{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]],"date-time":"2026-05-08T16:04:10Z","timestamp":1778256250600,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":210,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100018746","name":"Society of Gynecologic Surgeons","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100018746","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["ajog.org","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.06.025","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,19]],"date-time":"2025-06-19T11:03:35Z","timestamp":1750331015000},"page":"631.e1-631.e14","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Recommended standardized terminology related to the clitoris and vestibular bulbs based on a structured medical literature review"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"233","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8846-064X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julia K.","family":"Shinnick","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter C.","family":"Jeppson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Donna","family":"Mazloomdoost","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sunil","family":"Balgobin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Audra Jolyn","family":"Hill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kavita","family":"Mishra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Bochenska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Saifuddin T.","family":"Mama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"suffix":"II","given":"Thomas","family":"Wheeler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ethan M.","family":"Balk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marlene M.","family":"Corton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John O.","family":"DeLancey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"4 Pt 1","key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.06.025_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1189","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ju.0000173639.38898.cd","article-title":"Anatomy of the clitoris","volume":"174","author":"O'Connell","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.06.025_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1002\/ca.22471","article-title":"Anatomy of sex: revision of the new anatomical terms used for the clitoris and the female orgasm by sexologists","volume":"28","author":"Puppo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Anat"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.06.025_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1892","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(01)63188-4","article-title":"Anatomical relationship between urethra and clitoris","volume":"159","author":"O'Connell","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.06.025_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2010.04.007","article-title":"Colombo and the clitoris","volume":"151","author":"Stringer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.06.025_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1002\/ca.23498","article-title":"The clitoris-an appraisal of its reproductive function during the fertile years: why was it, and still is, overlooked in accounts of female sexual arousal","volume":"33","author":"Levin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Anat"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.06.025_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"720.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2023.02.011","article-title":"Anatomic relationships of the clitoral body, bulbs of the vestibule, and urethra","volume":"228","author":"Tappy","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.06.025_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2023.07.004","article-title":"Surgical anatomy of the clitoris and surrounding vulvar structures","volume":"229","author":"Tappy","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.06.025_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2019.06.048","article-title":"Anatomy, histology, and nerve density of clitoris and associated structures: clinical applications to vulvar surgery","volume":"221","author":"Jackson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.06.025_bib9","series-title":"Terminologia Anatomica","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.06.025_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2019.11.1262","article-title":"Standardized terminology of apical structures in the female pelvis based on a structured medical literature review","volume":"222","author":"Balgobin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.06.025_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2018.04.006","article-title":"Recommended standardized terminology of the anterior female pelvis based on a structured medical literature review","volume":"219","author":"Jeppson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.06.025_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2021.02.033","article-title":"Recommended standardized anatomic terminology of the posterior female pelvis and vulva based on a structured medical literature review","volume":"225","author":"Hill","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.06.025_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1002\/ca.22524","article-title":"Anatomy of the clitoris and the female sexual response","volume":"28","author":"Pauls","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Anat"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.06.025_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1883","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1743-6109.2008.00875.x","article-title":"The anatomy of the distal vagina: towards unity","volume":"5","author":"O'Connell","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Sex Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.06.025_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2211","DOI":"10.1111\/jsm.12230","article-title":"Innervation and histology of the clitoral-urethal complex: a cross-sectional cadaver study","volume":"10","author":"Oakley","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Sex Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.06.025_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.5402\/2011\/261464","article-title":"Anatomy of the clitoris: revision and clarifications about the anatomical terms for the clitoris proposed (without scientific bases) by helen O'Connell, emmanuele jannini, and odile buisson","volume":"2011","author":"Puppo","year":"2011","journal-title":"ISRN Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.06.025_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-72898-8","article-title":"Innervation pattern and fiber counts of the human dorsal nerve of clitoris","volume":"14","author":"Tun\u00e7kol","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.06.025_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1007\/s00276-023-03285-7","article-title":"Anatomy of the pudendal nerve in clinically important areas: a pictorial essay and narrative review","volume":"46","author":"Zapletal","year":"2024","journal-title":"Surg Radiol Anat"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.06.025_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1447","DOI":"10.1007\/s00192-024-05811-6","article-title":"Somatic and autonomic nerve density and distribution within the clitoris: an immunohistochemical study in adult female cadavers","volume":"35","author":"Tappy","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int Urogynecol J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.06.025_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1007\/s12565-024-00782-6","article-title":"The coronation of the clitoris: formally introducing the corona of the glans clitoris","volume":"99","author":"Zdilla","year":"2024","journal-title":"Anat Sci Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.06.025_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1002\/ca.24113","article-title":"Beyond the tip of the iceberg: a meta-analysis of the anatomy of the clitoris","volume":"37","author":"Longhurst","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin Anat"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.06.025_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2459","DOI":"10.1007\/s00266-024-03936-z","article-title":"Examining the morphology of external genitalia in Iranian women: a labiagram-based study in Iran and its influence on