronic pain at three months: a prospective observational study","volume":"87","author":"Rodriguez Roca","year":"2021","journal-title":"Minerva Anestesiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.05.018_bib15","first-page":"QC04","article-title":"Shoulder tip pain after cesarean section","volume":"9","author":"Cift","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Clin Diagn Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.05.018_bib16","article-title":"Incidence and clinical impact of aspiration during cesarean delivery: a multi-center retrospective study","volume":"43","author":"Binyamin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Anaesth Crit Care Pain Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.05.018_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.3310\/nihropenres.13797.1","article-title":"Pulmonary aspiration during pregnancy or immediately postpartum in the UK: a population-based case-control study","volume":"5","author":"Lucas","year":"2025","journal-title":"NIHR Open Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.05.018_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0000000000004173","article-title":"Frequency and risk factors for difficult intubation in women undergoing general anesthesia for cesarean delivery: a multicenter retrospective cohort analysis","volume":"136","author":"Reale","year":"2022","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.05.018_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"912","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0000000000002629","article-title":"Adverse events and factors associated with potentially avoidable use of general anesthesia in cesarean deliveries","volume":"130","author":"Guglielminotti","year":"2019","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.05.018_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1421","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0000000000004663","article-title":"Exposure to general anesthesia for cesarean delivery and odds of severe postpartum depression requiring hospitalization","volume":"131","author":"Guglielminotti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.05.018_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1007\/s40140-021-00437-6","article-title":"The current role of general anesthesia for cesarean delivery","volume":"11","author":"Ring","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr Anesthesiol Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.05.018_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"864","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0000000000002708","article-title":"General anesthesia for cesarean delivery: occasionally essential but best avoided","volume":"130","author":"Mhyre","year":"2019","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.05.018_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"928","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0000000000002530","article-title":"The society for obstetric anesthesia and Perinatology consensus statement on the anesthetic management of pregnant and postpartum women receiving thromboprophylaxis or higher dose anticoagulants","volume":"126","author":"Leffert","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.05.018_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1939","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0000000000001204","article-title":"Obstetric anesthesia workforce survey: a 30-year update","volume":"122","author":"Traynor","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.05.018_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0000000000004027","article-title":"Centers of excellence for anesthesia care of obstetric patients","volume":"128","author":"Carvalho","year":"2019","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.05.018_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1919","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-199912000-00045","article-title":"Intraoperative and postoperative analgesic efficacy and adverse effects of intrathecal opioids in patients undergoing cesarean section with spinal anesthesia: a qualitative and quantitative systematic review of randomized controlled trials","volume":"91","author":"Dahl","year":"1999","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.05.018_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-200509000-00025","article-title":"The ED50 and ED95 of intrathecal isobaric bupivacaine with opioids for cesarean delivery","volume":"103","author":"Carvalho","year":"2005","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.05.018_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-200403000-00031","article-title":"ED50 and ED95 of intrathecal hyperbaric bupivacaine coadministered with opioids for cesarean delivery","volume":"100","author":"Ginosar","year":"2004","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.05.018_bib30","article-title":"Raising awareness to prevent, recognise and manage acute pain during caesarean delivery: the French Practice Bulletin","volume":"40","author":"Keita","year":"2021","journal-title":"Anaesth Crit Care Pain Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.05.018_bib31","article-title":"Are we finally tackling the issue of pain during cesarean section?","volume":"40","author":"Landau","year":"2021","journal-title":"Anaesth Crit Care Pain Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.05.018_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1111\/anae.15717","article-title":"Prevention and management of intra-operative pain during caesarean section under neuraxial anaesthesia: a technical and interpersonal approach","volume":"77","author":"Plaat","year":"2022","journal-title":"Anaesthesia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.05.018_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1111\/anae.15723","article-title":"What is 'genuine' failure of neuraxial anaesthesia?","volume":"77","author":"Stanford","year":"2022","journal-title":"Anaesthesia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.05.018_bib35","series-title":"Statement on the use of adjuvant medications and management of intraoperative pain during cesarean delivery","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.05.018_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1156","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0000000000006991","article-title":"Unveiling the anesthesiologist's impact on childbirth-related posttraumatic stress disorder","volume":"139","author":"Kountanis","year":"2024","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.05.018_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anclin.2021.08.007","article-title":"Trauma-informed care on labor and delivery","volume":"39","author":"Vogel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Anesthesiol