{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T21:31:44Z","timestamp":1793309504395,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":91,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]],"date-time":"2026-04-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775606400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["ajog.org","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2026.04.010","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T16:57:05Z","timestamp":1775840225000},"page":"486-505","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Consensus and controversies of international guidelines for the diagnosis, surveillance, and management of fetal growth restriction: an updated comparison"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"235","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6560-3393","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniele","family":"Di Mascio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suneet P.","family":"Chauhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tullio","family":"Ghi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Asma","family":"Khalil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juliana G.","family":"Martins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Sorrenti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tamara","family":"Stampalija","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabrizio","family":"Zullo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesc","family":"Figueras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2026.04.010_bib1","first-page":"490","article-title":"Intrauterine growth restriction","volume":"99","author":"Resnik","year":"2002","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2026.04.010_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1053\/j.semperi.2008.02.002","article-title":"Diagnosis of IUGR: traditional biometry","volume":"32","author":"Platz","year":"2008","journal-title":"Semin Perinatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2026.04.010_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.14644","article-title":"Human fetal growth is constrained below optimal for perinatal survival","volume":"45","author":"Vasak","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2026.04.010_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1113\/JP271402","article-title":"The consequences of fetal growth restriction on brain structure and neurodevelopmental outcome","volume":"594","author":"Miller","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2026.04.010_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2019.07.025","article-title":"Fetal cardiac remodeling and dysfunction is associated with both preeclampsia and fetal growth restriction","volume":"222","author":"Youssef","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2026.04.010_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1549-8719.2011.00089.x","article-title":"Intrauterine growth restriction and developmental programming of the metabolic syndrome: a critical appraisal","volume":"18","author":"Neitzke","year":"2011","journal-title":"Microcirculation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2026.04.010_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S855","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.12.004","article-title":"Evidence-based national guidelines for the management of suspected fetal growth restriction: comparison, consensus, and controversy","volume":"218","author":"McCowan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2026.04.010_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409.e1-6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2008.11.025","article-title":"Intrauterine growth restriction: comparison of American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists practice bulletin with other national guidelines","volume":"200","author":"Chauhan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2026.04.010_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e31","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.17814","article-title":"Investigation and care of a small-for-gestational-age fetus and a Growth Restricted Fetus (Green-top guideline no. 31)","volume":"131","author":"Morris","year":"2024","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2026.04.010_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jogc.2023.05.022","article-title":"Guideline no. 442: fetal growth restriction: screening, diagnosis, and management in singleton pregnancies","volume":"45","author":"Kingdom","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Obstet Gynaecol Can"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2026.04.010_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"B2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.05.010","article-title":"Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine Consult Series #52: diagnosis and management of fetal growth restriction: (replaces Clinical Guideline Number 3, April 2012)","volume":"223","author":"Martins","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2026.04.010_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.22134","article-title":"ISUOG practice guidelines: diagnosis and management of small-for-gestational-age fetus and fetal growth restriction","volume":"56","author":"Lees","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2026.04.010_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1002\/ijgo.13522","article-title":"FIGO (International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics) initiative on fetal growth: best practice advice for screening, diagnosis, and management of fetal growth restriction","volume":"152","author":"Melamed","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Gynaecol Obstet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2026.04.010_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2015.06.021","article-title":"Fetal growth restriction and intra-uterine growth restriction: guidelines for clinical practice from the French College of Gynecologists and Obstetricians","volume":"193","author":"Vayssiere","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2026.04.010_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.15884","article-title":"Consensus definition of fetal growth restriction: a Delphi