patients' self-satisfaction","volume":"48","author":"Ghanbari","year":"2024","journal-title":"Aesthetic Plast Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.06.025_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.5115\/acb.24.027","article-title":"Anatomy of the clitoris: the corona of the glans clitoris, clitoral coronal papillae, and the coronopreputial frenulum","volume":"57","author":"Zdilla","year":"2024","journal-title":"Anat Cell Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.06.025_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/0090-8258(83)90092-6","article-title":"Lymph drainage from the vulva","volume":"16","author":"Iversen","year":"1983","journal-title":"Gynecol Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.06.025_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1883","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1743-6109.2008.00875.x","article-title":"The anatomy of the distal vagina: towards unity","volume":"5","author":"O'Connell","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Sex Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.06.025_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2004.00517.x","article-title":"Female genital appearance: \"normality\" unfolds","volume":"112","author":"Lloyd","year":"2005","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.06.025_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1080\/01674820400002220","article-title":"MRI of female genital and pelvic organs during sexual arousal","volume":"25","author":"Suh","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Psychosom Obstet Gynaecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.06.025_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01541987","article-title":"Clitoral blood flow increases following vaginal pressure stimulation","volume":"24","author":"Lavoisier","year":"1995","journal-title":"Arch Sex Behav"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.06.025_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1339","DOI":"10.1111\/jog.12067","article-title":"New findings and concepts about the G-spot in normal and absent vagina: precautions possibly needed for preservation of the G-spot and sexuality during surgery","volume":"39","author":"Thabet","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Obstet Gynaecol Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.06.025_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1097\/LGT.0000000000000501","article-title":"The international society for the study of vulvovaginal disease surgical oncological procedure definitions committee \"surgical terminology for vulvar cancer treatment\"","volume":"24","author":"Micheletti","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Low Genit Tract Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.06.025_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1038\/s41443-019-0155-6","article-title":"Association between clitoral tissue perfusion and female sexual dysfunction in healthy women of reproductive age: a pilot study","volume":"32","author":"Coppola","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Impot Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.06.025_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0031-1281485","article-title":"Reconstruction of acquired defects of the vagina and perineum","volume":"25","author":"Salgado","year":"2011","journal-title":"Semin Plast Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.06.025_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1002\/ca.22703","article-title":"Anatomic variation and orgasm: could variations in anatomy explain differences in orgasmic success?","volume":"29","author":"Emhardt","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Anat"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.06.025_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0000000000008412","article-title":"Mapping a danger zone of the dorsal nerve of the clitoris: implications in female cosmetic genital surgery","volume":"148","author":"Gordon","year":"2021","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.06.025_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.13317","article-title":"Glans clitoris innervation: PIEZO2 and sexual mechanosensitivity","volume":"238","author":"Garc\u00eda-Mesa","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Anat"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.06.025_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsxm.2020.02.017","article-title":"The successful measurement of clitoral pulse amplitude using a new clitoral photoplethysmograph: a pilot study","volume":"17","author":"Mechelmans","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Sex Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.06.025_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1479","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultrasmedbio.2006.06.006","article-title":"Minimally-compressive, three- and four-dimensional ultrasound imaging of the clitoris: a feasibility study","volume":"32","author":"Deng","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ultrasound Med Biol"},{"issue":"4 Pt 1","key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.06.025_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1445","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1743-6109.2009.01650.x","article-title":"3-D volumetric and vascular analysis of the urethrovaginal space in young women with or without vaginal orgasm","volume":"7","author":"Battaglia","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Sex Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.06.025_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1097\/SAP.0000000000000169","article-title":"Pudendal nerve 3-dimensional illustration gives insight into surgical approaches","volume":"73","author":"Furtm\u00fcller","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann Plast Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.06.025_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsxm.2015.12.023","article-title":"Sexual anatomy and function in women with and without genital mutilation: a cross-sectional study","volume":"13","author":"Abdulcadir","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Sex Med"},{"issue":"3 Suppl","key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.06.025_bib42","first-page":"92","article-title":"Functional anatomy of the human vagina","volume":"26","author":"D'Amati","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Endocrinol Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.06.025_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2019.06.048","article-title":"Anatomy, histology, and nerve density of clitoris and associated structures: clinical applications to vulvar surgery","volume":"221","author":"Jackson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.06.025_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1524","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsxm.2017.10.071","article-title":"The \"G-Spot\" is not a structure evident on macroscopic anatomic dissection of the vaginal wall","volume":"14","author":"Hoag","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Sex Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.06.025_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1002\/ca.22531","article-title":"The use of magnetic resonance imaging for studying female sexual function: a review","volume":"28","author":"Vaccaro","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Anat"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.06.025_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1080\/713847132","article-title":"Dynamic MR imaging of the sexual arousal response in women","volume":"29","author":"Maravilla","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Sex Marital Ther"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.06.025_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1007\/s13224-017-1062-8","article-title":"Reduction clitoroplasty by ventral approach: technical refinement","volume":"69","author":"Patil","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Obstet Gynaecol India"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.06.025_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1620\/tjem.54.163","article-title":"On the sensory nerve terminations in clitoris in human adult","volume":"54","author":"YAMADA","year":"1951","journal-title":"Tohoku J Exp Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.06.025_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1002\/ca.22525","article-title":"Anatomy of the clitoris and its impact on neophalloplasty (metoidioplasty) in female