{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T20:19:33Z","timestamp":1788466773387,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785456000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000016","name":"U.S. Department of Health and Human Services","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000016","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100020171","name":"UK Government Foreign Commonwealth & Development Office","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100020171","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000071","name":"National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000071","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005974","name":"Population Council Inc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005974","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006180","name":"Technology Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006180","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["ajog.org","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2026.07.032","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T01:05:30Z","timestamp":1786323930000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Nestorone, a potent progestin, exhibits anti-inflammatory activity and prevents preterm birth in murine models of premature labor"],"prefix":"10.1016","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9160-6080","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Narender","family":"Kumar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"Singer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rakhee","family":"Sachdeva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberto","family":"Romero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"George","family":"Creasy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Larisa","family":"Kizima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rada","family":"Norinsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neeharika","family":"Verma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natalia","family":"Teleshova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Sailer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa","family":"Haddad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruth","family":"Merkatz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2026.07.032_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1261","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)00878-4","article-title":"National, regional, and global estimates of preterm birth in 2020, with trends from 2010: a systematic analysis","volume":"402","author":"Ohuma","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2026.07.032_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pediatrneurol.2017.11.002","article-title":"Co-occurrence and severity of neurodevelopmental burden (cognitive impairment, cerebral palsy, autism spectrum disorder, and epilepsy) at age ten years in children born extremely preterm","volume":"79","author":"Hirschberger","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pediatr Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2026.07.032_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1692","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)00354-9","article-title":"Small vulnerable newborns\u2014big potential for impact","volume":"401","author":"Ashorn","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2026.07.032_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1213243","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2023.1213243","article-title":"Beyond survival: the lasting effects of premature birth","volume":"11","author":"Morniroli","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2026.07.032_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1251816","article-title":"Preterm labor: one syndrome, many causes","volume":"345","author":"Romero","year":"2014","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2026.07.032_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1015622","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.1015622","article-title":"Spontaneous preterm birth: involvement of multiple feto-maternal tissues and organ systems, differing mechanisms, and pathways","volume":"13","author":"Vidal","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2026.07.032_bib8","first-page":"1","article-title":"Preterm births: final data for 2016","volume":"67","author":"Martin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Natl Vital Stat Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2026.07.032_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.03.013","article-title":"Vaginal progesterone reduces the risk of preterm birth and adverse perinatal outcomes in singleton gestations with a midtrimester sonographic short cervix (\u226425 mm): an updated individual patient data meta-analysis","volume":"233","author":"Romero","year":"2025","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2026.07.032_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1177\/1933719112446084","article-title":"Physiologic uterine inflammation and labor onset: integration of endocrine and mechanical signals","volume":"20","author":"Shynlova","year":"2013","journal-title":"Reprod Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2026.07.032_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2020.02.005","article-title":"Myometrial activation: novel concepts underlying labor","volume":"92","author":"Shynlova","year":"2020","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2026.07.032_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2019.01.018","article-title":"Progestin therapy to prevent preterm birth: history and effectiveness of current strategies and development of novel approaches","volume":"79","author":"Mesiano","year":"2019","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2026.07.032_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2022.106177","article-title":"Progesterone withdrawal and parturition","volume":"224","author":"Mesiano","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2026.07.032_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00019.2023","article-title":"The hormonal control of parturition","volume":"104","author":"Hamburg-Shields","year":"2024","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2026.07.032_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2400601121","article-title":"Progesterone