procedure","volume":"48","author":"Gordijn","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2026.04.010_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.23638","article-title":"Outcome-based comparison of SMFM and ISUOG definitions of fetal growth restriction","volume":"57","author":"Roeckner","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2026.04.010_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.26035","article-title":"Definitions matter: detection rates and perinatal outcome for infants classified prenatally as having late fetal growth restriction using SMFM biometric vs ISUOG\/Delphi consensus criteria","volume":"61","author":"Schreiber","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2026.04.010_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2023.04.037","article-title":"Risk of adverse perinatal outcomes in pregnancies with \"small\" fetuses not meeting Delphi consensus criteria for fetal growth restriction","volume":"229","author":"Powel","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2026.04.010_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2012.06.039","article-title":"The risk of intrauterine fetal death in the small-for-gestational-age fetus","volume":"207","author":"Pilliod","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2026.04.010_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S774","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.11.566","article-title":"Risk of fetal death in growth-restricted fetuses with umbilical and\/or ductus venosus absent or reversed end-diastolic velocities before 34 weeks of gestation: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"218","author":"Caradeux","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2026.04.010_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2024.101294","article-title":"Routine third-trimester ultrasound assessment for intrauterine growth restriction","volume":"6","author":"Caradeux","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol MFM"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2026.04.010_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2089","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)00131-2","article-title":"Screening for fetal growth restriction with universal third trimester ultrasonography in nulliparous women in the Pregnancy Outcome Prediction (POP) study: a prospective cohort study","volume":"386","author":"Sovio","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2026.04.010_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.14915","article-title":"Ultrasound screening for fetal growth restriction at 36 vs 32 weeks' gestation: a randomized trial (ROUTE)","volume":"46","author":"Roma","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2026.04.010_bib24","article-title":"Single versus longitudinal scans in the third trimester: a multicenter randomized clinical trial on screening for late-onset intrauterine fetal growth restriction (the RCT on Evaluation of LAte Iugr Screening study)","author":"Familiari","year":"2025","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2026.04.010_bib25","article-title":"Routine ultrasound in late pregnancy (after 24 weeks' gestation)","volume":"2015","author":"Bricker","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2026.04.010_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(18)30129-9","article-title":"Screening for fetal growth restriction using ultrasound and the sFLT1\/PlGF ratio in nulliparous women: a prospective cohort study","volume":"2","author":"Gaccioli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Child Adolesc Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2026.04.010_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2019.01.227","article-title":"Prediction of small for gestational age neonates: screening by maternal factors, fetal biometry, and biomarkers at 35-37 weeks' gestation","volume":"220","author":"Ciobanu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2026.04.010_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.29181","article-title":"Angiogenic factors alone or in combination with ultrasound Doppler criteria for risk classification among late-onset small fetuses with or without pre-eclampsia","volume":"65","author":"Youssef","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2026.04.010_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1008","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-024-03421-9","article-title":"Angiogenic factors versus fetomaternal Doppler for fetal growth restriction at term: an open-label, randomized controlled trial","volume":"31","author":"Garcia-Manau","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2026.04.010_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0032-1329181","article-title":"Emergence of late-onset placental dysfunction: relationship to the change in uterine artery blood flow resistance between the first and third trimesters","volume":"30","author":"Llurba","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Perinatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2026.04.010_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.21940","article-title":"Third-trimester uterine artery Doppler for prediction of adverse outcome in late small-for-gestational-age fetuses: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"55","author":"Martinez-Portilla","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2026.04.010_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2021.05.035","article-title":"Should prenatal chromosomal microarray analysis be offered for isolated fetal growth restriction? A French multicenter study","volume":"225","author":"Monier","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2026.04.010_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1159\/000479506","article-title":"Chromosomal microarray analysis in fetuses with growth restriction and normal karyotype: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"44","author":"Borrell","year":"2018","journal-title":"Fetal Diagn Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2026.04.010_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3710","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11133710","article-title":"Genetic aspects of small for gestational age infants using targeted-exome sequencing and whole-exome sequencing: a single center