Clin"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.05.018_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijoa.2025.104360","article-title":"Shedding more light on the management of intraoperative pain during cesarean delivery: a review of the American society of anesthesiologists statements","volume":"62","author":"Gonzalez-Fiol","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Obstet Anesth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.05.018_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1097\/ACO.0000000000001488","article-title":"Pain during cesarean delivery: risk factors, mitigation, and current approaches","author":"Sharpe","year":"2025","journal-title":"Curr Opin Anaesthesiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.05.018_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1111\/anae.15657","article-title":"Inadequate neuraxial anaesthesia in patients undergoing elective caesarean section: a systematic review","volume":"77","author":"Patel","year":"2022","journal-title":"Anaesthesia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.05.018_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1002\/ejp.1856","article-title":"Intraoperative pain during caesarean delivery: incidence, risk factors and physician perception","volume":"26","author":"Keltz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur J Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.05.018_bib43","article-title":"Pain during cesarean delivery: a patient-related prospective observational study assessing the incidence and risk factors for intraoperative pain and intravenous medication administration","volume":"43","author":"Sanchez","year":"2024","journal-title":"Anaesth Crit Care Pain Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.05.018_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinane.2024.111689","article-title":"Patient\/anesthesiologist intersubjective experiences and intravenous supplementation during elective cesarean delivery: a prospective patient-reported outcome study","volume":"100","author":"Orbach-Zinger","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Clin Anesth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.05.018_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0000000000005486","article-title":"Intraoperative pain during cesarean delivery under neuraxial anesthesia: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"143","author":"Charles","year":"2025","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.05.018_bib46","article-title":"''The magnitude and associated factors of intraoperative shivering after cesarean section delivery under Spinal anesthesia'': a cross sectional study","volume":"72","author":"Ferede","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann Med Surg (Lond)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.05.018_bib47","article-title":"Effect of prophylactic intrathecal pethidine on the incidence of shivering on mothers undergoing cesarean section under spinal anesthesia: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"9","author":"Girma","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Med (Lausanne)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.05.018_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1186\/s12871-022-01596-7","article-title":"Risk factors associated with intraoperative shivering during caesarean section: a prospective nested case-control study","volume":"22","author":"Qi","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Anesthesiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.05.018_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1080\/10376178.2024.2310256","article-title":"Non-pharmacological treatments for shivering post neuraxial anaesthesia for caesarean section: a scoping review","volume":"60","author":"Neaton","year":"2024","journal-title":"Contemp Nurse"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.05.018_bib50","article-title":"Effect of pre-operative patient anxiety on post-spinal shivering during elective cesarean delivery: a prospective observational study","author":"Jeevan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Obstet Anesth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.05.018_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6985","DOI":"10.2147\/IJGM.S370439","article-title":"Evidence-based guideline on prevention and management of shivering after spinal anesthesia in resource-limited settings: review article","volume":"15","author":"Amsalu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Gen Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.05.018_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1111\/aas.13462","article-title":"Risk factors for shivering during caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. A prospective observational study","volume":"64","author":"Wodarski","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Anaesthesiol Scand"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.05.018_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.3344\/kjp.2010.23.3.186","article-title":"Circadian effects on neural blockade of intrathecal hyperbaric bupivacaine","volume":"23","author":"Lee","year":"2010","journal-title":"Korean J Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.05.018_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1213\/00000539-199310000-00011","article-title":"Thermoregulatory response thresholds during spinal anesthesia","volume":"77","author":"Kurz","year":"1993","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.05.018_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aev325","article-title":"The Effect of patient warming during Caesarean delivery on maternal and neonatal outcomes: a meta-analysis","volume":"115","author":"Sultan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.05.018_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1168","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2044.2005.04158.x","article-title":"Comparison of the effects of intrathecal morphine and pethidine on shivering after Caesarean delivery under combined-spinal epidural anaesthesia","volume":"60","author":"Hong","year":"2005","journal-title":"Anaesthesia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.05.018_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1177\/0036933020936283","article-title":"Intravenous dexmedetomidine versus intravenous clonidine for post spinal anesthesia shivering: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"65","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Scott Med J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.05.018_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinane.2024.111680","article-title":"Comparative efficacy of intravenous treatments for perioperative shivering in patients undergoing caesarean delivery under neuraxial anaesthesia: a systematic review and Bayesian network meta-analysis of randomised-controlled trials","volume":"100","author":"Ferrea","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Clin Anesth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.05.018_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijoa.2025.104345","article-title":"Intravenous dexmedetomidine use in obstetric anesthesia: a focused review","volume":"62","author":"Douglas","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Obstet Anesth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.05.018_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijoa.2020.11.004","article-title":"Low-dose intravenous dexmedetomidine reduces shivering following cesarean delivery: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"45","author":"Sween","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Obstet Anesth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.05.018_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/0300060520913423","article-title":"Dexmedetomidine as an adjuvant for single spinal anesthesia in patients undergoing cesarean section: a system review and meta-analysis","volume":"48","author":"Shen","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Int Med Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.05.018_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1393","DOI":"10.23736\/S0375-9393.18.12478-3","article-title":"Shivering prevention and treatment during cesarean delivery under neuraxial anesthesia: a systematic review","volume":"84","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Minerva Anestesiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.05.018_bib63","article-title":"Intrathecal dexmedetomidine as an adjuvant for cesarean delivery: a scoping review","author":"Vozzo","year":"2025","journal-title":"SOAP"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.05.018_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1074","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0000000000001582","article-title":"Active management of labor epidural analgesia is the key to successful conversion of epidural analgesia to cesarean delivery anesthesia","volume":"123","author":"Bauer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.05.018_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijoa.2022.103590","article-title":"Epidural catheter replacement rates with dural puncture epidural labor analgesia compared with epidural analgesia without dural puncture: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"52","author":"Berger","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Obstet Anesth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.05.018_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1174","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0000000000001437","article-title":"Failure to extend epidural labor analgesia for cesarean delivery anesthesia: a focused review","volume":"123","author":"Mankowitz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.05.018_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2023.26710","article-title":"Effect of dural-puncture epidural vs standard epidural for epidural extension on onset time of surgical anesthesia in elective cesarean delivery: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"6","author":"Sharawi","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.05.018_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1097\/EJA.0000000000002108","article-title":"ESAIC focused guidelines for the management of the failing epidural during labour epidural analgesia","volume":"42","author":"Brogly","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur J Anaesthesiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.05.018_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1111\/aas.13350","article-title":"Impact of anesthesiologist's fellowship status on the risk of general anesthesia for unplanned cesarean delivery","volume":"63","author":"Wagner","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Anaesthesiol Scand"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.05.018_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1080\/14767058.2023.2278020","article-title":"Risk factors for failure of conversion from epidural labor analgesia to cesarean section anesthesia and general anesthesia incidence: an updated meta-analysis","volume":"36","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.05.018_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1199","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0000000000006905","article-title":"Preoperative multidisciplinary team huddle improves communication and safety for unscheduled cesarean deliveries: a system redesign using improvement science","volume":"139","author":"Girnius","year":"2024","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.05.018_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/0959-289X(95)82995-M","article-title":"Levels of anaesthesia and intraoperative pain at caesarean section under regional block","volume":"4","author":"Russell","year":"1995","journal-title":"Int J Obstet Anesth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.05.018_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijoa.2024.104235","article-title":"Pain during caesarean delivery in a tertiary maternity hospital: a retrospective cohort study (2022-2023)","volume":"60","author":"Luke","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Obstet Anesth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.05.018_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijoa.2024.104281","article-title":"Pain during caesarean delivery: what gets measured, gets managed - letter in response to \"Patient and clinical characteristics associated with pain during caesarean delivery: a prospective single-center patient-reported outcome study\"","volume":"61","author":"Luke","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Obstet Anesth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.05.018_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijoa.2025.104348","article-title":"Intrathecal morphine 100 microg versus 150 microg for post-cesarean delivery analgesia: a retrospective cohort study (2020-2022)","volume":"62","author":"Kim","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Obstet Anesth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.05.018_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijoa.2025.104361","article-title":"Low dose intrathecal morphine for post-cesarean analgesia with scheduled multimodal pain regimen: a prospective, randomized, open blinded end-point study","volume":"62","author":"Hatter","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Obstet Anesth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.05.018_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1097\/EJA.0000000000002127","article-title":"The