{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T22:18:14Z","timestamp":1788905894458,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,1]],"date-time":"2020-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1596240000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,1]],"date-time":"2020-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1596240000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,22]],"date-time":"2020-06-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1592784000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["ajogmfm.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology MFM"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,8]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2020.100163","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,23]],"date-time":"2020-06-23T03:32:12Z","timestamp":1592883132000},"page":"100163","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Asymptomatic vaginal Candida colonization and adverse pregnancy outcomes including preterm birth: a systematic review and meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"2","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2230-0261","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Heleen J.","family":"Schuster","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bastienne A.","family":"de Jonghe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacqueline","family":"Limpens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andries E.","family":"Budding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebecca C.","family":"Painter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2020.100163_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e98","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(15)00275-2","article-title":"National, regional, and worldwide estimates of stillbirth rates in 2015, with trends from 2000: a systematic analysis","volume":"4","author":"Blencowe","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2020.100163_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)61698-6","article-title":"Global, regional, and national causes of child mortality in 2000\u201313, with projections to inform post-2015 priorities: an updated systematic analysis","volume":"385","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2020.100163_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R151","DOI":"10.1530\/REP-13-0232","article-title":"Influence of infection during pregnancy on fetal development","volume":"146","author":"Adams Waldorf","year":"2013","journal-title":"Reproduction"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2020.100163_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)60074-4","article-title":"Epidemiology and causes of preterm birth","volume":"371","author":"Goldenberg","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2020.100163_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0000000000000134","article-title":"Trichomonas vaginalis as a cause of perinatal morbidity: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"41","author":"Silver","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2020.100163_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apjr.2015.07.010","article-title":"Is abnormal vaginal microflora a risk factor for intrauterine fetal growth restriction?","volume":"4","author":"Vedmedovska","year":"2015","journal-title":"Asian Pac J Reprod"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2020.100163_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0000000000000592","article-title":"Adverse birth outcomes and maternal Neisseria gonorrhoeae infection: a population-based cohort study in Washington State","volume":"44","author":"Heumann","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2020.100163_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1251816","article-title":"Preterm labor: one syndrome, many causes","volume":"345","author":"Romero","year":"2014","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2020.100163_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.2002.004077","article-title":"Sexually transmitted infections in pregnancy: prevalence, impact on pregnancy outcomes, and approach to treatment in developing countries","volume":"81","author":"Mullick","year":"2005","journal-title":"Sex Transm Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2020.100163_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"594.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2019.01.237","article-title":"Vaginal ureaplasma parvum serovars and spontaneous preterm birth","volume":"220","author":"Rittenschober-B\u00f6hm","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2020.100163_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199803053381006","article-title":"Premature rupture of the fetal membranes","volume":"338","author":"Parry","year":"1998","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2020.100163_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.12891\/ceog3295.2017","article-title":"Pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokine profiles in fetal growth restriction","volume":"44","author":"Al-Azemi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Exp Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2020.100163_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1600-0412.2003.00259.x","article-title":"Inflammatory cytokines in intrauterine growth retardation","volume":"82","author":"Bartha","year":"2003","journal-title":"Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2020.100163_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6512","DOI":"10.12659\/MSM.917397","article-title":"Maternal serum and fetal cord blood C-reactive protein levels but not procalcitonin levels are increased in idiopathic intrauterine growth restriction","volume":"25","author":"Karl\u0131","year":"2019","journal-title":"Med Sci Monit"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2020.100163_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1080\/14767050701482993","article-title":"Maternal serum soluble CD30 is increased in normal pregnancy, but decreased in preeclampsia and small for gestational age pregnancies","volume":"20","author":"Kusanovic","year":"2007","journal-title":"J\u00a0Matern Fetal Neonatal Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2020.100163_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.3109\/14767050903216033","article-title":"Leukocytes of pregnant women with small-for-gestational age neonates have a different phenotypic and metabolic activity from those of women with preeclampsia","volume":"23","author":"Ogg\u00e9","year":"2010","journal-title":"J\u00a0Matern Fetal Neonatal Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2020.100163_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1961","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)60917-9","article-title":"Vulvovaginal candidosis","volume":"369","author":"Sobel","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2020.100163_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-015-0018-2","article-title":"Treatment of vaginal candidiasis for the prevention of preterm birth: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"4","author":"Roberts","year":"2015","journal-title":"Syst Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2020.100163_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(98)80028-8","article-title":"Epidemiology and outcomes associated with moderate to heavy Candida colonization during pregnancy. Vaginal Infections and Prematurity Study Group","volume":"178","author":"Cotch","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2020.100163_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"b2700","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.b2700","article-title":"The PRISMA statement for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analyses of studies that evaluate healthcare interventions: explanation and elaboration","volume":"339","author":"Liberati","year":"2009","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2020.100163_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2008","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.283.15.2008","article-title":"Meta-analysis of observational studies in epidemiology: a proposal for reporting. Meta-analysis Of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (MOOSE) group","volume":"283","author":"Stroup","year":"2000","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2020.100163_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000001195","article-title":"A\u00a0core outcome set for evaluation of interventions to prevent preterm birth","volume":"127","author":"van \u02bct Hooft","year":"2016","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2020.100163_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1481","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.14694","article-title":"Core outcome sets in women\u2019s and newborn health: a systematic review","volume":"124","author":"Duffy","year":"2017","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2020.100163_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.2004.023465","article-title":"Terms in reproductive and perinatal epidemiology: 2. Perinatal