{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T08:32:34Z","timestamp":1772785954104,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,9,1]],"date-time":"2012-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1346457600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,9,1]],"date-time":"2012-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1346457600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Asian Journal of Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2012.01.007","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,6,5]],"date-time":"2012-06-05T03:44:46Z","timestamp":1338867886000},"page":"211-214","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Should pathological gambling be considered an addictive disorder?"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Om","family":"Prakash","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ajit","family":"Avasthi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vivek","family":"Benegal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2012.01.007_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/S0376-8716(98)00023-4","article-title":"Impulsivity and history of drug dependence","volume":"50","author":"Allen","year":"1998","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2012.01.007_bib0010","series-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders","author":"American psychiatric association","year":"1980"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2012.01.007_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1080\/10550490591006933","article-title":"Clinical characterization of use of acamprosate and naltrexone: data from an addiction center in India","volume":"14","author":"Basu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Addict."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2012.01.007_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1038\/ng0196-81","article-title":"Population and familial association between the D4 dopamine receptor gene and measures of novelty seeking","volume":"12","author":"Benjamin","year":"1996","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2012.01.007_bib0025","first-page":"274","article-title":"Social, psychological, and physical consequences of pathological gambling in Sweden","volume":"10","author":"Bergh","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Gambl. Stud."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2012.01.007_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291796003789","article-title":"Altered dopamine function in pathological gambling","volume":"27","author":"Bergh","year":"1997","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2012.01.007_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1434","DOI":"10.1176\/ps.49.11.1434","article-title":"Clinical features and psychiatric. Comorbidity of subjects with pathological gambling behavior","volume":"48","author":"Black","year":"1998","journal-title":"Psychiatr. Serv."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2012.01.007_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.3109\/10826088909047273","article-title":"The gamblers treatment clinic of St. Vincent's North Richmond Community Mental Health Center: characteristics of the clients and outcome of treatment","volume":"24","author":"Blackman","year":"1989","journal-title":"Int. J. Addict."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2012.01.007_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.153.1.119","article-title":"Pathological gambling and platelet MAO activity: a Psychobiological Study","volume":"153","author":"Blanco","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2012.01.007_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02109936","article-title":"Antisocial personality disorder and pathological gambling","volume":"10","author":"Blaszczynski","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Gambl. Stud."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2012.01.007_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.3109\/00048679609065000","article-title":"Pathological gambling: forensic issues","volume":"30","author":"Blaszczynski","year":"1996","journal-title":"Aust. N.Z. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2012.01.007_bib0060","first-page":"113","article-title":"Sensation seeking and pathological gambling","volume":"81","author":"Blaszczynski","year":"1986","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2012.01.007_bib0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.1997.tb03639.x","article-title":"Impulsivity in pathological gambling: the antisocial impulsivist","volume":"92","author":"Blaszczynski","year":"1997","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2012.01.007_bib0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02109937","article-title":"Factors determining the severity of pathological gambling in males","volume":"10","author":"Carlton","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Gambl. Stud."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2012.01.007_bib0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1994.tb01619.x","article-title":"Low platelet monoamine oxidase activity in pathological gambling","volume":"90","author":"Carrasco","year":"1994","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr. Scand."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2012.01.007_bib0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.3109\/10826089509048726","article-title":"A comparison of pathological gamblers to alcoholics and cocaine misusers on impulsivity, sensation seeking and craving","volume":"30","author":"Castellani","year":"1995","journal-title":"Int. J. Addict."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2012.01.007_bib0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(01)01227-6","article-title":"Frontal lobe dysfunction in pathological gambling patients","volume":"51","author":"Cavedini","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2012.01.007_bib0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1017\/S109285290000599X","article-title":"The molecular genetics of pathological gambling","volume":"3","author":"Comings","year":"1998","journal-title":"CNS Spectrums"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2012.01.007_bib0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1527","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.1989.tb03936.x","article-title":"Gamblers\u2019 self-perceptions of determinants of impaired control","volume":"84","author":"Corless","year":"1989","journal-title":"Br. J. Addict."