{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T23:39:49Z","timestamp":1793144389833,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,1]],"date-time":"2020-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1596240000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,1]],"date-time":"2020-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1596240000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004325","name":"AstraZeneca","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004325","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004191","name":"Novo Nordisk","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004191","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["ajogmfm.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology MFM"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,8]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2020.100139","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,16]],"date-time":"2020-05-16T12:41:57Z","timestamp":1589632917000},"page":"100139","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["A randomized trial of dapagliflozin and metformin, alone and combined, in overweight women after gestational diabetes mellitus"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"2","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3577-4009","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karen E.","family":"Elkind-Hirsch","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ericka","family":"Seidemann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Renee","family":"Harris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"5 Suppl 2","key":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2020.100139_bib1","first-page":"1674S","article-title":"Gestational diabetes and insulin resistance: role in short- and long-term implications for mother and fetus","volume":"133","author":"Catalano","year":"2003","journal-title":"J\u00a0Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2020.100139_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(96)90405-5","article-title":"Long-term diabetogenic effect of single pregnancy in women with previous gestational diabetes mellitus","volume":"347","author":"Peters","year":"1996","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2020.100139_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(11)90676-0","article-title":"Gestational diabetes mellitus: the prevalence of glucose intolerance and diabetes mellitus in the first two months postpartum","volume":"163","author":"Kjos","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2020.100139_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1998","DOI":"10.2337\/dc14-0087","article-title":"Cardiometabolic implications of postpartum weight changes in the first year after delivery","volume":"37","author":"Kew","year":"2014","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2020.100139_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1560","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.20722","article-title":"Prepregnancy body mass index and weight change on postpartum diabetes risk among gestational diabetes women","volume":"22","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Obesity (Silver Spring)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2020.100139_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.2147\/IJWH.S13333","article-title":"Gestational diabetes: risks, management, and treatment options","volume":"2","author":"Kim","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Womens Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2020.100139_bib7","first-page":"23","article-title":"Postpartum metabolic profiles in women with prior gestational diabetes mellitus: variations by race","volume":"7","author":"Elkind-Hirsch","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr Trends Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2020.100139_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-0500-2-161","article-title":"Barriers to adopting a healthy lifestyle: insight from postpartum women","volume":"2","author":"Carter-Edwards","year":"2009","journal-title":"BMC Res Notes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2020.100139_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S44","DOI":"10.2337\/dc17-S008","article-title":"American Diabetes Association. 5. Prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes","volume":"40","year":"2017","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2020.100139_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa012512","article-title":"Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin","volume":"346","author":"Knowler","year":"2002","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2020.100139_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2796","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.51.9.2796","article-title":"Preservation of pancreatic beta-cell function and prevention of type 2 diabetes by pharmacological treatment of insulin resistance in high-risk Hispanic women","volume":"51","author":"Buchanan","year":"2002","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2020.100139_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4774","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2008-0772","article-title":"Prevention of diabetes in women with a history of gestational diabetes: effects of metformin and lifestyle interventions","volume":"93","author":"Ratner","year":"2008","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2020.100139_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1272","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2009.87","article-title":"Renal sodium-glucose transport: role in diabetes mellitus and potential clinical implications","volume":"75","author":"Bakris","year":"2009","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2020.100139_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd3180","article-title":"SGLT2 inhibition\u2014a novel strategy for diabetes treatment","volume":"9","author":"Chao","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat Rev Drug Discov"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2020.100139_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.2337\/diaclin.30.4.151","article-title":"The role of the kidney and sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibition in diabetes management","volume":"30","author":"Valentine","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Diabetes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2020.100139_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1185\/03007990802710422","article-title":"From victim to ally: the kidney as an emerging target for the treatment of diabetes mellitus","volume":"25","author":"Bays","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr Med Res Opin"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2020.100139_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.12188","article-title":"Empagliflozin improves glycaemic and weight control as add-on therapy to pioglitazone or pioglitazone plus metformin in patients with type 2 diabetes: a 24-week, randomized, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"16","author":"Kovacs","year":"2014","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2020.100139_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1186\/s13098-018-0313-x","article-title":"Dapagliflozin improves treatment satisfaction in overweight patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a patient reported outcome study (PRO study)","volume":"10","author":"Nakajima","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabetol Metab Syndr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2020.100139_bib19","first-page":"45","article-title":"Combination therapy with an SGLT2 inhibitor as initial treatment for type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"8","author":"Milder","year":"2019","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2020.100139_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.12239","article-title":"Dapagliflozin compared with other oral anti-diabetes treatments when added to metformin monotherapy: a systematic review and network meta-analysis","volume":"16","author":"Goring","year":"2014","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2020.100139_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1020","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2011-2260","article-title":"Effects of dapagliflozin on body weight, total fat mass, and regional adipose tissue distribution in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus with inadequate glycemic control on metformin","volume":"97","author":"Bolinder","year":"2012","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2020.100139_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.12263","article-title":"Changes in weight loss-related quality of life among type 2 diabetes mellitus patients treated with dapagliflozin","volume":"16","author":"Grandy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2020.100139_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2011.09.009","article-title":"The association between triglyceride to high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol ratio and insulin resistance in a multiethnic primary prevention cohort","volume":"61","author":"Gasevic","year":"2012","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2020.100139_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.313.7056.559d","article-title":"Ratio of waist circumference to height is strong predictor of intra-abdominal fat","volume":"313","author":"Ashwell","year":"1996","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2020.100139_bib25","first-page":"S13","article-title":"American Diabetes Association. 