{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T23:10:35Z","timestamp":1790291435066,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["ajog.org","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2026.02.026","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]],"date-time":"2026-02-19T15:55:52Z","timestamp":1771516552000},"page":"86-95","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Cross-border use of assisted reproductive technology in the United States, 2014 to 2022"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"235","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-2806-8453","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natalie L.","family":"Albright","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Audrey J.","family":"Gaskins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heather S.","family":"Hipp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer F.","family":"Kawwass","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2026.02.026_bib1","series-title":"National Summary Report 2023","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2026.02.026_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1277","DOI":"10.1007\/s10815-018-1181-x","article-title":"Cross border reproductive care (CBRC): a growing global phenomenon with multidimensional implications (a systematic and critical review)","volume":"35","author":"Salama","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Assist Reprod Genet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2026.02.026_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rbms.2020.09.003","article-title":"Cross-border reproductive care in the USA: who comes, why do they come, what do they purchase?","volume":"11","author":"Jacobson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Reprod Biomed Soc Online"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2026.02.026_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1080\/13648470.2017.1392100","article-title":"Accounting for the money-made parenthood of transnational surrogacy","volume":"25","author":"Stuv\u00f8y","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anthropol Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2026.02.026_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3103","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/det326","article-title":"Cross-border reproductive care among French patients: experiences in Greece, Spain and Belgium","volume":"28","author":"Roz\u00e9e Gomez","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2026.02.026_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rbmo.2011.09.015","article-title":"Legal perspectives on cross-border reproductive care","volume":"23","author":"Crockin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Reprod Biomed Online"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2026.02.026_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2009.12.008","article-title":"Cross-border fertility services in North America: a survey of Canadian and American providers","volume":"94","author":"Hughes","year":"2010","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2026.02.026_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"786","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2015.11.048","article-title":"Cross-border reproductive care in North America: a pilot study testing a prospective data collection program for in vitro fertilization clinics in Canada and the United States","volume":"105","author":"Hughes","year":"2016","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2026.02.026_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1361","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deq057","article-title":"Cross border reproductive care in six European countries","volume":"25","author":"Shenfield","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2026.02.026_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2017.07.1168","article-title":"Assessing the use of assisted reproductive technology in the United States by non-United States residents","volume":"108","author":"Levine","year":"2017","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2026.02.026_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2023.12.039","article-title":"International gestational surrogacy in the United States, 2014-2020","volume":"121","author":"Herweck","year":"2024","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2026.02.026_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1186\/s12958-025-01399-8","article-title":"United States racial\/ethnic disparities in PGT-A use: an analysis of 2014\u20132020 SART CORS database","volume":"23","author":"Mason-Otey","year":"2025","journal-title":"Reprod Biol Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2026.02.026_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2016.04.042","article-title":"Validation of birth outcomes from the Society for Assisted Reproductive Technology Clinic Outcome Reporting System (SART CORS): population-based analysis from the Massachusetts Outcome Study of Assisted Reproductive Technology (MOSART)","volume":"106","author":"Stern","year":"2016","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2026.02.026_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2015.01.045","article-title":"Freeze-all policy: fresh vs. frozen-thawed embryo transfer","volume":"103","author":"Roque","year":"2015","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2026.02.026_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1503","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2015.08.038","article-title":"Comprehensive chromosome screening improves embryo selection: a meta-analysis","volume":"104","author":"Dahdouh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2026.02.026_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2021.03.034","article-title":"Access to fertility treatment irrespective of marital status, sexual orientation, or gender identity: an Ethics committee opinion","volume":"116","year":"2021","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2026.02.026_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina57010047","article-title":"Surrogacy and \u201cprocreative tourism\u201d. What does the future hold from the ethical and legal perspectives?","volume":"57","author":"Piersanti","year":"2021","journal-title":"Medicina (B Aires)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2026.02.026_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph22020296","article-title":"20 years since the enactment of Italian law no. 40\/2004 on medically assisted procreation: how it has changed and how it could change","volume":"22","author":"Vergallo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2026.02.026_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1177\/00258172211060192","article-title":"Uterus rental: regulating surrogacy in China","volume":"90","author":"Shanyun","year":"2022","journal-title":"Med Leg J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2026.02.026_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2010.01.046","article-title":"Fertility patients\u2019 experiences of cross-border reproductive care","volume":"94","author":"Blyth","year":"2010","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2026.02.026_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2021.03.040","article-title":"Financial compensation of oocyte donors: an Ethics committee opinion","volume":"116","year":"2021","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2026.02.026_bib22","article-title":"Egg donation compensation: ethical and legal challenges","volume":"15","author":"Kenney","year":"2014","journal-title":"Medicoleg Bioeth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2026.02.026_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/hropen\/hoz044","article-title":"Survey on ART and IUI: legislation, regulation, funding and registries in European countries","volume":"2020","author":"Calhaz-Jorge","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hum Reprod Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2026.02.026_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2019.03.034","article-title":"Trends and correlates of the sex distribution among U.S. assisted reproductive technology births","volume":"112","author":"Narvaez","year":"2019","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2026.02.026_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1007\/s41649-020-00156-w","article-title":"Changing fertility landscapes: exploring the reproductive routes and choices of fertility patients from China for assisted reproduction in Russia","volume":"13","author":"Weis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Asian Bioeth Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2026.02.026_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rbms.2016.09.002","article-title":"The birth and routinization of IVF in China","volume":"2","author":"Wahlberg","year":"2016","journal-title":"Reprod Biomed Soc Online"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2026.02.026_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1007\/s41649-020-00156-w","article-title":"Changing fertility landscapes: exploring the reproductive routes and choices of fertility patients from China for assisted reproduction in Russia","volume":"13","author":"Weis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Asian Bioeth Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2026.02.026_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1141","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0042-1759774","article-title":"Commercial surrogacy: an overview","volume":"44","author":"Brand\u00e3o","year":"2022","journal-title":"Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2026.02.026_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-8847.2009.00257.x","article-title":"Fair trade international surrogacy","volume":"9","author":"Humbyrd","year":"2009","journal-title":"Dev World Bioeth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2026.02.026_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rbms.2016.05.005","article-title":"From \u2018Mung Ming\u2019 to \u2018Baby gammy\u2019: a local history of assisted reproduction in Thailand","volume":"2","author":"Whittaker","year":"2016","journal-title":"Reprod Biomed Soc Online"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2026.02.026_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2024.07.008","article-title":"The legally charged issue of cross-border surrogacy: current regulatory challenges and future prospects","volume":"300","author":"Marinelli","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2026.02.026_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rbmo.2011.09.006","article-title":"Cross-border reproductive care: market forces in action or market failure? An economic perspective","volume":"23","author":"Connolly","year":"2011","journal-title":"Reprod Biomed Online"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2026.02.026_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2024.04.027","article-title":"Gestational carrier cycles: embryology trends, National guideline compliance, and resultant perinatal outcomes in the United States, 2014\u20132020","volume":"231","author":"Traub","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0002937826000980?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0002937826000980?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T22:44:25Z","timestamp":1783032265000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0002937826000980"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]}},"alternative-id":["S0002937826000980"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajog.2026.02.026","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9378"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9378","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Cross-border use of assisted reproductive technology in the United States, 2014 to 2022","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajog.2026.02.026","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Elsevier Inc. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}