inactivation in decidual stromal cells: a mechanism for inflammation-induced parturition","volume":"121","author":"DeTomaso","year":"2024","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2026.07.032_bib16","article-title":"Progesterone regulation of cervix ripening in preterm and term birth","author":"Yellon","year":"2025","journal-title":"bioRxiv [Preprint]"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2026.07.032_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"906","DOI":"10.1007\/s43032-026-02108-5","article-title":"The pathophysiology of spontaneous preterm birth: emerging mechanisms reviewed by the preterm birth international collaborative","volume":"33","author":"Mikkelsen","year":"2026","journal-title":"Reprod Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2026.07.032_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jri.2017.12.004","article-title":"Intrauterine inflammatory activation, functional progesterone withdrawal, and the timing of term and preterm birth","volume":"125","author":"Keelan","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Reprod Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2026.07.032_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.3390\/biom12081029","article-title":"Progesterone suppresses uterine contraction by reducing odontogenic Porphyromonas gingivalis induced chronic inflammation in mice","volume":"12","author":"Teraoka","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2026.07.032_bib20","first-page":"e72835","article-title":"Unlocking the cervix: biological mechanisms and research gaps in preterm birth","volume":"16","author":"F\u00e9lix","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2026.07.032_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3690","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11223690","article-title":"Signaling pathways regulating human cervical ripening in preterm and term delivery","volume":"11","author":"Socha","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2026.07.032_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cytogfr.2024.07.007","article-title":"Inflammatory mechanisms of preterm labor and emerging anti-inflammatory interventions","volume":"78","author":"Habelrih","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cytokine Growth Factor Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2026.07.032_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clp.2024.02.006","article-title":"Preventing preterm birth","volume":"51","author":"Habelrih","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin Perinatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2026.07.032_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R11","DOI":"10.1530\/REP-22-0046","article-title":"The immunobiology of preterm labor and birth: intra-amniotic inflammation or breakdown of maternal-fetal homeostasis","volume":"164","author":"Gomez-Lopez","year":"2022","journal-title":"Reproduction"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2026.07.032_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.3390\/children10050907","article-title":"Maternal infection and preterm birth: from molecular basis to clinical implications","volume":"10","author":"Daskalakis","year":"2023","journal-title":"Children"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2026.07.032_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.2147\/IJWH.S394305","article-title":"Challenges in using progestin to prevent singleton preterm births: current knowledge and clinical advice","volume":"16","author":"Nelson","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Women's Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2026.07.032_bib27","first-page":"869","article-title":"Tocolytics for preterm labor: a systematic review","volume":"94","author":"Gyetvai","year":"1999","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2026.07.032_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"b744","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.b744","article-title":"Adverse drug reactions to tocolytic treatment for preterm labour: prospective cohort study","volume":"338","author":"de Heus","year":"2009","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2026.07.032_bib30","series-title":"Covis withdraws Makena from the market","author":"Krewson","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2026.07.032_bib31","series-title":"Updated clinical guidance for the use of progesterone supplementation for the prevention of recurrent preterm birth","author":"Simhan","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2026.07.032_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2023.08.031","article-title":"The end is where we start from: withdrawal of 17-alpha hydroxyprogesterone caproate to prevent recurrent preterm birth","volume":"230","author":"Nelson","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2026.07.032_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132.e131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2024.04.020","article-title":"The dosing regimen for 17-hydroxyprogesterone caproate was suboptimal: lessons for future pharmacotherapy for pregnant women","volume":"232","author":"Caritis","year":"2025","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2026.07.032_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ogx.0000549662.24782.f0","article-title":"Vaginal progesterone is as effective as cervical cerclage to prevent preterm birth in women with a singleton gestation, previous spontaneous preterm birth, and a short cervix: updated indirect comparison meta-analysis","volume":"73","author":"Conde-Agudelo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol Survey"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2026.07.032_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.15953","article-title":"Vaginal progesterone decreases preterm birth \u2264 34 weeks of gestation in women with a singleton pregnancy and a short cervix: an updated meta-analysis including data from the OPPTIMUM study","volume":"48","author":"Romero","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2026.07.032_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1515\/jpm-2022-0462","article-title":"Vaginal progesterone for the prevention of preterm birth: who can benefit and who cannot? Evidence-based recommendations for clinical