transgenders","volume":"28","author":"Stojanovic","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Anat"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.06.025_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1038\/ijir.2017.15","article-title":"Expression and distribution of the transient receptor potential cationic channel A1 (TRPA1) in the human clitoris-comparison to male penile erectile tissue","volume":"29","author":"\u00dcckert","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Impot Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.06.025_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1649","DOI":"10.1007\/s00192-022-05172-y","article-title":"3D quantitative analysis of normal clitoral anatomy in nulliparous women by MRI","volume":"33","author":"Bowen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int Urogynecol J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.06.025_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1526","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1743-6109.2012.02996.x","article-title":"The pars intermedia: an anatomic basis for a coordinated vascular response to female genital arousal","volume":"10","author":"Shih","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Sex Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.06.025_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1743-6109.2007.00669.x","article-title":"Vaginal vasomotion--its appearance, measurement, and usefulness in assessing the mechanisms of vasodilatation","volume":"5","author":"Levin","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Sex Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.06.025_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1067\/mob.2002.124844","article-title":"Innervation of the female levator ani muscles","volume":"187","author":"Barber","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.06.025_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sxmr.2019.10.001","article-title":"Persistent genital arousal disorder: review of pertinent peripheral nerves","volume":"8","author":"Klifto","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sex Med Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.06.025_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.3109\/00016349509021194","article-title":"The female corpus spongiosum revisited","volume":"74","author":"van Turnhout","year":"1995","journal-title":"Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.06.025_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mric.2017.03.011","article-title":"MR imaging of the female perineum: clitoris, labia, and introitus","volume":"25","author":"Agarwal","year":"2017","journal-title":"Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.06.025_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"928e","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0000000000008589","article-title":"Three-step excision: an easy way for composite labia minora and lateral clitoral hood reduction","volume":"148","author":"Xia","year":"2021","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.06.025_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2750","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1743-6109.2010.01892.x","article-title":"Coitus as revealed by ultrasound in one volunteer couple","volume":"7","author":"Buisson","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Sex Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.06.025_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1080\/21548331.1988.11703512","article-title":"Clitoridectomy","volume":"23","author":"Morowitz","year":"1988","journal-title":"Hosp Pract (Off Ed)"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.06.025_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1080\/00926230252851249","article-title":"Clitoral pain: the great unexplored pain in women","volume":"28","author":"Gordon","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Sex Marital Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.06.025_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1040","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2008.07.029","article-title":"Determining the course of the dorsal nerve of the clitoris","volume":"72","author":"Vaze","year":"2008","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.06.025_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1080\/13697130802366670","article-title":"Characteristics of external genitalia in pre- and postmenopausal women","volume":"11","author":"Basaran","year":"2008","journal-title":"Climacteric"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.06.025_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1320","DOI":"10.1111\/jsm.12103","article-title":"Clitoral changes, sexuality, and body image during the menstrual cycle: a pilot study","volume":"10","author":"Morotti","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Sex Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.06.025_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1002\/ca.23215","article-title":"The clitoral infrafrenulum fascial bundle: the anatomy and histology","volume":"31","author":"Ostrzenski","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Anat"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.06.025_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1651","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsxm.2016.09.009","article-title":"Cardiometabolic risk and female sexuality: focus on clitoral vascular resistance","volume":"13","author":"Maseroli","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Sex Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.06.025_bib67","first-page":"65","article-title":"Innervation of the anterior perineal muscles and its morphological consideration","volume":"158","author":"Takahashi","year":"1985","journal-title":"Anat Anz"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.06.025_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsxm.2021.10.002","article-title":"The suspensory ligament of the clitoris: a new anatomical and histological description","volume":"19","author":"Botter","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Sex Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.06.025_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1216","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(17)46040-X","article-title":"Pudendal cortical somatosensory evoked potentials","volume":"135","author":"Opsomer","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.06.025_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1035","DOI":"10.1016\/S0090-4295(00)00850-5","article-title":"Normative values for female genital sensation","volume":"56","author":"Vardi","year":"2000","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.06.025_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1407","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-410X.2008.07625.x","article-title":"Clitoral sexual arousal: an immunocytochemical and innervation study of the clitoris","volume":"101","author":"Martin-Alguacil","year":"2008","journal-title":"BJU Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.06.025_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0031-1281481","article-title":"Normal vulvovaginal, perineal, and pelvic anatomy with reconstructive considerations","volume":"25","author":"Yavagal","year":"2011","journal-title":"Semin Plast Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.06.025_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1525-142X.2007.00207.x","article-title":"Clitoral variability compared with penile variability supports nonadaptation of female orgasm","volume":"10","author":"Wallen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Evol Dev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.06.025_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2715","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1743-6109.2009.01430.x","article-title":"The role of 3-D ultrasonography in the evaluation of menstrual cycle-related vascular modifications of the clitoris. A prospective pilot study","volume":"6","author":"Battaglia","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Sex Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.06.025_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1038\/ijir.2011.29","article-title":"Expression and distribution of key enzymes of the cyclic GMP signaling in the human clitoris: relation to phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5)","volume":"23","author":"\u00dcckert","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int J