{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T09:15:16Z","timestamp":1768295716410,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":92,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,1]],"date-time":"2013-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1385856000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,1]],"date-time":"2013-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1385856000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Asian Journal of Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2013.08.067","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,22]],"date-time":"2013-08-22T16:02:47Z","timestamp":1377187367000},"page":"439-451","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":65,"title":["Clozapine and tardive movement disorders: A review"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Nandita","family":"Hazari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Natasha","family":"Kate","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sandeep","family":"Grover","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2013.08.067_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(97)00248-5","article-title":"Clozapine treatment of persistent paroxysmal dyskinesia associated with concomitant paroxetine and sumatriptan use","volume":"42","author":"Abraham","year":"1997","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2013.08.067_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.150.5.837b","article-title":"Precipitation of dystonia by m-CPP in a schizophrenic patient treated with haloperidol","volume":"150","author":"Adityanjee","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2013.08.067_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1064","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-3223(95)00633-8","article-title":"Successful treatment of tardive dystonia with clozapine","volume":"39","author":"Adityanjee","year":"1996","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2013.08.067_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(98)00242-X","article-title":"The current status of tardive dystonia","volume":"45","author":"Adityanjee","year":"1999","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2013.08.067_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.v59n0906","article-title":"Clozapine withdrawal emergent dystonias and dyskinesias: a case series","volume":"59","author":"Ahmed","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychiatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2013.08.067_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2273","DOI":"10.1345\/aph.1H325","article-title":"Clozapine effective in olanzapine-induced Pisa syndrome","volume":"40","author":"Arora","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann. Pharmacother."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2013.08.067_bib0035","first-page":"329","article-title":"Treatment of generalized tardive dystonia with clozapine","volume":"20","author":"Aukst-Margeti\u0107","year":"2008","journal-title":"Psychiatr. Danub."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2013.08.067_bib0040","first-page":"364","article-title":"Clozapine in the treatment of psychosis in an 82-year-old woman with tardive dyskinesia","volume":"12","author":"Bajulaiye","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2013.08.067_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1007\/s004060050039","article-title":"Clozapine efficacy in tardive dyskinesia in schizophrenic patients","volume":"248","author":"Bassitt","year":"1998","journal-title":"Eur. Arch. Psychiatr. Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2013.08.067_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1136\/pgmj.2010.103234","article-title":"Spectrum of tardive syndromes: clinical recognition and management","volume":"87","author":"Bhidayasiri","year":"2011","journal-title":"Postgrad. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2013.08.067_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-2999(91)90096-9","article-title":"Clozapine is a potent and selective muscarinic antagonist at the five cloned human muscarinic acetylcholine receptors expressed in CHO-K1 cells","volume":"192","author":"Bolden","year":"1991","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2013.08.067_bib0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1097\/00004850-199809000-00007","article-title":"Metronome or alternating Pisa syndrome: a form of tardive dystonia under clozapine treatment","volume":"13","author":"Bruneau","year":"1998","journal-title":"Int. Clin. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2013.08.067_bib0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2007.01.016","article-title":"Tardive dyskinesia associated with clozapine treatment","volume":"31","author":"Bruscas","year":"2007","journal-title":"Prog. Neuro-Psychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2013.08.067_bib0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.134.7.785","article-title":"Paradoxical response to dopamine agonists in tardive dyskinesia","volume":"134","author":"Carroll","year":"1977","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2013.08.067_bib0075","first-page":"473","article-title":"Lithium-induced tardive dystonia","volume":"50","author":"Chakrabarti","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neurol. India"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2013.08.067_bib0080","first-page":"142","article-title":"The prevalence of akathisia in patients receiving stable doses of clozapine","volume":"55","author":"Chengappa","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychiatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2013.08.067_bib0085","series-title":"Tardive Dyskinesia, Research and Treatment","first-page":"419","article-title":"Drug trials in persistent dyskinesia","author":"Cole","year":"1980"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2013.08.067_bib0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-002-1063-9","article-title":"Clozapine is more efficacious for tongue dystonia than olanzapine","volume":"162","author":"Conus","year":"2002","journal-title":"Psychopharmacol. (Berl.)