study","volume":"11","author":"Park","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2026.04.010_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.09.045","article-title":"Should we offer prenatal exome sequencing for intrauterine growth restriction or short long bones? A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"228","author":"Mone","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2026.04.010_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1002\/pd.6339","article-title":"Diagnostic yield of exome sequencing in isolated fetal growth restriction: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"43","author":"Pauta","year":"2023","journal-title":"Prenat Diagn"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2026.04.010_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.14880","article-title":"Genomic microarray in fetuses with increased nuchal translucency and normal karyotype: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"46","author":"Grande","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2026.04.010_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e44","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000002708","article-title":"ACOG Committee Opinion No. 743: Low-dose aspirin use during pregnancy","volume":"132","year":"2018","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2026.04.010_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.19077","article-title":"Prediction and prevention of small-for-gestational-age neonates: evidence from SPREE and ASPRE","volume":"52","author":"Tan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2026.04.010_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2016.10.016","article-title":"Antiplatelet therapy before or after 16 weeks gestation for preventing preeclampsia: an individual participant data meta-analysis","volume":"216","author":"Meher","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2026.04.010_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2016.09.076","article-title":"The role of aspirin dose on prevention of preeclampsia and fetal growth restriction: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"216","author":"Roberge","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2026.04.010_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2013-01-478958","article-title":"Meta-analysis of low-molecular weight heparin to prevent recurrent placenta-mediated pregnancy complications","volume":"123","author":"Rodger","year":"2014","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2026.04.010_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2629","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)31139-4","article-title":"Low-molecular-weight heparin and recurrent placenta mediated pregnancy complications: a meta-analysis of individual patient data from randomised controlled trials","volume":"388","author":"Rodger","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2026.04.010_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.01.014","article-title":"Enoxaparin for the prevention of preeclampsia and intrauterine growth restriction in women with a history: a randomized trial","volume":"216","author":"Groom","year":"2017","journal-title":"Amm J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2026.04.010_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000001673","article-title":"Enoxaparin and aspirin compared with aspirin alone to prevent placenta-mediated pregnancy complications: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"128","author":"Haddad","year":"2016","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2026.04.010_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2024.10.055","article-title":"Treatment of early-onset fetal growth restriction with low molecular weight heparin does not prolong gestation: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"232","author":"Gonz\u00e1lez","year":"2025","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2026.04.010_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2023.101194","article-title":"All fetal growth restriction definitions fall short","volume":"6","author":"Mylrea-Foley","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol MFM"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2026.04.010_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.181.1.1887021","article-title":"In utero analysis of fetal growth: a sonographic weight standard","volume":"181","author":"Hadlock","year":"1991","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2026.04.010_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2015.08.032","article-title":"Racial\/Ethnic standards for fetal growth: the NICHD fetal growth studies","volume":"213","author":"Buck Louis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2026.04.010_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.19073","article-title":"Fetal medicine foundation fetal and neonatal population weight charts","volume":"52","author":"Nicolaides","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2026.04.010_bib51","first-page":"CD007529","article-title":"Fetal and umbilical Doppler ultrasound in high-risk pregnancies","volume":"6","author":"Alfirevic","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2026.04.010_bib52","article-title":"The world Health Organization fetal growth charts: a multinational longitudinal study of ultrasound biometric measurements and estimated fetal weight","volume":"14","author":"Kiserud","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2026.04.010_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)61490-2","article-title":"International standards for fetal growth based on serial ultrasound measurements: the Fetal Growth Longitudinal study of the INTERGROWTH-21st project","volume":"384","author":"Papageorghiou","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2026.04.010_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(92)91342-6","article-title":"Customised antenatal growth charts","volume":"339","author":"Gardosi","year":"1992","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2026.04.010_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.7863\/ultra.15.03003","article-title":"Customized fetal growth charts for parents' characteristics, race, and parity by quantile regression analysis: a cross-sectional multicenter Italian study","volume":"35","author":"Ghi","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Ultrasound Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2026.04.010_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"678.