use","volume":"51","author":"Conde-Agudelo","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Perinat Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2026.07.032_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.siny.2013.10.004","article-title":"Progesterone to prevent spontaneous preterm birth","volume":"19","author":"Romero","year":"2014","journal-title":"Semin Fetal Neonatal Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2026.07.032_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.04.023","article-title":"Does vaginal progesterone prevent recurrent preterm birth in women with a singleton gestation and a history of spontaneous preterm birth? Evidence from a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"227","author":"Conde-Agudelo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2026.07.032_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.24839","article-title":"Vaginal progesterone for the prevention of preterm birth and adverse perinatal outcomes in twin gestations with a short cervix: an updated individual patient data meta-analysis","volume":"59","author":"Romero","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2026.07.032_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2023.07.042","article-title":"Addressing a broken drug pipeline for preterm birth: why early preterm birth is an orphan disease","volume":"229","author":"Baxter","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2026.07.032_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2021.04.021","article-title":"Next generation strategies for preventing preterm birth","volume":"174","author":"Zierden","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv Drug Deliv Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2026.07.032_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2019","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics14102019","article-title":"Vaginal nanoformulations for the management of preterm birth","volume":"14","author":"Mir","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pharmaceutics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2026.07.032_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.133761","article-title":"Computational discovery of therapeutic candidates for preventing preterm birth","volume":"5","author":"Le","year":"2020","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2026.07.032_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2912","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10132912","article-title":"Landscape of preterm birth therapeutics and a path forward","volume":"10","author":"Coler","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2026.07.032_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-023-05842-9","article-title":"New medicines for spontaneous preterm birth prevention and preterm labour management: landscape analysis of the medicine development pipeline","volume":"23","author":"McDougall","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy Childbirth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2026.07.032_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249.e241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2021.08.013","article-title":"The selective progesterone receptor modulator-promegestone-delays term parturition and prevents systemic inflammation-mediated preterm birth in mice","volume":"226","author":"Shynlova","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2026.07.032_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.3390\/cells14040242","article-title":"Promegestone prevents lipopolysaccharide-induced cervical remodeling in pregnant mice","volume":"14","author":"Nadeem","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2026.07.032_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0257847","article-title":"Direct administration of the non-competitive interleukin-1 receptor antagonist rytvela transiently reduced intrauterine inflammation in an extremely preterm sheep model of chorioamnionitis","volume":"16","author":"Takahashi","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2026.07.032_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467.e461","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.10.007","article-title":"Pharmacodynamic characterization of rytvela, a novel allosteric anti-inflammatory therapeutic, to prevent preterm birth and improve fetal and neonatal outcomes","volume":"228","author":"Habelrih","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2026.07.032_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1561","DOI":"10.1177\/1933719115589413","article-title":"Resveratrol protects against pathological preterm birth by suppression of macrophage-mediated inflammation","volume":"22","author":"Furuya","year":"2015","journal-title":"Reprod Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2026.07.032_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1093\/molehr\/gax036","article-title":"Resveratrol protects from lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation in the uterus and prevents experimental preterm birth","volume":"23","author":"Bariani","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol Hum Reprod"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2026.07.032_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2894","DOI":"10.1007\/s43032-022-00924-z","article-title":"N,N-Dimethylformamide delays LPS-induced preterm birth in a murine model by suppressing the inflammatory response","volume":"29","author":"Wei","year":"2022","journal-title":"Reprod Sci"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2026.07.032_bib53","first-page":"S79","article-title":"Preterm birth therapies to target inflammation","volume":"62","author":"Pavlidis","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2026.07.032_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R9","DOI":"10.1530\/REP-22-0226","article-title":"Repurposing existing drugs as a therapeutic approach for the prevention of preterm birth","volume":"165","author":"Arman","year":"2023","journal-title":"Reproduction"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2026.07.032_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1016\/S0039-128X(00)00119-7","article-title":"Nestorone\u00ae: a progestin with a unique pharmacological profile","volume":"65","author":"Kumar","year":"2000","journal-title":"Steroids"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2026.07.032_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2010.06.010","article-title":"Relative