Impot Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.06.025_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1080\/00926230600666220","article-title":"Convergent and discriminant validity of clitoral color Doppler ultrasonography as a measure of female sexual arousal","volume":"32","author":"Kukkonen","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Sex Marital Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.06.025_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"996","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsxm.2021.02.010","article-title":"Clitoral reconstructive surgery after female genital mutilation\/cutting: anatomy, technical innovations and updates of the initial technique","volume":"18","author":"Botter","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Sex Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.06.025_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1131","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1081-21.2021","article-title":"Sensory-tactile functional mapping and use-associated structural variation of the human female genital representation field","volume":"42","author":"Knop","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.06.025_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2010.08.009","article-title":"Embryology and anatomy of the vulva: the female orgasm and women's sexual health","volume":"154","author":"Puppo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.06.025_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1159\/000020247","article-title":"Anatomy and physiology of female sexual function and dysfunction: classification, evaluation and treatment options","volume":"38","author":"Berman","year":"2000","journal-title":"Eur Urol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.06.025_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1432-0436.2003.7108001.x","article-title":"Cellular and molecular mechanisms of development of the external genitalia","volume":"71","author":"Yamada","year":"2003","journal-title":"Differentiation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.06.025_bib82","first-page":"167","article-title":"Sulcus nervi dorsalis penis\/clitoridis: its reliability as a character for sex determination of isolated human pubic bones","volume":"108","author":"Nanka","year":"2007","journal-title":"Prague Med Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.06.025_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1590","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsxm.2020.05.025","article-title":"In vivo imaging-based 3-dimensional pelvic prototype models to improve education regarding sexual anatomy and physiology","volume":"17","author":"Abdulcadir","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Sex Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.06.025_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2006.00894.x","article-title":"Laser Doppler perfusion imaging: a method for measuring female sexual response","volume":"113","author":"Styles","year":"2006","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.06.025_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1335","DOI":"10.1007\/s00192-009-0955-1","article-title":"Outside-in transobturator midurethral sling and the dorsal nerve of the clitoris","volume":"20","author":"Tate","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.06.025_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1696","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/dey244","article-title":"Ovarian response is associated with anogenital distance in patients undergoing controlled ovarian stimulation for IVF","volume":"33","author":"Fabregues","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.06.025_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ju.0000128704.51870.87","article-title":"Neuroanatomy of the human female lower urogenital tract","volume":"172","author":"Yucel","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.06.025_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1007\/s00192-015-2637-5","article-title":"Genital sensation in women with pelvic organ prolapse","volume":"26","author":"Gruenwald","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int Urogynecol J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.06.025_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1743-6109.2010.01923.x","article-title":"Endogenous vasoactive peptides and the human vagina--a molecular biology and functional study","volume":"8","author":"Rahardjo","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Sex Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.06.025_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.1960.tb09266.x","article-title":"Clitoridectomy--the disastrous downfall of isaac baker BROWN (1867)","volume":"67","author":"FLEMING","year":"1960","journal-title":"J Obstet Gynaecol Br Emp"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.06.025_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1783","DOI":"10.1111\/jsm.12191","article-title":"Cutaneous corpuscular receptors of the human glans clitoris: descriptive characteristics and comparison with the glans penis","volume":"10","author":"Shih","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Sex Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.06.025_bib92","series-title":"StatPearls [Internet]","article-title":"Anatomy, abdomen and pelvis: female external genitalia","author":"Nguyen","year":"2025"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.06.025_bib93","series-title":"StatPearls [Internet]","article-title":"Anatomy, Abdomen and Pelvis, Penis Dorsal Nerve","author":"Weech","year":"2025"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.06.025_bib94","series-title":"StatPearls [Internet]","article-title":"Anatomy, Abdomen and Pelvis: Inguinal Lymph Node","author":"Bui","year":"2025"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.06.025_bib95","series-title":"StatPearls [Internet]","article-title":"Lower genitourinary trauma. 2023 may 8","author":"Tullington","year":"2025"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.06.025_bib96","series-title":"StatPearls [Internet]","article-title":"Neuroanatomy, Unmyelinated Nerve Fibers","author":"Arcilla","year":"2025"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.06.025_bib97","series-title":"StatPearls [Internet]","article-title":"Pudendal Nerve Entrapment Syndrome","author":"Kaur","year":"2025"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.06.025_bib98","series-title":"StatPearls [Internet]","article-title":"Anatomy, Abdomen and Pelvis, Pudendal Nerve","author":"Kinter","year":"2025"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.06.025_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1097\/00003081-198409000-00017","article-title":"Physiology of female sexual function","volume":"27","author":"Weisberg","year":"1984","journal-title":"Clin Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.06.025_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-1318.2011.02586.x","article-title":"Electrical stimulation of the dorsal clitoral nerve reduces incontinence episodes in idiopathic faecal incontinent patients: a pilot study","volume":"14","author":"Wors\u00f8e","year":"2012","journal-title":"Colorectal Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.06.025_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-5597(90)90027-B","article-title":"Pudendal SEP and bulbocavernosus reflex in women","volume":"77","author":"Vodusek","year":"1990","journal-title":"Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.06.025_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.10344","article-title":"Serial MR imaging with MS-325 for evaluating female sexual arousal response: determination of intrasubject reproducibility","volume":"18","author":"Maravilla","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Magn Reson Imaging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.06.025_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1093\/asj\/sjv092","article-title":"Labia minora, labia majora, and clitoral hood alteration: experience-based recommendations","volume":"36","author":"Hunter","year":"2016","journal-title":"Aesthet Surg J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.06.025_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsxm.2018.01.010","article-title":"Defibulation: a visual reference and learning tool","volume":"15","author":"Abdulcadir","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Sex Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.06.025_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1002\/ca.22471","article-title":"Anatomy of sex: revision of the new anatomical