{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T13:32:05Z","timestamp":1790861525276,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2027,2,26]],"date-time":"2027-02-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1803600000000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":362,"URL":"http:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/open-access\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014349","name":"Society for Maternal Fetal Medicine","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014349","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000071","name":"National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HD86139"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HD86139"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000071","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000071","name":"National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HD069238"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HD069238"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000071","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["ajog.org","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.10.025","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]],"date-time":"2025-10-21T19:51:39Z","timestamp":1761076299000},"page":"741-751","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Can maternal metformin protect the developing fetal brain?"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"234","author":[{"given":"Claudia","family":"Ibarra","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Baharan","family":"Fekry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lierni","family":"Ugartemendia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kim","family":"Boggess","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Suchting","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4130-2809","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"Goetzl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.10.025_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7201a4","article-title":"QuickStats: Percentage of mothers with gestational diabetes, by maternal age \u2014 National vital statistics system, United States, 2016 and 2021","volume":"72","year":"2023","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.10.025_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"984","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.15661","article-title":"Impact of maternal body mass index and gestational weight gain on pregnancy complications: an individual participant data meta-analysis of European, North American and Australian cohorts","volume":"126","author":"Santos","year":"2019","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.10.025_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1111\/dmcn.15488","article-title":"Childhood neurodevelopmental disorders and maternal diabetes: a population-based cohort study","volume":"65","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.10.025_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1568","DOI":"10.2337\/dc24-0108","article-title":"Long-term neurobehavioral and metabolic outcomes in offspring of mothers with diabetes during pregnancy: a large, population-based cohort study in Ontario, Canada","volume":"47","author":"Feig","year":"2024","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.10.025_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(25)00036-1","article-title":"Association between maternal diabetes and neurodevelopmental outcomes in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 202 observational studies comprising 56\u00b71 million pregnancies","volume":"13","author":"Ye","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.10.025_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e228","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000002960","article-title":"ACOG practice bulletin no. 201: pregestational diabetes mellitus","volume":"132","year":"2018","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.10.025_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e49","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000002501","article-title":"ACOG practice bulletin No.190: gestational diabetes mellitus","volume":"131","year":"2018","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.10.025_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2021.04.229","article-title":"Metformin for gestational diabetes study: metformin vs insulin in gestational diabetes: glycemic control and obstetrical and perinatal outcomes: randomized prospective trial","volume":"225","author":"Pic\u00f3n-C\u00e9sar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.10.025_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1007\/s00404-024-07483-5","article-title":"Cost-effectiveness analysis of metformin versus insulin in the treatment of gestational diabetes mellitus","volume":"310","author":"Wu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Arch Gynecol Obstet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.10.025_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.16960","article-title":"Changing patterns in medication prescription for gestational diabetes during a time of guideline change in the USA: a cross-sectional study","volume":"129","author":"Venkatesh","year":"2022","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.10.025_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1124\/dmd.119.088435","article-title":"Effects of pregnancy on the pharmacokinetics of metformin","volume":"48","author":"Liao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Drug Metab Dispos"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.10.025_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2024.112961","article-title":"Metformin attenuates white matter injury in neonatal mice through activating NRF2\/HO-1\/NF-\u03baB pathway","volume":"141","author":"Xie","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.10.025_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2022.110522","article-title":"Novel role of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-\u03b1 in valproic acid rat model of autism: mechanistic study of risperidone and metformin monotherapy versus combination","volume":"116","author":"Elnahas","year":"2022","journal-title":"Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.10.025_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2025.1497261","article-title":"Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study of metformin as an adjunctive therapy in parkinson's disease","volume":"16","author":"AlRasheed","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.10.025_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2691","DOI":"10.2337\/dc20-0892","article-title":"Metformin use is associated with slowed cognitive decline and reduced incident dementia in older adults with type 2 diabetes: the Sydney memory and ageing study","volume":"43","author":"Samaras","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.10.025_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1097\/WAD.0000000000000677","article-title":"Protocol for a randomized phase II\/III double-blind placebo-controlled trial to evaluate the safety and efficacy of extended-release metformin in amnestic mild cognitive impairment: Metformin in alzheimer dementia prevention (MAP)","volume":"39","author":"Luchsinger","year":"2025","journal-title":"Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.10.025_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1097\/WNF.0000000000000625","article-title":"Neuroprotective effects of metformin in stroke patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies","volume":"48","author":"Mohammadi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin Neuropharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.10.025_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2182","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2023.22949","article-title":"Metformin plus insulin for preexisting diabetes or gestational diabetes in early pregnancy: the MOMPOD randomized clinical trial","volume":"330","author":"Boggess","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.10.025_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1002\/acn3.296","article-title":"Novel window on early human neurodevelopment via fetal exosomes in maternal blood","volume":"3","author":"Goetzl","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann Clin Transl Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.10.025_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1002\/pd.5474","article-title":"Noninvasive assessment of fetal central nervous system insult: potential application to prenatal diagnosis","volume":"39","author":"Goetzl","year":"2019","journal-title":"Prenat Diagn"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.10.025_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1002\/acn3.499","article-title":"Diagnostic potential of neural exosome cargo as biomarkers for acute brain injury","volume":"5","author":"Goetzl","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann Clin Transl Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.10.025_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1432-1033.1993.tb19902.x","article-title":"cDNA cloning, structural features, and eucaryotic expression of human TAG-1\/axonin-1","volume":"211","author":"Hasler","year":"1993","journal-title":"Eur J Biochem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.10.025_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2174","DOI":"10.1110\/ps.072802707","article-title":"The crystal structure of the ligand-binding module of human TAG-1 suggests a new mode of homophilic interaction","volume":"16","author":"Mortl","year":"2007","journal-title":"Protein Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.10.025_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2017.7290","article-title":"The