terms","volume":"59","author":"Nguyen","year":"2005","journal-title":"J\u00a0Epidemiol Commun Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2020.100163_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-016-0384-4","article-title":"Rayyan-a web and mobile app for systematic reviews","volume":"5","author":"Ouzzani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Syst Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2020.100163_bib27","series-title":"Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions - version 5.1.0","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2020.100163_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(84)90392-2","article-title":"Risk factors for prematurity and premature rupture of membranes: a prospective study of the vaginal flora in pregnancy","volume":"150","author":"Minkoff","year":"1984","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2020.100163_bib29","first-page":"1247","article-title":"The John Hopkins Study of Cervicitis and Adverse Pregnancy Outcome","volume":"129","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2020.100163_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1465","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(90)90607-9","article-title":"Antenatal microbiologic and maternal risk factors associated with prematurity","volume":"163","author":"McGregor","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2020.100163_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2162","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.32.9.2162-2168.1994","article-title":"Genital flora in pregnancy and its association with intrauterine growth retardation","volume":"32","author":"Germain","year":"1994","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2020.100163_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(95)91360-2","article-title":"The preterm prediction study: significance of vaginal infections. National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Maternal-Fetal Medicine Units Network","volume":"173","author":"Meis","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2020.100163_bib33","first-page":"203","article-title":"Cervicovaginal infection as a risk factor for premature labor [Article in Spanish]","volume":"70","author":"Beltr\u00e1n Montoya","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ginecol Obstet Mex"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2020.100163_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pog.2011.07.001","article-title":"Utility of vaginal pH determination in the diagnosis of vulvovaginitis and its association with obstetric pathology","volume":"54","author":"Garay","year":"2011","journal-title":"Prog Obstet Ginecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2020.100163_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1111\/aogs.12697","article-title":"Effect of asymptomatic vaginal colonization with Candida albicans on pregnancy outcome","volume":"94","author":"Farr","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2020.100163_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-016-1110-x","article-title":"Ureaplasma parvum genotype, combined vaginal colonisation with Candida albicans, and spontaneous preterm birth in an Australian cohort of pregnant women","volume":"16","author":"Payne","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Preg Childbirth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2020.100163_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1515\/jpm-2015-0004","article-title":"Predictive factors for preterm delivery under rural conditions in post-tsunami Banda Aceh","volume":"44","author":"Schwab","year":"2016","journal-title":"J\u00a0Perinat Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2020.100163_bib38","first-page":"165","article-title":"Risk factors for preterm birth and low birth weight Among pregnant Indian women: A hospital-based prospective study","volume":"49","author":"Tellapragada","year":"2016","journal-title":"J\u00a0Prev Med Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2020.100163_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2016.06.003","article-title":"Screening of vulvovaginal infections during pregnancy in resource constrained settings: implications on preterm delivery","volume":"10","author":"Tellapragada","year":"2017","journal-title":"J\u00a0Infect Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2020.100163_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3612","DOI":"10.1080\/14767058.2018.1469125","article-title":"Longitudinal trajectory of vulvovaginal candidiasis, trichomoniasis, and bacterial vaginosis during pregnancy as well as the impact on pregnancy outcomes: a preliminary study","volume":"32","author":"Hu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J\u00a0Matern Fetal Neonatal Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2020.100163_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2018-053597","article-title":"Sexually transmitted infections during pregnancy and subsequent risk of stillbirth and infant mortality in Kenya: a prospective study","volume":"95","author":"Warr","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sex Transm Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2020.100163_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1007\/s13224-019-01287-3","article-title":"Multimodality screening for lower genital tract infections between 18 and 24 weeks of pregnancy and its efficacy in predicting spontaneous preterm delivery","volume":"70","author":"Poojari","year":"2020","journal-title":"J\u00a0Obstet Gynaecol India"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2020.100163_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.1992.tb14497.x","article-title":"Prenatal microbiological risk factors associated with preterm birth","volume":"99","author":"McDonald","year":"1992","journal-title":"Br J Obstet Gynaecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2020.100163_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.38169.519653.EB","article-title":"Prospective randomised controlled trial of an infection screening programme to reduce the rate of preterm delivery","volume":"329","author":"Kiss","year":"2004","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2020.100163_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2393-11-18","article-title":"Treatment of asymptomatic vaginal candidiasis in pregnancy to prevent preterm birth: an open-label pilot randomized controlled trial","volume":"11","author":"Roberts","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMC Preg Childbirth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2020.100163_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1097\/00001648-199603000-00013","article-title":"Risk factors for vulvovaginal candidiasis: a case-control study among university students","volume":"7","author":"Geiger","year":"1996","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2020.100163_bib47","first-page":"433","article-title":"Ethnic and racial disparities in the risk of preterm birth: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"30","author":"Schaaf","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Perinatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2020.100163_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5178","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01244-13","article-title":"Clotrimazole dampens vaginal inflammation and neutrophil infiltration in response to Candida albicans infection","volume":"57","author":"Wilson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2020.100163_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2155","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.43.5.2155-2162.2005","article-title":"Antifungal susceptibilities of Candida species causing vulvovaginitis and epidemiology of recurrent cases","volume":"43","author":"Richter","year":"2005","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2020.100163_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/civ933","article-title":"Clinical practice guideline for the management of candidiasis: 2016 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America","volume":"62","author":"Pappas","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology MFM"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2589933320301075?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2589933320301075?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,11]],"date-time":"2025-11-11T23:45:47Z","timestamp":1762904747000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2589933320301075"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,8]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,8]]}},"alternative-id":["S2589933320301075"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2020.100163","relation":{},"ISSN":["2589-9333"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2589-9333","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Asymptomatic vaginal Candida colonization and adverse pregnancy outcomes including preterm birth: a systematic review and meta-analysis","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology MFM","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2020.100163","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"100163"}}