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2012.01.007_bib0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1016\/0899-3289(95)90029-2","article-title":"Resolution from alcohol problems with and without treatment: reasons for change","volume":"7","author":"Cunningham","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Subst. Abuse"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2012.01.007_bib0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1093","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.88.7.1093","article-title":"Taking chances: problem gamblers and mental health disorders: results from the St. Louis Epidemiological Catchment Area study","volume":"88","author":"Cunningham-William","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am. J. Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2012.01.007_bib0110","first-page":"360","article-title":"Pathological gambling in hospitalized substance abusing veterans","volume":"57","author":"Daghestani","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2012.01.007_bib0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2011.00033","article-title":"Acamprosate and baclofen were not effective in the treatment of pathological gambling: preliminary blind rater comparison study","volume":"2","author":"Dannon","year":"2011","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2012.01.007_bib0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/0376-8716(92)90101-H","article-title":"Drug use and HIV risk-taking behavior among clients in methadone maintenance treatment","volume":"29","author":"Darke","year":"1990","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2012.01.007_bib0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1017\/S1092852900006003","article-title":"Serotonergenic and noradrenergic function in pathological gambling","volume":"3","author":"De-Caria","year":"1998","journal-title":"CNS Spectrum: Int. J. Neuropsychiatr. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2012.01.007_bib0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.3109\/10826088109038817","article-title":"Personality and other factors associated with the gambling addiction","volume":"16","author":"Dell","year":"1981","journal-title":"Int. J. Addict."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2012.01.007_bib0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1038\/ng0196-78","article-title":"Dopamine D4 Receptor (D4DR) exon III polymorphins, associated with the human personality trait of novelty seeking","volume":"12","author":"Ebstein","year":"1996","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2012.01.007_bib0140","first-page":"165","article-title":"Demographic, personality, cognitive and behavioral correlates of off-course betting involvement","volume":"6","author":"Edwards","year":"1977","journal-title":"J. Gambl. Stud."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2012.01.007_bib0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1375","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1360-0443.1998.93913758.x","article-title":"Familial influences on gambling behavior: an analysis of 3359 twin pairs","volume":"93","author":"Eisen","year":"1998","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"issue":"10 October","key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2012.01.007_bib0150","article-title":"Compulsive features in behavioural addictions: the case of pathological gambling","author":"El-Guebaly","year":"2011","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2012.01.007_bib0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/0376-8716(95)01141-K","article-title":"Pathological gambling among methadone patients","volume":"39","author":"Feigelman","year":"1995","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2012.01.007_bib0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.15288\/jsa.1997.58.365","article-title":"Barriers to alcoholism treatment: reasons for not seeking treatment in a general population sample","volume":"58","author":"Grant","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Stud. Alcohol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2012.01.007_bib0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.3109\/10401230209147452","article-title":"Effectiveness of pharmacotherapy for pathological gambling: a chart review","volume":"14","author":"Grant","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ann. Clin. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2012.01.007_bib0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2850.1996.tb00138.x","article-title":"Pathological gambling: a review of the literature","volume":"3","author":"Griffiths","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Ment. Health Nurs."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2012.01.007_bib0175","first-page":"335","article-title":"The Dutch instant lottery: prevalence and correlates of at-risk playing","volume":"92","author":"Hendriks","year":"1997","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2012.01.007_bib0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1360-0443.2000.95577713.x","article-title":"Natural and treatment-assisted recovery from gambling problems: a comparison of resolved and active gamblers","volume":"95","author":"Hodgins","year":"2000","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2012.01.007_bib0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(00)00241-9","article-title":"A randomized double-blind fluvoxamine\/placebo crossover trial in pathological gambling","volume":"47","author":"Hollander","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2012.01.007_bib0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2796","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.17-08-02796.1997","article-title":"Effects of m-cilorophenylpiperazine on regional brain glucose utilization: a positron emission tomographic comparison of alcoholic and control subjects","volume":"17","author":"Hommer","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2012.01.007_bib0195","series-title":"The Disease Concept of