progestational and androgenic activity of four progestins used for male hormonal contraception assessed in vitro in relation to their ability to suppress LH secretion in the castrate male rat","volume":"328","author":"Attardi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol Cell Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2026.07.032_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2016-1426","article-title":"Nestorone\u00ae as a novel progestin for nonoral contraception: Structure-activity relationships and brain metabolism studies","volume":"158","author":"Kumar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2026.07.032_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yfrne.2024.101136","article-title":"Nestorone (segesterone acetate) effects on neuroregeneration","volume":"73","author":"Sitruk-Ware","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Neuroendocrinol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2026.07.032_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1054","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(19)30265-7","article-title":"Efficacy of the 1-year (13-cycle) segesterone acetate and ethinylestradiol contraceptive vaginal system: results of two multicentre, open-label, single-arm, phase 3 trials","volume":"7","author":"Archer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2026.07.032_bib60","series-title":"Annovera: segesterone acetate and ethinyl estradiol vaginal system [Full Prescribing Information]","author":"Mayne Pharma","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2026.07.032_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1016\/S0039-128X(03)00140-5","article-title":"Nestorone\u00ae: clinical applications for contraception and HRT","volume":"68","author":"Sitruk-Ware","year":"2003","journal-title":"Steroids"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2026.07.032_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D792","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkp1005","article-title":"PrimerBank: a resource of human and mouse PCR primer pairs for gene expression detection and quantification","volume":"38","author":"Spandidos","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2026.07.032_bib63","first-page":"922","article-title":"Mouse models of preterm birth: suggested assessment and reporting guidelines","volume":"99","author":"McCarthy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biol Reprod"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2026.07.032_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-018-0030-z","article-title":"LPS-induced maternal inflammation promotes fetal leukocyte recruitment and prenatal organ infiltration in mice","volume":"84","author":"Hudalla","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2026.07.032_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e56161","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0056161","article-title":"Progesterone is essential for protecting against LPS-induced pregnancy loss. LIF as a potential mediator of the anti-inflammatory effect of progesterone","volume":"8","author":"Aisemberg","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2026.07.032_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1080\/17425255.2024.2420195","article-title":"Optimizing drug therapy during pregnancy: a spotlight on population pharmacokinetic modeling","volume":"21","author":"Dodeja","year":"2024","journal-title":"Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2026.07.032_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2560","DOI":"10.1007\/s43032-024-01520-z","article-title":"Actively targeted nanomedicines: a new perspective for the treatment of pregnancy-related diseases","volume":"31","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Reprod Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2026.07.032_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110830","DOI":"10.1016\/j.contraception.2025.110830","article-title":"Development of a transdermal gel for reversible male contraception","volume":"145","author":"Sitruk-Ware","year":"2025","journal-title":"Contraception"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2026.07.032_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1203\/PDR.0b013e318163a8b2","article-title":"Maternal endotoxin-induced preterm birth in mice: fetal responses in toll-like receptors, collectins, and cytokines","volume":"63","author":"Salminen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2026.07.032_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1007\/s43032-022-00934-x","article-title":"Interventions for infection and inflammation-induced preterm birth: a preclinical systematic review","volume":"30","author":"Miller","year":"2023","journal-title":"Reprod Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2026.07.032_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2015.09.007","article-title":"The progesterone receptor agonist Nestorone holds back proinflammatory mediators and neuropathology in the wobbler mouse model of motoneuron degeneration","volume":"308","author":"Meyer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2026.07.032_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2025.110411","article-title":"Effects of nestorone, a progesterone receptor agonist, on neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury and reproductive functions in male and female rats","volume":"271","author":"Tanaka","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0002937826003996?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0002937826003996?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T19:55:31Z","timestamp":1788465331000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0002937826003996"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"references-count":70,"alternative-id":["S0002937826003996"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajog.2026.07.032","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9378"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9378","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Nestorone, a potent progestin, exhibits anti-inflammatory activity and prevents preterm birth in murine models of premature labor","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajog.2026.07.032","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}