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2023.06.035","article-title":"Fetal growth restriction and small for gestational age as predictors of neonatal morbidity: which growth nomogram to use?","volume":"229","author":"Leon-Martinez","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2026.04.010_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1004004","article-title":"Evaluation of the Growth Assessment Protocol (GAP) for antenatal detection of small for gestational age: the DESiGN cluster randomised trial","volume":"19","author":"Vieira","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2026.04.010_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.17399","article-title":"Serial plotting of symphysis-fundal height and estimated fetal weight to improve the antenatal detection of infants small for gestational age: a cluster randomised trial","volume":"130","author":"Ego","year":"2023","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2026.04.010_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2021.11.1357","article-title":"Clinical opinion: the diagnosis and management of suspected fetal growth restriction: an evidence-based approach","volume":"226","author":"Lees","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2026.04.010_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1016\/S1095-6433(98)01010-1","article-title":"Metabolic and circulatory adaptations to chronic hypoxia in the fetus","volume":"119","author":"Richardson","year":"1998","journal-title":"Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2026.04.010_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1097\/01.AOG.0000253215.79121.75","article-title":"Predictors of neonatal outcome in Early- onset placental dysfunction","volume":"109","author":"Baschat","year":"2007","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2026.04.010_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1046\/j.0960-7692.2002.00627.x","article-title":"Temporal sequence of abnormal Doppler changes in the peripheral and central circulatory systems of the severely growth-restricted fetus","volume":"19","author":"Ferrazzi","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2026.04.010_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1046\/j.0960-7692.2001.00590.x","article-title":"Monitoring of fetuses with intrauterine growth restriction: a longitudinal study","volume":"18","author":"Hecher","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2026.04.010_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.9011","article-title":"Duration of persistent abnormal ductus venosus flow and its impact on perinatal outcome in fetal growth restriction","volume":"38","author":"Turan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2026.04.010_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2003.11.028","article-title":"Venous Doppler in the prediction of acid-base status of growth-restricted fetuses with elevated placental blood flow resistance","volume":"191","author":"Baschat","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2026.04.010_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.965","article-title":"Relationship between monitoring parameters and perinatal outcome in severe, early intrauterine growth restriction","volume":"23","author":"Bilardo","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2026.04.010_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.13190","article-title":"Perinatal morbidity and mortality in early-onset fetal growth restriction: cohort outcomes of the trial of randomized umbilical and fetal flow in Europe (TRUFFLE)","volume":"42","author":"Lees","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2026.04.010_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2162","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)62049-3","article-title":"2 year neurodevelopmental and intermediate perinatal outcomes in infants with very preterm fetal growth restriction (TRUFFLE): a randomised trial","volume":"385","author":"Lees","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2026.04.010_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.26198","article-title":"Computerized cardiotocography and Dawes-Redman criteria: how should we interpret criteria not met?","volume":"61","author":"Stampalija","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2026.04.010_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(92)91821-Q","article-title":"Numeric analysis of heart rate variation in intrauterine growth-retarded fetuses: a longitudinal study","volume":"166","author":"Snijders","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2026.04.010_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"820","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.1991.tb13489.x","article-title":"Relation of fetal blood gases and data from computer-assisted analysis of fetal heart rate patterns in small for gestation fetuses","volume":"98","author":"Ribbert","year":"1991","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2026.04.010_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1016\/0029-7844(96)00020-8","article-title":"The efficacy of individual computer heart rate indices in detecting acidemia at birth in growth-restricted fetuses","volume":"87","author":"Guzman","year":"1996","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2026.04.010_bib73","first-page":"43","article-title":"Antenatal prediction of fetal pH in growth restricted fetuses using computer analysis of the fetal heart rate","volume":"7","author":"Guzman","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Matern Fetal Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2026.04.010_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"980","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.1988.tb06501.x","article-title":"Antenatal fetal heart rate variation in relation to the respiratory and metabolic status of the compromised human fetus","volume":"95","author":"Smith","year":"1988","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2026.04.010_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(91)90277-X","article-title":"Short-term variation in abnormal antenatal fetal heart rate