{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T15:14:28Z","timestamp":1793373268279,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,18]],"date-time":"2025-07-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752796800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001804","name":"Canada Research Chairs","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["950-229920"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["950-229920"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001804","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001804","name":"Canada Research Chairs","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PBN 150642"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PBN 150642"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001804","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DA5-170272"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DA5-170272"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["ajog.org","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.07.016","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,15]],"date-time":"2025-07-15T07:49:57Z","timestamp":1752565797000},"page":"664.e1-664.e15","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Outcomes with cesarean delivery vs vaginal birth in extremely preterm breech singletons"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"233","author":[{"given":"Yanchen","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pasqualina","family":"Santaguida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sameer","family":"Parpia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabiana","family":"Bacchini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Prakesh S.","family":"Shah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kellie E.","family":"Murphy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandesh","family":"Shivananda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4461-2178","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah D.","family":"McDonald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marc","family":"Beltempo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Prakesh S.","family":"Shah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thevanisha","family":"Pillay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miroslav","family":"Stavel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebecca","family":"Sherlock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ayman Abou","family":"Mehrem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Toye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph","family":"Ting","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlos","family":"Fajardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrei","family":"Harabor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lannae","family":"Strueby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mary","family":"Seshia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deepak","family":"Louis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chelsea","family":"Ruth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ann","family":"Yi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amit","family":"Mukerji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Orlando","family":"Da Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sajit","family":"Augustine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kyong-Soon","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eugene","family":"Ng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brigitte","family":"Lemyre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brigitte","family":"Lemyre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Faiza","family":"Khurshid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Victoria","family":"Bizgu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nina","family":"Nouraeyan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keith","family":"Barrington","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anie","family":"Lapointe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guillaume","family":"Ethier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christine","family":"Drolet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martine","family":"Claveau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marie","family":"St-Hilaire","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valerie","family":"Bertelle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edith","family":"Masse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paloma","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hala","family":"Makary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmad","family":"Aziz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriela","family":"de Carvalho Nunes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wissam","family":"Alburaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jo-Anna","family":"Hudson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jehier","family":"Afifi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrzej","family":"Kajetanowicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruno","family":"Piedboeuf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wendy","family":"Whittle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Swati","family":"Agarwal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenneth","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica","family":"Liauw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Darine","family":"El-Chaar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katherine","family":"Theriault","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marie-\u00c8ve","family":"Roy-Lacroix","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kimberly","family":"Butt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Candace","family":"O'Quinn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christy","family":"Pylypjuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isabelle","family":"Boucoiran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catherine","family":"Taillefer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joan","family":"Crane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haim","family":"Abenhaim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Graeme","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karen","family":"Wou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sue","family":"Chandra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jagdeep","family":"Ubhi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ernesto","family":"Figueiro-Filho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Helewa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ariadna","family":"Grigoriu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rob","family":"Gratton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cynthia","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriela","family":"de Caralho Nunes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ludmila","family":"Porto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nir","family":"Melamed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jason","family":"Burrows","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sajit","family":"Augustine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lara","family":"Wesson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erin","family":"MacLellan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Hayward","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Victoria","family":"Allen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.07.016_bib1","series-title":"Born too soon: the global action report on preterm birth","year":"2012"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.07.016_bib2","series-title":"Neurodevelopmental, health, and