terms used for the clitoris and the female orgasm by sexologists","volume":"28","author":"Puppo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Anat"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.06.025_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2014.07.002","article-title":"The clitoral complex is 'the' spot","volume":"180","author":"Vaccaro","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.06.025_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1097\/OGX.0000000000000559","article-title":"Vaginal rejuvenation: a review of female genital cosmetic surgery","volume":"73","author":"Wilkie","year":"2018","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol Surv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.06.025_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2008.06.009","article-title":"Clitoral sexual arousal: neuronal tracing study from the clitoris through the spinal tracts","volume":"180","author":"Martin-Alguacil","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.06.025_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1002\/smrj.61","article-title":"A comprehensive review of the clitoris and its role in female sexual function","volume":"3","author":"Mazloomdoost","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sex Med Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.06.025_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2006.04.014","article-title":"Clitoral circulation in postmenopausal women with sexual dysfunction: a pilot randomized study with hormone therapy","volume":"55","author":"Nappi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Maturitas"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.06.025_bib111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1159\/000489497","article-title":"Correlation between anatomical segments of the pudendal nerve and clinical findings of the patient with pudendal neuralgia","volume":"83","author":"Pereira","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gynecol Obstet Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.06.025_bib112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1007\/s00266-013-0149-6","article-title":"Composite reduction labiaplasty","volume":"37","author":"Gress","year":"2013","journal-title":"Aesthetic Plast Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.06.025_bib113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1743-6109.2007.00699.x","article-title":"Sonography of the clitoris","volume":"5","author":"Buisson","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Sex Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.06.025_bib114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.23064","article-title":"The vaginal vestibule: assessing the case for an anterior and posterior division","volume":"36","author":"Haylen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurourol Urodyn"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.06.025_bib115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/S0090-4295(02)01663-1","article-title":"Type 5 phosphodiesterase expression in the human vagina","volume":"60","author":"D'Amati","year":"2002","journal-title":"Urology"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.06.025_bib116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1080\/00926230252851311","article-title":"Clitoral artery blood flow in healthy young women: preliminary report on menstrual cycle and hormonal contraception","volume":"28","author":"Nappi","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Sex Marital Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.06.025_bib117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijir.3900258","article-title":"Vasculogenic female sexual dysfunction: the hemodynamic basis for vaginal engorgement insufficiency and clitoral erectile insufficiency","volume":"9","author":"Park","year":"1997","journal-title":"Int J Impot Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.06.025_bib118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2009.07.024","article-title":"The somatosensory representation of the human clitoris: an fMRI study","volume":"49","author":"Michels","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.06.025_bib119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1002\/ca.22287","article-title":"An alternate dissection approach to the female urogenital triangle","volume":"26","author":"Hall","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Anat"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.06.025_bib120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1743-6109.2008.01124.x","article-title":"Ultrasonographic and Doppler findings of subclinical clitoral microtraumatisms in mountain bikers and horseback riders","volume":"6","author":"Battaglia","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Sex Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.06.025_bib121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.10140","article-title":"Validation of the clinical bulbocavernosus reflex","volume":"22","author":"Wester","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neurourol Urodyn"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.06.025_bib122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aanat.2020.151588","article-title":"Anatomy of the bulbus vestibuli: a cadaveric study","volume":"233","author":"Ostrzenski","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann Anat"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.06.025_bib123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199409153311106","article-title":"Female circumcision as a public health issue","volume":"331","author":"Toubia","year":"1994","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.06.025_bib124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1687","DOI":"10.1007\/s00192-008-0713-9","article-title":"Histotopography of the female cavernous nerve: a study using donated fetuses and adult cadavers","volume":"19","author":"Kato","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.06.025_bib125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1080\/09513590.2017.1354366","article-title":"Randomized crossover study investigating daily versus on-demand vulvar Visnadine spray in women affected by female sexual arousal disorder","volume":"34","author":"Caruso","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gynecol Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.06.025_bib126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1093\/asj\/sjz367","article-title":"Commentary on: anatomical dissection of the dorsal nerve of the clitoris","volume":"40","author":"Turin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aesthet Surg J"},{"issue":"5 Pt 2","key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.06.025_bib127","first-page":"1089","article-title":"Clitoral priapism: a rare condition presenting as a cause of vulvar pain","volume":"100","author":"Medina","year":"2002","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.06.025_bib128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1080\/009262300278588","article-title":"Evaluation of clitoral blood flow by color Doppler ultrasonography","volume":"26","author":"Khalif\u00e9","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Sex Marital Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.06.025_bib129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1016\/0309-1651(90)91156-X","article-title":"Immunohistochemical study of neuropeptide Y-containing nerve fibers in the human clitoris and penis","volume":"14","author":"Cocchia","year":"1990","journal-title":"Cell Biol Int Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.06.025_bib130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijgo.2004.03.010","article-title":"Response of the labia majora and minora to clitoral stimulation","volume":"86","author":"Shafik","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int J Gynaecol Obstet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.06.025_bib131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yhbeh.2010.12.004","article-title":"Female sexual arousal: genital anatomy and orgasm in intercourse","volume":"59","author":"Wallen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Horm Behav"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.06.025_bib132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.3109\/01443615.2013.807782","article-title":"The normal vulva in medical textbooks","volume":"33","author":"Andrikopoulou","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Obstet Gynaecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.06.025_bib133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3080","DOI":"10.1007\/s00266-022-02874-y","article-title":"Preliminary exploration of a new clitoral hood classification system and treatment strategy","volume":"46","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Aesthetic Plast Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.06.025_bib134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijgo.2008.03.020","article-title":"Effect of sildenafil on clitoral blood flow and sexual response in postmenopausal women with orgasmic dysfunction","volume":"102","author":"Cavalcanti","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int J Gynaecol Obstet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.06.025_bib135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1007\/s00192-014-2584-6","article-title":"Measurements of female genital appearance in Chinese adults seeking genital cosmetic surgery: a preliminary report from a gynecological center","volume":"26","author":"Cao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int Urogynecol J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.06.025_bib136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2011.07.014","article-title":"Anatomic relationships of the pudendal nerve branches","volume":"205","author":"Montoya","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.06.025_bib137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jogoh.2020.101919","article-title":"Surgical treatment of clitoral phimosis","volume":"50","author":"Aboud","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Gynecol Obstet Hum Reprod"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.06.025_bib138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.20996","article-title":"Surgical anatomy of the dorsal nerve of the clitoris","volume":"30","author":"Ginger","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurourol Urodyn"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.06.025_bib139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1489","DOI":"10.1007\/s00192-022-05147-z","article-title":"Clitoral blood flow using color Doppler ultrasonography in women with and without provoked vestibulodynia","volume":"33","author":"Bardin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int Urogynecol J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.06.025_bib140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1656","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.15387","article-title":"Measurements of a 'normal vulva' in women aged 15-84: a cross-sectional prospective single-centre study","volume":"125","author":"Kreklau","year":"2018","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.06.025_bib141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1495","DOI":"10.1007\/s00192-021-04830-x","article-title":"The role of clitoral topography in sexual arousal and orgasm: transperineal ultrasound study","volume":"33","author":"Ayd\u0131n","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int Urogynecol J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.06.025_bib142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1007\/s00192-005-0004-7","article-title":"Anatomical study of the obturator foramen and dorsal nerve of the clitoris and their relationship to minimally invasive slings","volume":"17","author":"Achtari","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.06.025_bib143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1927","DOI":"10.1111\/jsm.12576","article-title":"The role of regulatory proteins and S-nitrosylation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase in the human clitoris: implications for female sexual function","volume":"11","author":"Oliver","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Sex Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.06.025_bib144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1097\/GOX.0000000000003660","article-title":"The safe practice of female genital plastic surgery","volume":"9","author":"Furnas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.06.025_bib145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2013.07.075","article-title":"Anatomy of the dorsal nerve of the penis, clinical implications","volume":"83","author":"Kozacioglu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Urology"},{"issue":"3 Pt 2","key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.06.025_bib146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(01)68052-2","article-title":"Anatomical studies of the human clitoris","volume":"162","author":"Baskin","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.06.025_bib147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3394","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2021.05.034","article-title":"Anatomical study of the clitoris and its implications on female genital mutilation and surgical repair","volume":"74","author":"Blayney","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.06.025_bib148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1590\/S1677-55382007000600010","article-title":"Pudendal somatosensory evoked potentials in normal women","volume":"33","author":"Cavalcanti","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int Braz J Urol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.06.025_bib149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1382","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.04-1978com","article-title":"The neurovascular mechanism of clitoral erection: nitric oxide and cGMP-stimulated activation of BKCa channels","volume":"18","author":"Gragasin","year":"2004","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.06.025_bib150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1336","DOI":"10.1097\/GME.0000000000001587","article-title":"Expression of androgen receptors in the structures of vulvovaginal tissue","volume":"27","author":"Palacios","year":"2020","journal-title":"Menopause"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.06.025_bib151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.5402\/2011\/261464","article-title":"Anatomy of the clitoris: revision and clarifications about the anatomical terms for the clitoris proposed (without scientific bases) by Helen O'Connell, Emmanuele Jannini, and Odile Buisson","volume":"2011","author":"Puppo","year":"2011","journal-title":"ISRN Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.06.025_bib152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1816","DOI":"10.5114\/aoms\/143150","article-title":"Changes in the extracellular matrix of the clitoris caused by aging: a stereological and comparative study","volume":"17","author":"Pires","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arch Med Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.06.025_bib153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1595","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmig.2021.01.015","article-title":"Surgical technique and outcomes of inverted-Y plasty procedure in clitoral hoodoplasty operations","volume":"28","author":"Eserda\u011f","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Minim Invasive Gynecol"},{"issue":"5 Pt 1","key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.06.025_bib154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1930","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ju.0000140760.79893.f1","article-title":"Evaluation of autonomic innervation of the clitoris and bulb","volume":"172","author":"Yilmaz","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.06.025_bib155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsxm.2019.11.001","article-title":"Female sexual orgasmic dysfunction and genital sensation deficiency","volume":"17","author":"Gruenwald","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Sex Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.06.025_bib156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijir.3900824","article-title":"Comparison of effects of angiotensin peptides in the regulation of clitoral cavernosum smooth muscle tone","volume":"14","author":"Park","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int J Impot Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.06.025_bib157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1002\/ca.22495","article-title":"Recreation and procreation: a critical view of sex in the human female","volume":"28","author":"Levin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Anat"},{"issue":"Suppl 3","key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.06.025_bib158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S45","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijir.3900606","article-title":"Lecture 