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2013.08.067_bib0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1016\/S0278-5846(98)00026-8","article-title":"Tardive dyskinesia, clozapine and treatment response","volume":"22","author":"Dalack","year":"1998","journal-title":"Prog. Neuro-Psychophamacol. Biol. Psychiatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2013.08.067_bib0100","first-page":"264","article-title":"Tardive oculogyric crises with clozapine","volume":"55","author":"Dave","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychiatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2013.08.067_bib0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"886","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-3223(94)90025-6","article-title":"Clozapine-related tardive dyskinesia","volume":"35","author":"Dave","year":"1994","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2013.08.067_bib0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.870130517","article-title":"A case of tardive tremor successfully treated with clozapine","volume":"83","author":"Delecluse","year":"1998","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2013.08.067_bib0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1176\/jnp.2007.19.1.86","article-title":"Clozapine-induced tardive dystonia (blepharospasm)","volume":"19","author":"Duggal","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Neuropsychiatr. Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2013.08.067_bib0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2005.01.014","article-title":"Clozapine-induced tardive dyskinesia: a case report","volume":"29","author":"Ertugrul","year":"2005","journal-title":"Prog. Neuro-Psychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2013.08.067_bib0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1923","DOI":"10.1517\/14656566.2012.709235","article-title":"Clozapine for the treatment of schizophrenia","volume":"13","author":"Fakra","year":"2012","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Pharmacother."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2013.08.067_bib0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1097\/01.jcp.0000177668.42640.fe","article-title":"Clozapine induces oxidative stress and proapoptotic gene expression in neutrophils of schizophrenic patients","volume":"25","author":"Fehsel","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2013.08.067_bib0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.870090308","article-title":"Clozapine treatment of psychosis in patients with tardive dystonia: report of three cases","volume":"9","author":"Friedman","year":"1994","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2013.08.067_bib0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2004.12.017","article-title":"Reapperance of tardive dystonia with olanzapine treated with clozapine","volume":"76","author":"Garcia-Lado","year":"2005","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2013.08.067_bib0145","series-title":"Tardive Dyskinesia, Researchand Treatment","first-page":"475","article-title":"Clozapine in the treatment of tardive dyskinesia: an interim report","author":"Gerbino","year":"1980"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2013.08.067_bib0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1974.tb09706.x","article-title":"Clozapine and haloperidol in a single-blind cross-over trial: therapeutic and biochemical aspects in the treatment of schizophrenia","volume":"50","author":"Gerlach","year":"1974","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr. Scand."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2013.08.067_bib0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1097\/00002826-200403000-00007","article-title":"Clozapine treatment in oromandibular dystonia","volume":"27","author":"Hanagasi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin. Neuropharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2013.08.067_bib0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2832-2-9","article-title":"Treatment of severe neuroleptic-induced tardive torticollis","volume":"2","author":"Havaki-Kontaxaki","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ann. Gen. Hosp. Psychiatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2013.08.067_bib0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E49","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.neuropsych.11110341","article-title":"Aripiprazole augmentation for clozapine-associated tardive torticollis","volume":"24","author":"Huang","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Neuropsychiatr. Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2013.08.067_bib0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1097\/WNF.0b013e31805930e3","article-title":"Reversible Pisa syndrome induced by clozapine: a case report","volume":"30","author":"Hung","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Neuropharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2013.08.067_bib0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-3223(95)00218-6","article-title":"Clozapine in tardive tourette syndrome","volume":"38","author":"Jaffe","year":"1995","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2013.08.067_bib0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1097\/00005053-199310000-00014","article-title":"Atypical variants of tardive dyskinesia, treated by a combination of clozapine with propranolol and clozapine with tetrabenazine","volume":"181","author":"Kalian","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Nerv. Ment. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2013.08.067_bib0185","first-page":"327","article-title":"Does clozapine cause tardive dyskinesia?","volume":"54","author":"Kane","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychiatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2013.08.067_bib0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1002\/1531-8257(199907)14:4<652::AID-MDS1015>3.0.CO;2-G","article-title":"An open trial of clozapine for dystonia","volume":"14","author":"Karp","year":"1999","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2013.08.067_bib0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-011-6235-2","article-title":"Rapid improvement of tardive dyskinesia with tetrabenazine, clonazepam skand clozapine combined: a naturalistic long-term follow-up study","volume":"259","author":"Kimiagar","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2013.08.067_bib0200","first-page":"238","article-title":"The natural history of tardive dystonia. A long-term follow-up study of 107 cases. Brain 121 resolution of tardive dystonia in a patient with bipolar disorder treated with clozapine: a case report","volume":"34","author":"Kiriakakis","year":"1998","journal-title":"Prog. Neuro-Psychophamacol. Biol. Psychiatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2013.08.067_bib0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2009.09.022","article-title":"Resolution of tardive dystonia in a patient with bipolar disorder treated with clozapine: a case report","volume":"34","author":"Kwan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Prog. Neuro-Psychophamacol. Biol. Psychiatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2013.08.067_bib0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.2190\/3XDY-58PW-6VQX-TQ85","article-title":"Tardive nocturnal akathisia due to clozapine treatment","volume":"35","author":"Kyriakos","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Psychiatr. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2013.08.067_bib0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1097\/00005053-199302000-00011","article-title":"Clozapine and tardive dystonia","volume":"181","author":"Lamberti","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Nerv. Ment. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2013.08.067_bib0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/S0920-9964(97)00130-8","article-title":"New strategies for old problems: tardive dyskinesia (TD). Review and report on severe TD cases treated withclozapine with 12, 8 and 5 years of video follow-up","volume":"28","author":"Larach","year":"1997","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2013.08.067_bib0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S77","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00442565","article-title":"Clozapine in the treatment of 121 out-patients","volume":"99","author":"Leppig","year":"1989","journal-title":"Psychopharmacol. (Berl.)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2013.08.067_bib0230","first-page":"248","article-title":"Should chronic treatment-refractory akathisia be an indication for the use of clozapine in schizophrenic patients?","volume":"53","author":"Levin","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychiatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2013.08.067_bib0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/0387-7604(95)00034-9","article-title":"Clozapine for tardive dyskinesia in adolescents","volume":"17","author":"Levkovitch","year":"1995","journal-title":"Brain Dev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2013.08.067_bib0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1080\/15622970802481895","article-title":"Clozapine-induced tardive dyskinesia in schizophrenic patients taking clozapine as a first-line antipsychotic drug","volume":"10","author":"Li","year":"2009","journal-title":"World J. Biol. Psychiatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2013.08.067_bib0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.158.4.503","article-title":"The effects of clozapine on tardive dyskinesia","volume":"158","author":"Lieberman","year":"1991","journal-title":"Br. J. Psychiatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2013.08.067_bib0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.3928\/0279-3695-19930901-07","article-title":"The effect of clozapine on pre-existing tardive dyskinesia","volume":"31","author":"Littrell","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Psychosoc. Nurs. Ment. Health Serv."