role of sirtuins in antioxidant and redox signaling","volume":"28","author":"Singh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Antioxid Redox Signal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.10.025_bib25","series-title":"Systems Biology of Free Radicals and Antioxidants","article-title":"Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) and oxidative stress","author":"Li","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.10.025_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7751","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.R600021-JLR200","article-title":"The role of TNF-\u03b1 in chronic inflammatory conditions, intermediary metabolism, and cardiovascular risk","volume":"48","author":"Popa","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Lipid Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.10.025_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2003.09.006","article-title":"Is damage in central nervous system due to inflammation?","volume":"3","author":"Chavarria","year":"2004","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.10.025_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2025.13537","article-title":"The role of Bcl-2 in controlling the transition between autophagy and apoptosis","volume":"32","author":"Palabiyik","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol Med Report"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.10.025_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"808","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-020-03002-x","article-title":"Modeling the function of BAX and BAK in early human brain development using iPSC-derived systems","volume":"11","author":"Joshi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.10.025_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"994","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.12964","article-title":"A follow-up of a randomised study of metformin and insulin in gestational diabetes mellitus: growth and development of the children at the age of 18 months","volume":"122","author":"Ij\u00e4s","year":"2015","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.10.025_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F488","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2015-309602","article-title":"Neurodevelopmental outcome at 2 years in offspring of women randomised to metformin or insulin treatment for gestational diabetes","volume":"101","author":"Wouldes","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.10.025_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2024.02.316","article-title":"Metformin in pregnancy and childhood neurodevelopmental outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"231","author":"Gordon","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.10.025_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1601","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2013-1943","article-title":"Skeletal muscle MnSOD, mitochondrial complex II, and SIRT3 enzyme activities are decreased in maternal obesity during human pregnancy and gestational diabetes mellitus","volume":"98","author":"Boyle","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.10.025_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2023.101860","article-title":"Developmental metformin exposure does not rescue physiological impairments derived from early exposure to altered maternal metabolic state in offspring mice","volume":"79","author":"Cantacorps","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.10.025_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1214","DOI":"10.2337\/db23-0089","article-title":"Metformin disrupts signaling and metabolism in fetal hepatocytes","volume":"72","author":"Swenson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.10.025_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2018.4214","article-title":"Association of long-term child growth and developmental outcomes with metformin vs insulin treatment for gestational diabetes","volume":"173","author":"Landi","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.10.025_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.3233\/JPD-171296","article-title":"Targeting AMPK signaling as a neuroprotective strategy in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"8","author":"Curry","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Parkinsons Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.10.025_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9695","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0027-10.2010","article-title":"SIRT-1 is essential for normal cognitive function and synaptic plasticity","volume":"30","author":"Mich\u00e1n","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.10.025_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15599","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0800612105","article-title":"Histone deacetylase SIRT-1 modulates neuronal differentiation by its nuclear translocation","volume":"105","author":"Hisahara","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.10.025_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1007\/s11481-025-10188-4","article-title":"Modulating multiple molecular trajectories by nutraceuticals and\/or physical activity in attention-Deficit\/Hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)-like behaviors in rat pups","volume":"20","author":"Abu-Elfotuh","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Neuroimmune Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.10.025_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1409","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-020-02231-w","article-title":"Evidence supporting the role of telomerase, MMP-9, and SIRT1 in attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)","volume":"127","author":"Uzun Cicek","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Neural Transm"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.10.025_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1633","DOI":"10.2147\/NDT.S129081","article-title":"Role of SIRT1\/PGC-1\u03b1 in mitochondrial oxidative stress in autistic spectrum disorder","volume":"13","author":"Bu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.10.025_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2093","DOI":"10.1007\/s11011-023-01227-1","article-title":"Valproate-induced murine autism spectrum disorder is associated with dysfunction of amygdala parvalbumin interneurons and downregulation of AMPK\/SIRT1\/PGC1\u03b1 signaling","volume":"38","author":"Zahedi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Metab Brain Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.10.025_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4477","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI46243","article-title":"Hepatic SIRT-1 deficiency in mice impairs mTorc2\/Akt signaling and results in hyperglycemia, oxidative damage, and insulin resistance","volume":"121","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.10.025_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.61919\/jhrr.v4i2.835","article-title":"Tracing neurogenetic pathways; SIRT1 gene\u2019s influence on Austism, Alzheimer\u2019s, type II diabetes, dementia, and its role neurodevelopmental dynamics","volume":"4","author":"Khaliq","year":"2024","journal-title":"JHRR"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.10.025_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2018.00657","article-title":"Metformin is a direct SIRT1-activating compound: computational modeling and experimental validation","volume":"9","author":"Cuy\u00e0s","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.10.025_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajme.2017.09.002","article-title":"Effect of metformin on Sirtuin-1 disorders associated with diabetes in male rats","volume":"54","author":"Khowailed","year":"2018","journal-title":"Alexandria J Med"},{"issue":"Suppl 3","key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.10.025_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.16418","article-title":"Long-term effects of metformin on offspring health: a review of current evidence and future directions","volume":"27","author":"Mayadunne","year":"2025","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.10.025_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2020.461773","article-title":"Modern isolation and separation techniques for extracellular vesicles","volume":"1636","author":"Liangsupree","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Chromatogr A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.10.025_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/861231","article-title":"Tumor necrosis factor alpha: a link between neuroinflammation and excitotoxicity","volume":"2014","author":"Olmos","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mediators Inflamm"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S000293782500763X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S000293782500763X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T11:54:33Z","timestamp":1781006073000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S000293782500763X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]}},"alternative-id":["S000293782500763X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.10.025","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9378"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9378","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Can maternal metformin protect the developing fetal brain?","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.10.025","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 Elsevier Inc. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}