3: dynamic MR imaging of the female genitalia using AngioMARK: initial experience evaluating the female sexual response","volume":"12","author":"Deliganis","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int J Impot Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.06.025_bib159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1359","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.12627","article-title":"Longer anogenital distance is associated with higher testosterone levels in women: a cross-sectional study","volume":"121","author":"Mira-Escolano","year":"2014","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.06.025_bib160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.3109\/01443615.2015.1036399","article-title":"Clitoral and labial sizes in women w\u0131th PCOS","volume":"36","author":"K\u00f6\u015f\u00fc\u015f","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Obstet Gynaecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.06.025_bib161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1002\/ca.22472","article-title":"Physical examination of the female internal and external genitalia with and without pelvic organ prolapse: a review","volume":"28","author":"Pahwa","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Anat"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.06.025_bib162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1002\/ca.22177","article-title":"Anatomy and physiology of the clitoris, vestibular bulbs, and labia minora with a review of the female orgasm and the prevention of female sexual dysfunction","volume":"26","author":"Puppo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Anat"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.06.025_bib163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aanat.2020.151649","article-title":"The arterial blood supply of the symphysis pubis - spatial orientated and highly variable","volume":"234","author":"Pieroh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann Anat"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.06.025_bib164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ju.0000071880.15741.5f","article-title":"Magnetic resonance imaging anatomy of the female genitalia in premenopausal and postmenopausal women","volume":"170","author":"Suh","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.06.025_bib165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1002\/1098-2353(2000)13:6<397::AID-CA1>3.0.CO;2-2","article-title":"The suspensory ligament of the clitoris: connective tissue supports of the erectile tissues of the female urogenital region","volume":"13","author":"Rees","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin Anat"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.06.025_bib166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1013","DOI":"10.1111\/jsm.12450","article-title":"Clitoral size and location in relation to sexual function using pelvic MRI","volume":"11","author":"Oakley","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Sex Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.06.025_bib167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2007.04.045","article-title":"Clitoral blood flow changes after surgery for stress urinary incontinence: pilot study on TVT versus TOT procedures","volume":"70","author":"Caruso","year":"2007","journal-title":"Urology"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.06.025_bib168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1080\/00926230252851302","article-title":"The prevalence of phimosis of the clitoris in women presenting to the sexual dysfunction clinic: lack of correlation to disorders of desire, arousal and orgasm","volume":"28","author":"Munarriz","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Sex Marital Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.06.025_bib169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2707","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1743-6109.2009.01402.x","article-title":"Periovulatory morphometric and vascular modifications of the clitoris in young adult and middle-aged women. A pilot study","volume":"6","author":"Battaglia","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Sex Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.06.025_bib170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2014.07.013","article-title":"Genitourinary syndrome of menopause: new terminology for vulvovaginal atrophy from the international society for the study of women's sexual health and the north American menopause society","volume":"79","author":"Portman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Maturitas"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.06.025_bib171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1007\/s11934-004-0091-x","article-title":"Female sexual dysfunction following vaginal surgery: myth or reality?","volume":"5","author":"Tunuguntla","year":"2004","journal-title":"Curr Urol Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.06.025_bib172","first-page":"21","article-title":"Clitoral blood flow changes after surgery with tension-free vaginal mesh for pelvic organ prolapse","volume":"73","author":"Oiwa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Med Okayama"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.06.025_bib173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01541753","article-title":"Vaginal eroticism: a replication study","volume":"14","author":"Alzate","year":"1985","journal-title":"Arch Sex Behav"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.06.025_bib174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2014.02.024","article-title":"Female sexual function and the clitoral complex using pelvic MRI assessment","volume":"180","author":"Vaccaro","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.06.025_bib175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1093\/asj\/sjz330","article-title":"Anatomical dissection of the dorsal nerve of the clitoris","volume":"40","author":"Kelling","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aesthet Surg J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.06.025_bib176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1223","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1743-6109.2009.01231.x","article-title":"The clitoral complex: a dynamic sonographic study","volume":"6","author":"Foldes","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Sex Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.06.025_bib177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2249","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.23582","article-title":"Test-retest reliability of clitoral blood flow measurements using color Doppler ultrasonography at rest and after a pelvic floor contraction task in healthy adult women","volume":"37","author":"Mercier","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurourol Urodyn"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.06.025_bib178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02050302","article-title":"Cerebral potentials evoked by electrical stimulation of the anal canal","volume":"36","author":"Delechenault","year":"1993","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.06.025_bib179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2211","DOI":"10.1111\/jsm.12230","article-title":"Innervation and histology of the clitoral-urethal complex: a cross-sectional cadaver study","volume":"10","author":"Oakley","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Sex Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.06.025_bib180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ogc.2015.10.011","article-title":"Anatomy of the vulva and the female sexual response","volume":"43","author":"Yeung","year":"2016","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.06.025_bib181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1675","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1743-6109.2011.02253.x","article-title":"Ultrastructural and quantitative study of clitoral cavernous tissue from living subjects","volume":"8","author":"Caruso","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Sex Med"},{"issue":"Pt 3","key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.06.025_bib182","first-page":"513","article-title":"Immunohistochemical study of the corpora cavernosa of the human clitoris","volume":"188","author":"Toesca","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Anat"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.06.025_bib183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1007\/s00404-005-0079-x","article-title":"Lifetime