implementation of intrathecal morphine for caesarean delivery into clinical practice, and assessment of its impact on patient-reported quality of recovery using the ObsQoR-10-Dutch scale: a single-centre cohort study","volume":"42","author":"van den Bosch","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur J Anaesthesiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.05.018_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijoa.2022.103592","article-title":"Respiratory depression after administration of single-dose neuraxial morphine for post-cesarean delivery analgesia: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"52","author":"Palleschi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Obstet Anesth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.05.018_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1385","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0000000000003636","article-title":"A systematic review evaluating neuraxial morphine and diamorphine-associated respiratory depression after cesarean delivery","volume":"127","author":"Sharawi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.05.018_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijoa.2021.103187","article-title":"Quantifying the incidence of clinically significant respiratory depression in women with and without obesity class III receiving neuraxial morphine for post-cesarean analgesia: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"47","author":"Ende","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Obstet Anesth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.05.018_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0000000000004195","article-title":"Society for obstetric anesthesia and Perinatology consensus statement: monitoring recommendations for prevention and detection of respiratory depression associated with administration of neuraxial morphine for cesarean delivery analgesia","volume":"129","author":"Bauchat","year":"2019","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.05.018_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinane.2022.110847","article-title":"Impact of timing of multimodal analgesia in enhanced recovery after cesarean delivery protocols on postoperative opioids: a single center before-and-after study","volume":"80","author":"Forkin","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Clin Anesth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.05.018_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijoa.2015.03.006","article-title":"Scheduled acetaminophen with as-needed opioids compared to as-needed acetaminophen plus opioids for post-cesarean pain management","volume":"24","author":"Valentine","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Obstet Anesth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.05.018_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4743","DOI":"10.1080\/14767058.2020.1863364","article-title":"Impact of a multimodal analgesic protocol modification on opioid consumption after cesarean delivery: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"35","author":"Herbert","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.05.018_bib85","first-page":"e35","article-title":"ACOG Committee Opinion No. 742: Postpartum Pain Management","volume":"132","year":"2018","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.05.018_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1136\/rapm-2020-102007","article-title":"Effect of a stepwise opioid-sparing analgesic protocol on in-hospital oxycodone use and discharge prescription after cesarean delivery","volume":"46","author":"Landau","year":"2021","journal-title":"Reg Anesth Pain Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.05.018_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2023.09.092","article-title":"A personalized protocol for prescribing opioids after cesarean delivery: leveraging the electronic medical record to reduce outpatient opioid prescriptions","volume":"230","author":"Imo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.05.018_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijoa.2023.103644","article-title":"Persistent opioid use after cesarean delivery in the United States of America: a systematic review","volume":"54","author":"Landau","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Obstet Anesth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.05.018_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000002094","article-title":"A shared decision-making intervention to guide opioid prescribing after cesarean delivery","volume":"130","author":"Prabhu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.05.018_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000002093","article-title":"Patterns of opioid prescription and use after cesarean delivery","volume":"130","author":"Bateman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.05.018_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000005649","article-title":"Optimizing opioid prescription quantity after cesarean delivery: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"144","author":"Smid","year":"2024","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.05.018_bib92","article-title":"The Eunice Kennedy Shriver national Institute of child health and human development maternal-fetal medicine units network. Factors associated with no in-hospital opioid use after cesarean delivery","author":"Landau","year":"2025","journal-title":"SMFM"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.05.018_bib93","article-title":"The Eunice Kennedy Shriver National institute of child health and human development maternal-fetal medicine units network the relationship between in-hospital opioid use after cesarean delivery and opioid use after discharge","author":"Landau","year":"2025","journal-title":"SMFM"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.05.018_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2008.07.011","article-title":"Severity of acute pain after childbirth, but not type of delivery, predicts persistent pain and postpartum depression","volume":"140","author":"Eisenach","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.05.018_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-200603000-00007","article-title":"Multifactorial preoperative predictors for postcesarean section pain and analgesic requirement","volume":"104","author":"Pan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.05.018_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.1177\/0310057X0903700513","article-title":"Incidence and risk factors for chronic pain after caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia","volume":"37","author":"Sng","year":"2009","journal-title":"Anaesth