Alcoholism","author":"Jellinek","year":"1960"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2012.01.007_bib0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"914","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(01)01079-4","article-title":"Double-blind naltrexone and placebo comparison study in the treatment of pathological gambling","volume":"49","author":"Kim","year":"2001","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2012.01.007_bib0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1360-0443.1999.9456977.x","article-title":"An experimental study of the effect of prior alcohol consumption on a simulated gambling activity","volume":"94","author":"Kyngdon","year":"1999","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2012.01.007_bib0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.1991.tb01863.x","article-title":"Evaluation of patients treated for pathological gambling in a combined alcohol, substance abuse and pathological gambling treatment unit using the Addiction Severity Index","volume":"86","author":"Leiseur","year":"1991","journal-title":"Br. J. Addict."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2012.01.007_bib0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.1986.tb05610.x","article-title":"Alcoholism, drug abuse and gambling","volume":"10","author":"Leisure","year":"1986","journal-title":"Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2012.01.007_bib0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1300\/J069v12n03_08","article-title":"Pathological gambling, eating disorders, and the psychoactive substance disorders","volume":"1293","author":"Lesieur","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Addict. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2012.01.007_bib0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.1988.tb00509.x","article-title":"Pathological gambling among youthful multiple substance abusers in a therapeutic community","volume":"83","author":"Lesieur","year":"1988","journal-title":"Br. J. Addict."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2012.01.007_bib0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.1986.tb05610.x","article-title":"Alcoholism drug abuse and gambling","volume":"10","author":"Lesieur","year":"1986","journal-title":"Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2012.01.007_bib0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4603(91)90059-Q","article-title":"Gambling and pathological gambling among university students","volume":"16","author":"Lesieur","year":"1991","journal-title":"Addict. Behav."},{"issue":"19 August","key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2012.01.007_bib0240","article-title":"Association study on pathological gambling and polymorphisms of dopamine D1, D2 D3, and D4 receptor genes in a Korean population","author":"Lim","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Gambl. Stud."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2012.01.007_bib0245","first-page":"201","article-title":"Pathological gambling and major affective disorder: preliminary findings","volume":"47","author":"Linden","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2012.01.007_bib0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01019933","article-title":"Pathological gambling: psychosomatic, emotional, and marital difficulties as reported by the gambler","volume":"2","author":"Lorenz","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Gambl. Stud."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2012.01.007_bib0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.3109\/16066359609005564","article-title":"A community study of natural change across the addictions","volume":"4","author":"McCartney","year":"1996","journal-title":"Addict. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2012.01.007_bib0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4603(93)90034-7","article-title":"Disinhibition and negative affectivity in substance abusers with and without a gambling problem","volume":"18","author":"McCormick","year":"1993","journal-title":"Addict. Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2012.01.007_bib0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.141.2.215","article-title":"Affective disorders among pathological gamblers seeking treatment","volume":"141","author":"McCormick","year":"1984","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2012.01.007_bib0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-4679(198709)43:5<521::AID-JCLP2270430516>3.0.CO;2-Q","article-title":"Personality profiles of hospitalized pathological gamblers: the California Personality Inventory","volume":"43","author":"McCormick","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2012.01.007_bib0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.116.535.593","article-title":"Varieties of pathological gambling","volume":"116","author":"Moran","year":"1970","journal-title":"Br. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2012.01.007_bib0280","first-page":"1061","article-title":"Special psychiatric problems related to gambling","volume":"vol. 1","author":"Moran","year":"2000"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2012.01.007_bib0285","series-title":"Gambling Impact and Behavior Study","author":"National Opinion Research Center","year":"1999"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2012.01.007_bib0290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1360-0443.2003.00232.x","article-title":"Impaired control over gambling in gaming machine and off-course gamblers","volume":"98","author":"O\u2019Connor","year":"2003","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2012.01.007_bib0295","first-page":"397","article-title":"Genetic contribution to pathological gambling: possible association between a functional DNA polymorphism at the serotonin transporter gene (5-HTT) and affected men","volume":"7","author":"Perez de Castro","year":"1997","journal-title":"Pharmacogenetics"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2012.01.007_bib0300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1089","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1360-0443.2000.957108910.x","article-title":"Gambling problems in substance abusers are associated with increased sexual risk behaviors","volume":"95","author":"Petry","year":"2000","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"issue":"Suppl. 