{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T19:39:28Z","timestamp":1792179568170,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]],"date-time":"2023-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685577600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]],"date-time":"2023-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685577600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,14]],"date-time":"2023-03-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1678752000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000056","name":"National Institute of Nursing Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NR017020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NR017020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000056","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["ajogmfm.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology MFM"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2023.100916","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,9]],"date-time":"2023-03-09T21:09:43Z","timestamp":1678396183000},"page":"100916","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Neighborhood disinvestment and severe maternal morbidity in the state of California"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"5","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9795-9338","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mahasin S.","family":"Mujahid","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Wall-Wieler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elleni M.","family":"Hailu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachel L.","family":"Berkowitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xing","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Colleen M.","family":"Morris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"Abrams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Audrey","family":"Lyndon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suzan L.","family":"Carmichael","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2023.100916_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0b013e31826d60c5","article-title":"Severe maternal morbidity among delivery and postpartum hospitalizations in the United States","volume":"120","author":"Callaghan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2023.100916_bib0002","series-title":"Severe maternal morbidity in the United States","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2023.100916_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2013.11.039","article-title":"Racial and ethnic disparities in severe maternal morbidity: a multistate analysis, 2008-2010","volume":"210","author":"Creanga","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2023.100916_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2019.02.007","article-title":"Racial and ethnic disparities in severe maternal morbidity prevalence and trends","volume":"33","author":"Leonard","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2023.100916_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1158","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000002937","article-title":"Racial and ethnic disparities in the incidence of severe maternal morbidity in the United States, 2012-2015","volume":"132","author":"Admon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2023.100916_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1053\/j.semperi.2017.04.001","article-title":"Epidemiology of racial\/ethnic disparities in severe maternal morbidity and mortality","volume":"41","author":"Holdt Somer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Semin Perinatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2023.100916_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1111\/ppe.12011","article-title":"Population-based study of risk factors for severe maternal morbidity","volume":"26","author":"Gray","year":"2012","journal-title":"Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2023.100916_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1089\/jwh.2013.4617","article-title":"Maternal mortality and morbidity in the United States: where are we now?","volume":"23","author":"Creanga","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Womens Health (Larchmt)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2023.100916_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1097\/01.AOG.0000443278.06393.d6","article-title":"ACOG Committee Opinion No. 586: health disparities in rural women","volume":"123","year":"2014","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2023.100916_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2017.8390","article-title":"Why is US maternal mortality rising?","volume":"318","author":"Carroll","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2023.100916_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"B44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.04.001","article-title":"Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine Consult Series #62: best practices in equitable care delivery-addressing systemic racism and other social determinants of health as causes of obstetrical disparities","volume":"227","author":"Greenberg","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2023.100916_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"896","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000003762","article-title":"Social determinants of pregnancy-related mortality and morbidity in the United States: a systematic review","volume":"135","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2023.100916_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2014.06.043","article-title":"Geographic variation of reproductive health indicators and outcomes in the United States: place matters","volume":"211","author":"Callaghan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2023.100916_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1177\/003335490812300507","article-title":"Place matters: variation in the black\/white very preterm birth rate across U.S. metropolitan areas, 2002-2004","volume":"123","author":"Kramer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Public Health Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2023.100916_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gheart.2016.08.002","article-title":"The impact of neighborhoods on CV risk","volume":"11","author":"Diez Roux","year":"2016","journal-title":"Glob Heart"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2023.100916_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthplace.2009.09.008","article-title":"The built environment and obesity: a systematic review of the epidemiologic evidence","volume":"16","author":"Feng","year":"2010","journal-title":"Health Place"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2023.100916_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1753-4887.2007.00001.x","article-title":"Neighborhoods and obesity","volume":"66","author":"Black","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nutr Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2023.100916_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1095","DOI":"10.1007\/s10995-013-1339-1","article-title":"Neighborhood socioeconomic disadvantage and gestational weight gain and loss","volume":"18","author":"Mendez","year":"2014","journal-title":"Matern Child Health J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2023.100916_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthplace.2018.05.007","article-title":"Associations between cumulative neighborhood deprivation, long-term mobility trajectories, and gestational weight gain","volume":"52","author":"Headen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Health Place"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2023.100916_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.22356","article-title":"Neighborhood typology and cardiometabolic pregnancy outcomes in the maternal adiposity metabolism and stress study","volume":"27","author":"Headen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Obesity (Silver Spring)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2023.100916_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1007\/s11524-007-9217-z","article-title":"Neighborhood factors associated with physical activity and adequacy of weight gain during pregnancy","volume":"84","author":"Laraia","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Urban Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2023.100916_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthplace.2014.04.009","article-title":"Neighborhood characteristics and leukocyte telomere length: the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis","volume":"28","author":"Needham","year":"2014","journal-title":"Health Place"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2023.100916_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1092","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph15061092","article-title":"Neighborhood socioeconomic deprivation and allostatic load: a scoping review","volume":"15","author":"Ribeiro","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2023.100916_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.1007\/s11524-016-0085-2","article-title":"Neighborhood socioeconomic status and primary health care: usual points