{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T01:39:07Z","timestamp":1793065147042,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,1]],"date-time":"2020-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1604188800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,1]],"date-time":"2020-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1604188800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000016","name":"U.S. Department of Health and Human Services","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000016","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["ajogmfm.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["American Journal of Obstetrics &amp; Gynecology MFM"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,11]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2020.100222","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,12]],"date-time":"2020-09-12T11:32:01Z","timestamp":1599910321000},"page":"100222","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Maternal perceived discrimination and association with gestational diabetes"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"Caitlin","family":"MacGregor","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexa","family":"Freedman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lauren","family":"Keenan-Devlin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William","family":"Grobman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pathik","family":"Wadhwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyagriv N.","family":"Simhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudia","family":"Buss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ann","family":"Borders","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2020.100222_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1379","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0b013e31823974e2","article-title":"Gestational diabetes mellitus","volume":"118","author":"Landon","year":"2011","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2020.100222_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1097\/01.AOG.0000433006.09219.f1","article-title":"Practice Bulletin no. 137: gestational diabetes mellitus","volume":"122","year":"2013","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2020.100222_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2477","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa042973","article-title":"Effect of treatment of gestational diabetes mellitus on pregnancy outcomes","volume":"352","author":"Crowther","year":"2005","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2020.100222_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3016.2010.01140.x","article-title":"Disparities in the risk of gestational diabetes by race-ethnicity and country of birth","volume":"24","author":"Hedderson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2020.100222_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2288","DOI":"10.2337\/dc08-1038","article-title":"Sociodemographic correlates of the increasing trend in prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus in a large population of women between 1995 and 2005","volume":"31","author":"Anna","year":"2008","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2020.100222_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1276","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.20156","article-title":"Modeling the potential public health impact of prepregnancy obesity on adverse fetal and infant outcomes","volume":"21","author":"Honein","year":"2013","journal-title":"Obesity (Silver Spring)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2020.100222_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1111\/jmwh.12490","article-title":"Racial discrimination and adverse birth outcomes: an integrative review","volume":"61","author":"Alhusen","year":"2016","journal-title":"J\u00a0Midwifery Womens Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2020.100222_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1007\/s12160-012-9404-3","article-title":"Maternal experiences with everyday discrimination and infant birth weight: a test of mediators and moderators among young, urban women of color","volume":"45","author":"Earnshaw","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann Behav Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2020.100222_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3016.2011.01221.x","article-title":"Stressful events, smoking exposure and other maternal risk factors associated with gestational diabetes mellitus","volume":"25","author":"Hosler","year":"2011","journal-title":"Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2020.100222_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2125","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.94.12.2125","article-title":"Self-reported experiences of racial discrimination and black-white differences in preterm and low-birthweight deliveries: the CARDIA study","volume":"94","author":"Mustillo","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2020.100222_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1678","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2009.76","article-title":"Stress-related development of obesity and cortisol in women","volume":"17","author":"Vicennati","year":"2009","journal-title":"Obesity (Silver Spring)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2020.100222_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2007.04.011","article-title":"Stress, eating and the reward system","volume":"91","author":"Adam","year":"2007","journal-title":"Physiol Behav"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2020.100222_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1177\/2156869311433067","article-title":"Investigating the relationship between perceived discrimination, social status, and mental health","volume":"2","author":"Lee","year":"2012","journal-title":"Soc Ment Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2020.100222_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2014.03.017","article-title":"Can differences in obstetric outcomes be explained by differences in the care provided? The MFMU Network APEX study","volume":"211","author":"Grobman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2020.100222_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2016.09.024","article-title":"Perceived discrimination and privilege in health care: the role of socioeconomic status and race","volume":"52","author":"Stepanikova","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Prev Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2020.100222_bib16","first-page":"139","article-title":"Low socioeconomic status as a risk factor for gestational diabetes","volume":"28","author":"Bo","year":"2002","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2020.100222_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2017.04.018","article-title":"Mothers\u2019 childhood hardship forecasts adverse pregnancy outcomes: role of inflammatory, lifestyle, and psychosocial pathways","volume":"65","author":"Miller","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2020.100222_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1177\/135910539700200305","article-title":"Racial differences in physical and mental health: socio-economic status, stress and discrimination","volume":"2","author":"Williams","year":"1997","journal-title":"J\u00a0Health Psychol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2020.100222_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1576","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2005.03.006","article-title":"Experiences