family outcomes for infants born preterm","article-title":"Preterm birth: causes, consequences, and prevention","year":"2007"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.07.016_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.15037","article-title":"BJOG Debate on Grabovac et al article entitled safest mode of delivery for extremely preterm breech singleton infants who are actively resuscitated: a systematic review and meta-analyses: FOR: Caesarean delivery of extremely preterm breech singletons","volume":"125","author":"Carreno","year":"2018","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.07.016_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.15036","volume":"125","author":"Silver","year":"2018","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.07.016_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"B2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2016.04.017","article-title":"Periviable birth: interim update","volume":"215","author":"American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, the Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.07.016_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jogc.2017.03.108","article-title":"No. 347-Obstetric management at borderline viability","volume":"39","author":"Ladhani","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Obstet Gynaecol Can"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.07.016_bib9","first-page":"e151","article-title":"Green-top guideline No. 20b","volume":"124","year":"2017","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.07.016_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s40471-013-0004-y","article-title":"Confounding by indication and related concepts","volume":"1","author":"Joseph","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr Epidemiol Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.07.016_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.14938","article-title":"What is the safest mode of birth for extremely preterm breech singleton infants who are actively resuscitated? A systematic review and meta-analyses","volume":"125","author":"Grabovac","year":"2018","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.07.016_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-994704","article-title":"The Iowa premature breech trial","volume":"10","author":"Zlatnik","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am J Perinatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.07.016_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.1996.tb09838.x","article-title":"A multicentre randomised controlled trial comparing elective and selective caesarean section for the delivery of the preterm breech infant","volume":"103","author":"Penn","year":"1996","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.07.016_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1447-0756.1985.tb00754.x","article-title":"Collaborative study on preterm breeches: vaginal delivery versus caesarean section","volume":"11","author":"Viegas","year":"1985","journal-title":"Asia Oceania J Obstet Gynaecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.07.016_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1038\/jp.2014.70","volume":"34","author":"Raju","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Perinatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.07.016_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.21037\/pm-21-80","article-title":"The Canadian Neonatal Network: development, evolution, and progress","volume":"6","author":"Beltempo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pediatr Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.07.016_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1453","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)61602-X","article-title":"The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) statement: guidelines for reporting observational studies","volume":"370","author":"Von Elm","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.07.016_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1159\/000441272","article-title":"Outborns or inborns: where are the differences? A comparison study of very preterm neonatal intensive care unit infants cared for in Australia and New Zealand and in Canada","volume":"109","author":"Hossain","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neonatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.07.016_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1241","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0037-1603325","article-title":"Internal audit of the Canadian Neonatal Network data collection system","volume":"34","author":"Shah","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Perinatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.07.016_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.12.002","article-title":"Mode of delivery and neonatal outcomes in extremely preterm Vertex\/nonVertex twins","volume":"224","author":"Hiersch","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.07.016_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(78)80282-0","article-title":"Incidence and evolution of subependymal and intraventricular hemorrhage: a study of infants with birth weights less than 1,500 gm","volume":"92","author":"Papile","year":"1978","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.07.016_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1723","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.163.7.2011060","article-title":"Bronchopulmonary dysplasia","volume":"163","author":"Jobe","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.07.016_bib23","article-title":"Calculating the sample size required for developing a clinical prediction model","volume":"368","author":"Riley","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.07.016_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2455","DOI":"10.1177\/0962280218784726","article-title":"Sample size for binary logistic prediction models: beyond events per variable criteria","volume":"28","author":"van Smeden","year":"2019","journal-title":"Stat Methods Med Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.07.016_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2019.01.003","article-title":"Mode of delivery and mortality and morbidity for very preterm singleton infants in a breech position: a European cohort study","volume":"234","author":"Schmidt","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.07.016_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2223","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)02469-8","article-title":"Short, medium, and long deferral of umbilical cord clamping compared with umbilical cord milking and immediate clamping at preterm birth: a systematic review and network meta-analysis with individual participant data","volume":"402","author":"Seidler","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.07.016_bib27","article-title":"Antenatal corticosteroids for accelerating fetal lung maturation for women at risk of preterm birth","volume":"12","author":"McGoldrick","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.07.016_bib28","article-title":"Effect of timing of umbilical cord clamping and other strategies to influence placental transfusion at preterm birth on maternal and infant outcomes","volume":"9","author":"Rabe","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.07.016_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2019.08.058","article-title":"Cumulative effect of evidence-based practices on outcomes of preterm infants born at <29 weeks' gestational age","volume":"222","author":"Rizzolo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.07.016_bib30","article-title":"Magnesium sulphate for women at risk of preterm birth for neuroprotection of the