of access and temporal trends in a major US urban area","volume":"93","author":"Hussein","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Urban Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2023.100916_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2019.00735","article-title":"Neighborhood racial and economic polarization, hospital of delivery, and severe maternal morbidity","volume":"39","author":"Janevic","year":"2020","journal-title":"Health Aff (Millwood)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2023.100916_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1053\/j.semperi.2017.04.002","article-title":"Improving hospital quality to reduce disparities in severe maternal morbidity and mortality","volume":"41","author":"Howell","year":"2017","journal-title":"Semin Perinatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2023.100916_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1007\/s10995-018-2596-9","article-title":"Patient-, hospital-, and neighborhood-level factors associated with severe maternal morbidity during childbirth: a cross-sectional study in New York State 2013-2014","volume":"23","author":"Guglielminotti","year":"2019","journal-title":"Matern Child Health J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2023.100916_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1007\/s10995-018-2682-z","article-title":"Determinants of severe maternal morbidity and its racial\/ethnic disparities in New York City, 2008-2012","volume":"23","author":"Howland","year":"2019","journal-title":"Matern Child Health J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2023.100916_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1038\/s41372-018-0096-9","article-title":"Severe maternal morbidity and related hospital quality measures in Maryland","volume":"38","author":"Reid","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Perinatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2023.100916_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1100","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.92.7.1100","article-title":"ZIP code caveat: bias due to spatiotemporal mismatches between ZIP codes and US census-defined geographic areas\u2013the Public Health Disparities Geocoding Project","volume":"92","author":"Krieger","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2023.100916_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2015.11.004","article-title":"Measuring severe maternal morbidity: validation of potential measures","volume":"214","author":"Main","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2023.100916_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2010.01.011","article-title":"Trends in postpartum hemorrhage: United States, 1994-2006","volume":"202","author":"Callaghan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2023.100916_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.1007\/s11524-006-9094-x","article-title":"The development of a standardized neighborhood deprivation index","volume":"83","author":"Messer","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Urban Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2023.100916_bib0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2005.01.071","article-title":"Neighborhood context and reproductive health","volume":"192","author":"Culhane","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2023.100916_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1080\/00330124.2014.905156","article-title":"Interpolating U.S. decennial census tract data from as early as 1970 to 2010: a longtitudinal tract database","volume":"66","author":"Logan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Prof Geogr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2023.100916_bib0036","first-page":"1013","article-title":"Validating population estimates for harmonized census tract data, 2000-2010","volume":"106","author":"Logan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann Am Assoc Geogr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2023.100916_bib0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000004022","article-title":"An expanded obstetric comorbidity scoring system for predicting severe maternal morbidity","volume":"136","author":"Leonard","year":"2020","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2023.100916_bib0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.316.7136.989","article-title":"When can odds ratios mislead?","volume":"316","author":"Davies","year":"1998","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2023.100916_bib0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1080\/13557858.2016.1247150","article-title":"A review of recent literature on materialist and psychosocial models for racial and ethnic disparities in birth outcomes in the US, 2000-2014","volume":"22","author":"Mutambudzi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ethn Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2023.100916_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2016.02.014","article-title":"Association of neighborhood context with offspring risk of preterm birth and low birthweight: a systematic review and meta-analysis of population-based studies","volume":"153","author":"Ncube","year":"2016","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2023.100916_bib0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwm277","article-title":"Neighborhood deprivation and preterm birth among non-Hispanic Black and White women in eight geographic areas in the United States","volume":"167","author":"O'Campo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2023.100916_bib0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1302","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2011.08.012","article-title":"Neighborhood conditions are associated with maternal health behaviors and pregnancy outcomes","volume":"73","author":"Vinikoor-Imler","year":"2011","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2023.100916_bib0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1002\/smi.2922","article-title":"Exposures to structural racism and racial discrimination among pregnant and early post-partum Black women living in Oakland, California","volume":"36","author":"Chambers","year":"2020","journal-title":"Stress Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2023.100916_bib0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1053\/j.semperi.2011.02.020","article-title":"Racial disparities in preterm birth","volume":"35","author":"Culhane","year":"2011","journal-title":"Semin Perinatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2023.100916_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1053\/j.nainr.2013.09.004","article-title":"Stress, inflammation and preterm birth in African American women","volume":"13","author":"Giurgescu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Newborn Infant Nurs Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2023.100916_bib0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1007\/s10995-008-0357-x","article-title":"\u201cIt's the skin you're in\u201d: African-American women talk about their experiences of racism. an exploratory study to develop measures of racism for birth outcome studies","volume":"13","author":"Nuru-Jeter","year":"2009","journal-title":"Matern Child Health J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2023.100916_bib0047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1097\/NMC.0000000000000589","article-title":"Pregnant African American women's perceptions of neighborhood, racial discrimination, and psychological distress as influences on birth outcomes","volume":"45","author":"Dove-Medows","year":"2020","journal-title":"MCN Am J Matern Child Nurs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2023.100916_bib0048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1080\/13557851003592561","article-title":"Neighborhood- and individual-level socioeconomic variation in perceptions of racial discrimination","volume":"15","author":"Dailey","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ethn Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2023.100916_bib0049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2005.02.096","article-title":"The reporting of pre-existing maternal medical conditions and complications of pregnancy on birth certificates and in hospital discharge data","volume":"193","author":"Lydon-Rochelle","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology MFM"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2589933323000587?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2589933323000587?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,11]],"date-time":"2025-11-11T23:52:55Z","timestamp":1762905175000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2589933323000587"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]}},"alternative-id":["S2589933323000587"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2023.100916","relation":{},"ISSN":["2589-9333"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2589-9333","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Neighborhood disinvestment and severe maternal morbidity in the state of California","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology MFM","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2023.100916","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"100916"}}