Intensive Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.05.018_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jogc.2018.04.006","article-title":"Incidence and associated factors of chronic pain after caesarean section: a systematic review","volume":"41","author":"Yimer","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Obstet Gynaecol Can"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.05.018_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000002361","article-title":"Perioperative factors associated with persistent postsurgical pain after hysterectomy, cesarean section, prostatectomy, and donor nephrectomy: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"163","author":"Sharma","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.05.018_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-6576.2004.00271.x","article-title":"Chronic pain following Caesarean section","volume":"48","author":"Nikolajsen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Acta Anaesthesiol Scand"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.05.018_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1606","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0000000000002658","article-title":"Predicting severity of acute pain after cesarean delivery: a narrative review","volume":"126","author":"Gamez","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.05.018_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0000000000001789","article-title":"Recovery after nulliparous birth: a detailed analysis of pain analgesia and recovery of function","volume":"127","author":"Komatsu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.05.018_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1002\/ejp.980","article-title":"Preoperative sleep quality predicts postoperative pain after planned caesarean delivery","volume":"21","author":"Orbach-Zinger","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur J Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.05.018_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1532-2149.2012.00171.x","article-title":"Preoperative scar hyperalgesia is associated with post-operative pain in women undergoing a repeat Caesarean delivery","volume":"17","author":"Ortner","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur J Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.05.018_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1382","DOI":"10.1002\/ejp.737","article-title":"Severe pain during local infiltration for spinal anaesthesia predicts post-caesarean pain","volume":"19","author":"Orbach-Zinger","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur J Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.05.018_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinane.2022.110978","article-title":"Association of pain, analgesic, psychological, and socioeconomic factors with sub-acute pain after childbirth: a prospective cohort study","volume":"83","author":"Tan","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Clin Anesth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.05.018_bib106","article-title":"The effect of spinal versus general anesthesia on quality of life in women undergoing cesarean delivery on maternal request","volume":"10","author":"Ghaffari","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.05.018_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0000000000006428","article-title":"Opioid-sparing multimodal analgesia use after cesarean delivery under general anesthesia: a retrospective cohort study in 729 US hospitals","volume":"137","author":"Zanolli","year":"2023","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.05.018_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina59010044","article-title":"Comparison of post-cesarean pain perception of general versus regional anesthesia, a single-center study","volume":"59","author":"Stanisic","year":"2022","journal-title":"Medicina (Kaunas)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.05.018_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2024.12.006","article-title":"Consensus statement on pain management for pregnant patients with opioid use disorder from the society for obstetric anesthesia and Perinatology, society for maternal-fetal medicine, and American society of regional anesthesia and pain medicine","author":"Lim","year":"2025","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.05.018_bib110","article-title":"Consensus statement on pain management for pregnant patients with opioid-use disorder from the society for obstetric anesthesia and perinatology, society for maternal-fetal medicine, and American society of regional anesthesia and pain medicine","author":"Lim","year":"2024","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.05.018_bib111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1114","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0000000000000695","article-title":"A randomized controlled trial comparing two multimodal analgesic techniques in patients predicted to have severe pain after cesarean delivery","volume":"122","author":"Booth","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.05.018_bib112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijoa.2009.01.010","article-title":"An observational prospective cohort study of incidence and characteristics of failed spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section","volume":"18","author":"Sng","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int J Obstet Anesth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.05.018_bib113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1097\/AIA.0000000000000323","article-title":"Anesthetic management of the parturient with opioid addiction","volume":"59","author":"Ring","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int Anesthesiol Clin"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.05.018_bib114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1415","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.01.032","article-title":"The analgesic effects of novel fascial plane blocks compared with intrathecal morphine after Caesarean delivery: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"134","author":"Hussain","year":"2025","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.05.018_bib115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/papr.70016","article-title":"The effectiveness of liposomal bupivacaine in ultrasound-guided abdominal wall blocks after open abdominal surgery: a systematic review","volume":"25","author":"Vereen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Pain Pract"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.05.018_bib116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-199609000-00026","article-title":"alpha(2)-adrenergic agonists for regional anesthesia. A clinical review of clonidine (1984-1995)","volume":"85","author":"Eisenach","year":"1996","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.05.018_bib117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1097\/00001503-200210000-00007","article-title":"Clonidine--a potent analgesic adjuvant","volume":"15","author":"Tryba","year":"2002","journal-title":"Curr Opin Anaesthesiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.05.018_bib118","first-page":"E193","article-title":"A comprehensive review of the use of alpha 2 agonists in spinal anesthetics","volume":"25","author":"Schwartz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.05.018_bib119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijoa.2019.11.003","article-title":"Comparative efficacy of epidural clonidine versus epidural fentanyl for treating breakthrough pain during labor: a randomized double-blind clinical trial","volume":"42","author":"Lee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Obstet Anesth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.05.018_bib120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijoa.2008.05.005","article-title":"Impact of the addition of sufentanil 5 microg or clonidine 75 microg on the minimum local analgesic concentration of ropivacaine for epidural analgesia in labour: a randomized comparison","volume":"17","author":"Dewandre","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int J Obstet Anesth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.05.018_bib121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1213\/00000539-200209000-00036","article-title":"The dose-sparing effect of clonidine added to ropivacaine for labor epidural analgesia","volume":"95","author":"Landau","year":"2002","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.05.018_bib122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2044.2011.06785.x","article-title":"Addition of clonidine to a continuous patient-controlled epidural infusion of low-concentration levobupivacaine plus sufentanil in primiparous women during labour","volume":"66","author":"Bazin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Anaesthesia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.05.018_bib123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1007\/s00540-006-0476-8","article-title":"Epidural clonidine added to a bupivacaine infusion increases analgesic duration in labor without adverse maternal or fetal effects","volume":"21","author":"Parker","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Anesth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.05.018_bib124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1097\/EJA.0000000000000347","article-title":"Clonidine versus sufentanil as an adjuvant to ropivacaine in patient-controlled epidural labour analgesia: a randomised double-blind trial","volume":"32","author":"Roelants","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur J Anaesthesiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.05.018_bib125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1097\/EJA.0b013e3283365944","article-title":"Effects of a continuous low-dose clonidine epidural regimen on pain, satisfaction and adverse events during labour: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"27","author":"Wallet","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur J Anaesthesiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.05.018_bib126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1111\/jog.12517","article-title":"Effects of epidural neostigmine and clonidine in labor analgesia: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"41","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Obstet Gynaecol Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.05.018_bib127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijoa.2018.01.001","article-title":"Use of epidural clonidine for the management of analgesia in the opioid addicted parturient on buprenorphine maintenance therapy: an observational study","volume":"34","author":"Hoyt","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Obstet Anesth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.05.018_bib128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1213\/00000539-199809000-00022","article-title":"Intrathecal clonidine and fentanyl with hyperbaric bupivacaine improves analgesia during cesarean section","volume":"87","author":"Benhamou","year":"1998","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.05.018_bib129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijoa.2017.06.009","article-title":"Intrathecal clonidine as an adjuvant for neuraxial anaesthesia during caesarean delivery: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised trials","volume":"32","author":"Crespo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Obstet Anesth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.05.018_bib130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"948","DOI":"10.1213\/ane.0b013e31817f1595","article-title":"An evaluation of the postoperative antihyperalgesic and analgesic effects of intrathecal clonidine administered during elective cesarean delivery","volume":"107","author":"Lavand'homme","year":"2008","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.05.018_bib131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1460","DOI":"10.1213\/01.ANE.0000111208.08867.3C","article-title":"Postcesarean analgesia with spinal morphine, clonidine, or their combination","volume":"98","author":"Paech","year":"2004","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.05.018_bib132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.12891\/ceog3143.2016","article-title":"Effects of adding different doses of clonidine to intrathecal bupivacaine for spinal anesthesia in cesarean section","volume":"43","author":"Pan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Exp Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.05.018_bib133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/ael182","article-title":"The effect of addition of intrathecal clonidine to hyperbaric bupivacaine on postoperative pain and morphine requirements after Caesarean section: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"97","author":"van Tuijl","year":"2006","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.05.018_bib134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bja.2017.11.085","article-title":"The impact of neuraxial clonidine on postoperative analgesia and perioperative adverse effects in women having elective Caesarean section-a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"120","author":"Allen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.05.018_bib135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1007\/s40262-017-0507-7","article-title":"Clinical pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of