of discrimination: validity and reliability of a self-report measure for population health research on racism and health","volume":"61","author":"Krieger","year":"2005","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2020.100222_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327558ijbm1102_4","article-title":"Validation of the Detroit area study discrimination scale in a community sample of older African American adults: the Pittsburgh healthy heart project","volume":"11","author":"Taylor","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int J Behav Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2020.100222_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1037\/a0031034","article-title":"Mediation analysis allowing for exposure-mediator interactions and causal interpretation: theoretical assumptions and implementation with SAS and SPSS macros","volume":"18","author":"Valeri","year":"2013","journal-title":"Psychol Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2020.100222_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1007\/s12026-014-8517-0","article-title":"Effects of stress on immune function: the good, the bad, and the beautiful","volume":"58","author":"Dhabhar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Immunol Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2020.100222_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2015.13","article-title":"Epigenomics, gestational programming and risk of metabolic syndrome","volume":"39","author":"Desai","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Obes (Lond)"},{"issue":"Suppl5","key":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2020.100222_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1256S","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/71.5.1256s","article-title":"Carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in pregnancy: normal compared with gestational diabetes mellitus","volume":"71","author":"Butte","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2020.100222_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1097\/00003081-200003000-00009","article-title":"Physiologic and molecular alterations in carbohydrate metabolism during pregnancy and gestational diabetes mellitus","volume":"43","author":"Yamashita","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2020.100222_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1080\/19485565.2017.1353406","article-title":"Association between discrimination and obesity in African-American men","volume":"63","author":"Thorpe","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biodemography Soc Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2020.100222_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.12343","article-title":"Obesity and discrimination - a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies","volume":"17","author":"Spahlholz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Obes Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2020.100222_bib29","first-page":"447","article-title":"Relationship of internalized racism to abdominal obesity and blood pressure in Afro-Caribbean women","volume":"91","author":"Tull","year":"1999","journal-title":"J\u00a0Natl Med Assoc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2020.100222_bib30","first-page":"1594","article-title":"The relationship of internalized racism to body fat distribution and insulin resistance among African adolescent youth","volume":"96","author":"Chambers","year":"2004","journal-title":"J\u00a0Natl Med Assoc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2020.100222_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2007.114025","article-title":"Disentangling the effects of racial and weight discrimination on body mass index and obesity among Asian Americans","volume":"98","author":"Gee","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2020.100222_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1303","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.21075","article-title":"Food insecurity during pregnancy leads to stress, disordered eating, and greater postpartum weight among overweight women","volume":"23","author":"Laraia","year":"2015","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2020.100222_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jand.2017.01.016","article-title":"Racial or ethnic and socioeconomic inequalities in adherence to national dietary guidance in a large cohort of US pregnant women","volume":"117","author":"Bodnar","year":"2017","journal-title":"J\u00a0Acad Nutr Diet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2020.100222_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1016\/S0033-3549(04)50068-7","article-title":"Racial residential segregation: a fundamental cause of racial disparities in health","volume":"116","author":"Williams","year":"2001","journal-title":"Public Health Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2020.100222_bib35","first-page":"758","article-title":"Perceived and objectively-measured neighborhood violence and adolescent psychological distress","volume":"93","author":"Goldman-Mellor","year":"2016","journal-title":"J\u00a0Urban Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2020.100222_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000001824","article-title":"Group prenatal care compared with traditional prenatal care: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"129","author":"Ickovics","year":"2017","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2020.100222_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1037\/ccp0000191","article-title":"Depressive symptoms and gestational length among pregnant adolescents: cluster randomized control trial of CenteringPregnancy\u00ae plus group prenatal care","volume":"85","author":"Felder","year":"2017","journal-title":"J\u00a0Consult Clin Psychol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2020.100222_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2012.01.040","article-title":"The effect of CenteringPregnancy group prenatal care\u00a0on preterm birth in a low-income population","volume":"206","author":"Picklesimer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2020.100222_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2007.131425","article-title":"Reducing psychosocial and behavioral pregnancy risk factors: results of a randomized clinical trial among high-risk pregnant African American women","volume":"99","author":"Joseph","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Obstetrics &amp; Gynecology MFM"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2589933320301907?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2589933320301907?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,11]],"date-time":"2025-11-11T23:46:21Z","timestamp":1762904781000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2589933320301907"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,11]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,11]]}},"alternative-id":["S2589933320301907"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2020.100222","relation":{},"ISSN":["2589-9333"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2589-9333","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Maternal perceived discrimination and association with gestational diabetes","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology MFM","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2020.100222","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"100222"}}