2. Classification and diagnosis of diabetes: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes-2018","volume":"41","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2020.100139_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2670","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2008-0115","article-title":"Comparison of single and combined treatment with exenatide and metformin on menstrual cyclicity in overweight women with polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"93","author":"Elkind-Hirsch","year":"2008","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2020.100139_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.3904\/kjim.2015.075","article-title":"Association between blood glucose level derived using the oral glucose tolerance test and glycated hemoglobin level","volume":"31","author":"Kim","year":"2016","journal-title":"Korean J Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2020.100139_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00280883","article-title":"Homeostasis model assessment: insulin resistance and beta-cell function from fasting plasma glucose and insulin concentrations in man","volume":"28","author":"Matthews","year":"1985","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2020.100139_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1462","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.22.9.1462","article-title":"Insulin sensitivity indices obtained from oral glucose tolerance testing: comparison with the euglycemic insulin clamp","volume":"22","author":"Matsuda","year":"1999","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"9 Suppl 6","key":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2020.100139_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S109","DOI":"10.1002\/dme.1996.13.s6.109","article-title":"Insulin response to oral glucose load is consistently decreased in established non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: the usefulness of decreased early insulin response as a predictor of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus","volume":"13","author":"Kosaka","year":"1996","journal-title":"Diabet Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2020.100139_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a010187","article-title":"Evaluation of simple indices of insulin sensitivity and insulin secretion for use in epidemiologic studies","volume":"151","author":"Hanson","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2020.100139_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-002-1009-0","article-title":"The relative contributions of insulin resistance and beta-cell dysfunction to the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes","volume":"46","author":"Kahn","year":"2003","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2020.100139_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-156-6-201203200-00003","article-title":"Long-term efficacy of dapagliflozin in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus receiving high doses of insulin: a randomized trial","volume":"156","author":"Wilding","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2020.100139_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2006.11.133","article-title":"Comparison of two doses of metformin (2.5 and 1.5 g\/day) for the treatment of polycystic ovary syndrome and their effect on body mass index and waist circumference","volume":"88","author":"Bruno","year":"2007","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2020.100139_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"920","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.19.9.920","article-title":"The effect of metformin on the metabolic abnormalities associated with upper-body fat distribution. BIGPRO Study Group","volume":"19","author":"Fontbonne","year":"1996","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2020.100139_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2006.00966.x","article-title":"The effect of metformin on fat distribution and the metabolic syndrome in women with polycystic ovary syndrome\u2014a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"113","author":"Lord","year":"2006","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2020.100139_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1335","DOI":"10.2147\/DDDT.S50773","article-title":"Update on developments with SGLT2 inhibitors in the management of type 2 diabetes","volume":"8","author":"Nauck","year":"2014","journal-title":"Drug Des Devel Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2020.100139_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1177\/1479164114559852","article-title":"SGLT-2 inhibitors and cardiovascular risk: proposed pathways and review of ongoing outcome trials","volume":"12","author":"Inzucchi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Diab Vasc Dis Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2020.100139_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2840-7-4","article-title":"Does the association of the triglyceride to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio with fasting serum insulin differ by race\/ethnicity?","volume":"7","author":"Li","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2020.100139_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1294","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-73-6-1294","article-title":"Mechanism of metformin action in obese and lean noninsulin-dependent diabetic subjects","volume":"73","author":"DeFronzo","year":"1991","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2020.100139_bib41","first-page":"524","article-title":"Effects of metformin on insulin secretion, insulin action, and ovarian steroidogenesis in women with polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"82","author":"Ehrmann","year":"1997","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2020.100139_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1018","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.1999.01006.x","article-title":"The ratio of aspartate aminotransferase to alanine aminotransferase: potential value in differentiating nonalcoholic steatohepatitis from alcoholic liver disease","volume":"94","author":"Sorbi","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2020.100139_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2651","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2018-00306","article-title":"Changes over time in hepatic markers predict changes in insulin sensitivity, \u03b2-cell function, and glycemia","volume":"103","author":"Pinnaduwage","year":"2018","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2020.100139_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1798","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.20223","article-title":"Abdominal visceral fat measurement using dual-energy X-ray: association with cardiometabolic risk factors","volume":"21","author":"Rothney","year":"2013","journal-title":"Obesity (Silver Spring)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2020.100139_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdiacomp.2013.05.004","article-title":"Urinary tract infections in patients with diabetes treated with dapagliflozin","volume":"27","author":"Johnsson","year":"2013","journal-title":"J\u00a0Diabetes Complications"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology MFM"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2589933320300835?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2589933320300835?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,11]],"date-time":"2025-11-11T23:47:05Z","timestamp":1762904825000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2589933320300835"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,8]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,8]]}},"alternative-id":["S2589933320300835"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2020.100139","relation":{},"ISSN":["2589-9333"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2589-9333","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"A randomized trial of dapagliflozin and metformin, alone and combined, in overweight women after gestational diabetes mellitus","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology MFM","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2020.100139","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"100139"}}