fetus","volume":"5","author":"Shepherd","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.07.016_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2021.07.013","article-title":"Neonatal morbidity and mortality by mode of delivery in very preterm neonates","volume":"226","author":"Zahedi-Spung","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.07.016_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1142","DOI":"10.1080\/14767058.2017.1401997","article-title":"Comparison of cesarean versus vaginal delivery of extremely preterm gestations in breech presentation: retrospective cohort study","volume":"32","author":"Niles","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.07.016_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2021.100340","article-title":"Association between mode of delivery and infant survival at 22 and 23 weeks of gestation","volume":"3","author":"Czarny","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol MFM"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.07.016_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000005379","article-title":"Neonatal and maternal outcomes at 22-28 Weeks of gestation by mode of delivery","volume":"143","author":"Bitas","year":"2024","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.07.016_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2015.03.002","article-title":"Morbidity and mortality associated with mode of delivery for breech periviable deliveries","volume":"213","author":"Tucker Edmonds","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.07.016_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2024.06.015","article-title":"Cesarean delivery is associated with lower neonatal mortality among breech pregnancies: a systematic review and meta-analysis of preterm deliveries \u226432 weeks of gestation","volume":"231","author":"Unger","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.07.016_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.26241","article-title":"Effect of mode of delivery on perinatal outcome in severe preterm birth: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"62","author":"Demertzidou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.07.016_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2013.10.017","article-title":"Vaginal delivery versus caesarean section in preterm breech delivery: a systematic review","volume":"172","author":"Bergenhenegouwen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.07.016_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.108.2.e35","article-title":"A new and improved population-based Canadian reference for birth weight for gestational age","volume":"108","author":"Kramer","year":"2001","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.07.016_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2017-1881","article-title":"Mortality in infants affected by preterm birth and severe small-for-gestational age birth weight","volume":"140","author":"Ray","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.07.016_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwq411","article-title":"Prenatal application of the individualized fetal growth reference","volume":"173","author":"Zhang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.07.016_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1159\/000524337","article-title":"Mode of delivery and incidence of bronchopulmonary dysplasia: results from the population-based EPICE cohort","volume":"119","author":"Ehrhardt","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neonatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.07.016_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0b013e3181d61eeb","article-title":"Negative controls: a tool for detecting confounding and bias in observational studies","volume":"21","author":"Lipsitch","year":"2010","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.07.016_bib44","article-title":"Management and outcomes of extreme preterm birth","volume":"376","author":"Morgan","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.07.016_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.f6409","article-title":"Making inferences on treatment effects from real world data: propensity scores, confounding by indication, and other perils for the unwary in observational research","volume":"347","author":"Freemantle","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.07.016_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1515\/jpm-2020-0468","article-title":"Mode of delivery and adverse short- and long-term outcomes in vertex-presenting very preterm born infants: a European population-based prospective cohort study","volume":"49","author":"Wolf","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Perinat Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.07.016_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1142","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyn079","article-title":"Systematic differences in treatment effect estimates between propensity score methods and logistic regression","volume":"37","author":"Martens","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.07.016_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2022.3951","article-title":"Association of survival at 22 Weeks' gestation with use of antenatal corticosteroids and mode of delivery in the United States","volume":"177","author":"Vidavalur","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.07.016_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2021-056104","article-title":"Reducing severe intraventricular hemorrhage in preterm infants with improved care bundle adherence","volume":"152","author":"Kolnik","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.07.016_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1159\/000514402","article-title":"Use of composite outcomes in neonatal trials: an analysis of the cochrane reviews","volume":"118","author":"Lai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neonatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.07.016_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1479-828X.1997.tb02243.x","article-title":"The relationship between gestational age and the incidence of classical caesarean section","volume":"37","author":"Bethune","year":"1997","journal-title":"Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.07.016_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jogc.2019.02.015","article-title":"Classical cesarean: what are the maternal and infant risks compared with low transverse cesarean in preterm birth, and subsequent uterine rupture? A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"42","author":"Moramarco","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Obstet Gynaecol Can"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.07.016_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1349","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)31930-5","article-title":"Short-term and long-term effects of caesarean section on the health of women and children","volume":"392","author":"Sandall","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0002937825004764?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0002937825004764?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T01:42:03Z","timestamp":1778636523000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0002937825004764"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["S0002937825004764"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.07.016","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9378"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9378","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Outcomes with cesarean delivery vs vaginal birth in extremely preterm breech singletons","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.07.016","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}