changes in the vulva and vagina","volume":"273","author":"Farage","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch Gynecol Obstet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.06.025_bib184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1112","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1743-6109.2010.02182.x","article-title":"Neural supply to the clitoris: immunohistochemical study with three-dimensional reconstruction of cavernous nerve, spongious nerve, and dorsal clitoris nerve in human fetus","volume":"8","author":"Moszkowicz","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Sex Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.06.025_bib185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1002\/ca.22524","article-title":"Anatomy of the clitoris and the female sexual response","volume":"28","author":"Pauls","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Anat"},{"issue":"4 Pt 1","key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.06.025_bib186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1189","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ju.0000173639.38898.cd","article-title":"Anatomy of the clitoris","volume":"174","author":"O'Connell","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.06.025_bib187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2853","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1743-6109.2008.00972.x","article-title":"Menstrual cycle-related morphometric and vascular modifications of the clitoris","volume":"5","author":"Battaglia","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Sex Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.06.025_bib188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-410X.2005.05961.x","article-title":"Sexually responsive vascular tissue of the vulva","volume":"97","author":"Yang","year":"2006","journal-title":"BJU Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.06.025_bib189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1892","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(01)63188-4","article-title":"Anatomical relationship between urethra and clitoris","volume":"159","author":"O'Connell","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.06.025_bib190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1566","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1743-6109.2012.02711.x","article-title":"The somatic and autonomic innervation of the clitoris; preliminary evidence of sexual dysfunction after minimally invasive slings","volume":"9","author":"Bekker","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Sex Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.06.025_bib191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1080\/00325481.1976.11714493","article-title":"Office gynecology: some facts about the clitoris","volume":"60","author":"Huffman","year":"1976","journal-title":"Postgrad Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.06.025_bib192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-63247-0.00004-3","article-title":"Anatomy and physiology of genital organs - women","volume":"130","author":"Graziottin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Handb Clin Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.06.025_bib193","first-page":"573","article-title":"New observations on the anatomical features of the female genitalia","volume":"27","author":"Erickson","year":"1972","journal-title":"J Am Med Womens Assoc (1972)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.06.025_bib194","first-page":"248","article-title":"The sexual response cycle of the human female. III. The clitoris: anatomic and clinical consideration","volume":"70","author":"Masters","year":"1962","journal-title":"West J Surg Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.06.025_bib195","first-page":"41","article-title":"Clitoral size in normal women","volume":"80","author":"Verkauf","year":"1992","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.06.025_bib196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2008-1041161","article-title":"Aspects of genital physiology and pathology","volume":"12","author":"Wagner","year":"1992","journal-title":"Semin Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.06.025_bib197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1515\/JPEM.2004.17.4.581","article-title":"Anatomical studies of the female genitalia: surgical reconstructive implications","volume":"17","author":"Baskin","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.06.025_bib198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1002\/ijgo.13936","article-title":"The anatomical measurements of vulva in Indian women: a cross-sectional prospective study","volume":"158","author":"Agrawal","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Gynaecol Obstet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.06.025_bib199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3628","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2022.08.010","article-title":"Depth of the dorsal nerve of the clitoris: implications for cosmetic and urogynecologic surgery","volume":"75","author":"Motzko","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.06.025_bib200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1007\/s12565-022-00674-7","article-title":"What is a vulva?","volume":"97","author":"Zdilla","year":"2022","journal-title":"Anat Sci Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.06.025_bib201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1097\/PSN.0000000000000479","article-title":"A review of aesthetic gynecologic procedures for women","volume":"42","author":"Wi\u015bniewska-\u015a Lepaczuk","year":"2022","journal-title":"Plast Aesthet Nurs (Phila)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.06.025_bib202","series-title":"Gray\u2019s Anatomy: The Anatomical Basis of Clinical Practice","author":"Anand","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.06.025_bib203","series-title":"Urogynecology and Reconstructive Pelvic Surgery","first-page":"1","article-title":"1 - anatomy of the lower urinary tract, pelvic floor, and rectum","author":"Barber","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.06.025_bib204","series-title":"Te Linde\u2019s Operative Gynecology","author":"Handa","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.06.025_bib205","series-title":"Histology for Pathologists","author":"Mills","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.06.025_bib206","series-title":"Female Pelvic Medicine and Reconstructive Surgery: Clinical Practice and Surgical Atlas","author":"Iglesia","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.06.025_bib207","series-title":"Atlas of Pelvic Anatomy and Gynecologic Surgery","author":"Baggish","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.06.025_bib208","series-title":"Williams Gynecology","author":"Bradshaw","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.06.025_bib209","series-title":"Robbins and Cotran Atlas of Pathology","author":"Klatt","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.06.025_bib210","series-title":"Textbook of Female Sexual Function and Dysfunction","first-page":"1","article-title":"Chapter 8: anatomy and physiology of arousal","author":"Goldstein","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.06.025_bib211","series-title":"Female Sexual Pain Disorders: Evaluation and Management","article-title":"Chapter 6: pelvic floor muscle dysfunction and structural processes in vulvodynia; 15: vulvoscopic evaluation of vulvodynia","author":"Goldstein","year":"2020"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S000293782500403X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S000293782500403X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]],"date-time":"2026-01-20T01:39:27Z","timestamp":1768873167000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S000293782500403X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"references-count":210,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["S000293782500403X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.06.025","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9378"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9378","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Recommended standardized terminology related to the clitoris and vestibular bulbs based on a structured medical literature review","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.06.025","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 Elsevier Inc. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}