records","volume":"165","author":"Street","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2026.04.010_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2008.01774.x","article-title":"The value of the short-term fetal heart rate variation for timing the delivery of growth-retarded fetuses","volume":"115","author":"Serra","year":"2008","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2026.04.010_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199303113281004","article-title":"Diagnostic value of blood sampling in fetuses with growth retardation","volume":"328","author":"Pardi","year":"1993","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2026.04.010_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(80)90141-6","article-title":"Nonstressed antepartum heart rate monitoring: implications of decelerations after spontaneous contractions","volume":"138","author":"Visser","year":"1980","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2026.04.010_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.01.020","article-title":"The role of the biophysical profile in the management of fetal growth restriction","volume":"226","author":"Baschat","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2026.04.010_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1311","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1516783","article-title":"Antenatal betamethasone for women at risk for late preterm delivery","volume":"374","author":"Gyamfi-Bannerman","year":"2016","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2026.04.010_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2020.100153","article-title":"Antenatal corticosteroids in the late preterm period for growth-restricted pregnancies","volume":"2","author":"Bitar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol MFM"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2026.04.010_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2024.12.018","article-title":"OPtimal TIming of antenatal COrticosteroid administration in pregnancies complicated by early-onset fetal growth REstriction: results of a large multicenter cohort study (the OPTICORE study)","volume":"233","author":"van de Meent","year":"2025","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2026.04.010_bib83","article-title":"OPtimal TIming of antenatal COrticosteroid administration in pregnancies complicated by early-onset fetal growth Restriction remains unclear (Letter-to-the-Editor)","author":"Petrecca","year":"2025","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2026.04.010_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.20354","article-title":"Comparative analysis of 2-year outcomes in GRIT and TRUFFLE trials","volume":"55","author":"Ganzevoort","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2026.04.010_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.18809","article-title":"Prognostic accuracy of cerebroplacental ratio and middle cerebral artery Doppler for adverse perinatal outcome: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"51","author":"Vollgraff Heidweiller-Schreurs","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2026.04.010_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6853","DOI":"10.1080\/14767058.2021.1926977","article-title":"Diagnostic performance of cerebroplacental and umbilicocerebral ratio in appropriate for gestational age and late growth restricted fetuses attempting vaginal delivery: a multicenter, retrospective study","volume":"35","author":"Villalain","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2026.04.010_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1383","DOI":"10.1007\/s00404-021-06268-4","article-title":"Role of umbilicocerebral and cerebroplacental ratios in prediction of perinatal outcome in FGR pregnancies","volume":"305","author":"Coenen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arch Gynecol Obstet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2026.04.010_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.15973","article-title":"Short-term outcome of periviable small-for-gestational-age babies: is our counseling up to date?","volume":"48","author":"Lawin-O'Brien","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2026.04.010_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2024-089628","article-title":"Cook's balloon versus dinoprostone for Labour induction of term pregnancies with fetal GROWth restriction: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial in tertiary maternity hospitals in Spain (COLIGROW study)","volume":"14","author":"Herraiz","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2026.04.010_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1313","DOI":"10.1111\/aogs.14135","article-title":"Maternal and neonatal outcomes of pregnancies complicated by late fetal growth restriction undergoing induction of labor with dinoprostone compared with cervical balloon: a retrospective, international study","volume":"100","author":"Di Mascio","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2026.04.010_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2020.07.020","article-title":"Adverse intrapartum outcome in pregnancies complicated by small for gestational age and late fetal growth restriction undergoing induction of labor with Dinoprostone, Misoprostol or mechanical methods: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"252","author":"Familiari","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0002937826001882?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0002937826001882?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T20:52:26Z","timestamp":1793307146000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0002937826001882"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"references-count":91,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["S0002937826001882"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajog.2026.04.010","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9378"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9378","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Consensus and controversies of international guidelines for the diagnosis, surveillance, and management of fetal growth restriction: an updated comparison","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajog.2026.04.010","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}