dexmedetomidine","volume":"56","author":"Weerink","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacokinet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.05.018_bib136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.3410\/M2-90","article-title":"Use of dexmedetomidine for pain control","volume":"2","author":"Grosu","year":"2010","journal-title":"F1000 Med Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.05.018_bib137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-199108000-00013","article-title":"Central alpha 1-adrenoceptor stimulation functionally antagonizes the hypnotic response to dexmedetomidine, an alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonist","volume":"75","author":"Guo","year":"1991","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.05.018_bib138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1007\/s00540-023-03166-8","article-title":"Effect of different doses of epidural dexmedetomidine on reducing visceral traction reaction for cesarean section: a double-blind randomized controlled trial","volume":"37","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Anesth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.05.018_bib139","first-page":"1747","article-title":"Addition of dexmedetomidine to epidural morphine to improve anesthesia and analgesia for cesarean section","volume":"19","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Exp Ther Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.05.018_bib140","article-title":"Low-dose intravenous dexmedetomidine reduces shivering following cesarean delivery: a randomized controlled trial","author":"Sween","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Obstet Anesth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.05.018_bib141","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of intrathecal adjuvants for perioperative management of cesarean delivery: a systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","author":"Ollosu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Reg Anesth Pain Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.05.018_bib142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1097\/ACO.0000000000001259","article-title":"Analgesia after cesarean section - what is new?","volume":"36","author":"Lewald","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr Opin Anaesthesiol"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.05.018_bib143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1111\/anae.15233","article-title":"Regional anaesthesia for labour, operative vaginal delivery and caesarean delivery: a narrative review","volume":"76","author":"Sultan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Anaesthesia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.05.018_bib144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijoa.2011.10.007","article-title":"Transversus abdominis plane catheters for post-cesarean delivery analgesia: a series of five cases","volume":"21","author":"Bollag","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Obstet Anesth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.05.018_bib145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1007\/s12630-012-9866-6","article-title":"Transversus abdominis plane blocks for rescue analgesia following Cesarean delivery: a case series","volume":"60","author":"Mirza","year":"2013","journal-title":"Can J Anaesth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.05.018_bib146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bja.2017.11.084","article-title":"High-dose versus low-dose local anaesthetic for transversus abdominis plane block post-Caesarean delivery analgesia: a meta-analysis","volume":"120","author":"Ng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.05.018_bib147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1097\/EJA.0000000000001626","article-title":"The analgesic efficacy of intravenous dexamethasone for post-caesarean pain: a systematic review with meta-analysis and trial sequential analysis","volume":"39","author":"Singh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur J Anaesthesiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.05.018_bib148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3109","DOI":"10.2147\/JPR.S184279","article-title":"Transversus abdominis plane block with liposomal bupivacaine for pain control after cesarean delivery: a retrospective chart review","volume":"11","author":"Baker","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Pain Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.05.018_bib149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1503","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000002976","article-title":"Liposomal bupivacaine block at the time of cesarean delivery to decrease postoperative pain: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"132","author":"Nedeljkovic","year":"2018","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.05.018_bib150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1830","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0000000000005075","article-title":"Transversus abdominis plane block with liposomal bupivacaine for pain after cesarean delivery in a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, controlled trial","volume":"131","author":"Nedeljkovic","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.05.018_bib151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000002649","article-title":"Liposomal bupivacaine block at the time of cesarean delivery to decrease postoperative pain: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"132","author":"Prabhu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.05.018_bib152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinane.2024.111608","article-title":"Recovery quality of transversus abdominis plane block with liposomal bupivacaine after cesarean delivery: a randomized trial","volume":"99","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Clin Anesth"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0002937825003345?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0002937825003345?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T01:55:55Z","timestamp":1793238955000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0002937825003345"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"references-count":149,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["S0002937825003345"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.05.018","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9378"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9378","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Neuraxial anesthesia and pain management for cesarean delivery","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.05.018","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 Elsevier Inc. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}