1","key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2012.01.007_bib0305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2006.01593.x","article-title":"Should the scope of addictive behaviors be broadened to include pathological gambling?","volume":"101","author":"Petry","year":"2006","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2012.01.007_bib0310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/S0376-8716(99)00010-1","article-title":"Excessive discounting of delayed rewards in substance abusers with gambling problems","volume":"56","author":"Petry","year":"1999","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"issue":"1507","key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2012.01.007_bib0315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3181","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2008.0100","article-title":"The neurobiology of pathological gambling and drug addiction: an overview and new findings","volume":"363","author":"Potenza","year":"2008","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B: Biol. Sci."},{"issue":"Sep 22","key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2012.01.007_bib0320","article-title":"Serotonin 1B receptor imaging in pathological gambling","author":"Potenza","year":"2011","journal-title":"World J. Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2012.01.007_bib0325","series-title":"Australia's Gambling Industries. Draft Report","author":"Productivity Commission","year":"1999"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2012.01.007_bib0330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/S0899-3289(05)80060-4","article-title":"Substance abuse patterns reveal contrasting personality traits","volume":"2","author":"Rosenthal","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Subst. Abuse"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2012.01.007_bib0335","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1988.tb05094.x","article-title":"Depressed pathological gamblers","volume":"77","author":"Roy","year":"1988","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr. Scand."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2012.01.007_bib0340","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1989.01810080009001","article-title":"Extraversion in pathological gamblers","volume":"46","author":"Roy","year":"1989","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2012.01.007_bib0345","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"948","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.154.7.948","article-title":"Comparison of induced and independent major depressive disorders in 2945 alcoholics","volume":"154","author":"Schuckit","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2012.01.007_bib0350","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1369","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.89.9.1369","article-title":"Estimating the prevalence of disordered gambling behavior in the United States and Canada: a research synthesis","volume":"89","author":"Shaffer","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am. J. Public Health"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2012.01.007_bib0355","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.57.7.666","article-title":"Common genetic vulnerability for pathological gambling and alcohol dependence in men","volume":"57","author":"Slutske","year":"2000","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2012.01.007_bib0360","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"960","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.86.7.966","article-title":"Recovery from alcohol problems with and without treatment: prevalence in two population surveys","volume":"86","author":"Sobell","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am. J. Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2012.01.007_bib0365","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.3109\/10826089509055821","article-title":"Gambling among methadone patients","volume":"30","author":"Spunt","year":"1995","journal-title":"Int. J. Addict."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2012.01.007_bib0370","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1360-0443.1998.93689511.x","article-title":"Impulsivity, personality disorders and pathological gambling severity","volume":"93","author":"Steel","year":"1998","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2012.01.007_bib0375","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1449","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.1988.tb02559.x","article-title":"HIV transmission risk behavior of clients attending syringe-exchange schemes in England and Scotland","volume":"83","author":"Stimson","year":"1998","journal-title":"Br. J. Addict."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2012.01.007_bib0380","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.2001.00336.x","article-title":"Prevalence and risks of pathological gambling in Sweden","volume":"104","author":"Volberg","year":"2001","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr. Scand."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2012.01.007_bib0385","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.148.5.621","article-title":"Changes in brain glucose metabolism in cocaine dependence and withdrawal","volume":"148","author":"Volkow","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"}],"container-title":["Asian Journal of Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1876201812000081?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1876201812000081?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]],"date-time":"2025-10-29T16:22:31Z","timestamp":1761754951000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1876201812000081"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,9]]},"references-count":77,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,9]]}},"alternative-id":["S1876201812000081"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajp.2012.01.007","relation":{},"ISSN":["1876-2018"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1876-2018","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Should pathological gambling be considered an addictive disorder?","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Asian Journal of Psychiatry","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajp.2012.01.007","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}