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2013.08.067_bib0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.2165\/00023210-200317010-00004","article-title":"Oxidative mechanisms and tardive dyskinesia","volume":"17","author":"Lohr","year":"2003","journal-title":"CNS Drugs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2013.08.067_bib0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1017\/S1092852912000752","article-title":"New insights into the mechanism of drug-induced dyskinesia","volume":"18","author":"Loonen","year":"2013","journal-title":"CNS Spectr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2013.08.067_bib0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1097\/01.jcp.0000155823.59585.88","article-title":"Maintenance Treatment of severe tardive dyskinesia with clozapine 5 years\u2019 follow-up","volume":"25","author":"Louza","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2013.08.067_bib0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1177\/070674370505000907","article-title":"Tardive dyskinesia in the era of typical and atypical antipsychotics. Part 1: pathophysiology and mechanisms of induction","volume":"50","author":"Margolese","year":"2005","journal-title":"Can. J. Psychiatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2013.08.067_bib0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.870130346","article-title":"Clozapine treatment of delayed-onset paroxysmal hemidystonia","volume":"13","author":"Maurer","year":"1998","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2013.08.067_bib0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1097\/00004714-198410000-00010","article-title":"Effect of clozapine in severe tardive dyskinesia: a case report","volume":"4","author":"Meltzer","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2013.08.067_bib0285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1345\/aph.1P194","article-title":"Prochlorperazine-induced tardive dystonia and its worsening with clozapine in a non-mentally ill patient with migraine","volume":"45","author":"Mendhekar","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann. Pharmacother."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2013.08.067_bib0290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-3223(93)90044-E","article-title":"Loss of striatal cholinergic neurons as a basis for tardive and L-dopa-induced dyskinesias, neuroleptic-induced supersensitivity psychosis and refractory schizophrenia","volume":"34","author":"Miller","year":"1993","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2013.08.067_bib0295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.160.3.588","article-title":"Clozapine and tardive dyskinesia","volume":"160","author":"Miller","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2013.08.067_bib0300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/S0920-9964(99)00133-4","article-title":"Prevalence of extrapyramidal syndromes in psychiatric in patients and the relationship of clozapine treatment to tardive dyskinesia","volume":"42","author":"Modestin","year":"2000","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2013.08.067_bib0305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2007.10.018","article-title":"Evolution of neuroleptic-induced extrapyramidal syndromes under long-term neuroleptic treatment","volume":"100","author":"Modestin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2013.08.067_bib0310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1755","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1990.tb01230.x","article-title":"Acute effects of typical and atypical antipsychotic drugs on the release of dopamine from prefrontal cortex, nucleus accumbens, and striatum of the rat: an in vivo microdialysis study","volume":"54","author":"Moghaddam","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2013.08.067_bib0315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1002\/1531-8257(199909)14:5<873::AID-MDS1027>3.0.CO;2-U","article-title":"Possible tardive dystonia resulting from clozapine therapy","volume":"14","author":"Molho","year":"1999","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2013.08.067_bib0320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S73","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00442564","article-title":"Efficacy and adverse effects of clozapine in the treatment of schizophrenia and tardive dyskinesia \u2013 a retrospective study of 387 patients","volume":"99","author":"Naber","year":"1989","journal-title":"Psychopharmacol. (Berl.)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2013.08.067_bib0325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-3223(96)84052-2","article-title":"Dose related effects of clozapine on tardive dyskinesia among treatment refractory patients with schizophrenia","volume":"39","author":"Nair","year":"1996","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2013.08.067_bib0330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2009.03.003","article-title":"Tolerability of outpatient antipsychotic treatment: 36-month results from the European Schizophrenia Outpatient Health Outcomes (SOHO) study","volume":"19","author":"Novick","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2013.08.067_bib0335","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1097\/JCP.0b013e3181f14098","article-title":"Incidence of extrapyramidal symptoms and tardive dyskinesia in schizophrenia: thirty-six month results from the European Schizophrenia Outpatient Health Outcomes Study","volume":"30","author":"Novick","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2013.08.067_bib0340","first-page":"212","article-title":"Treatment of a tardive dyskinesia patient with temporomandibular disorder: a case report","volume":"24","author":"Pekkan","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Orofac. Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2013.08.067_bib0345","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E5","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.neuropsych.11010020","article-title":"Effectiveness of clozapine in treating severe tardive dystonia and associated pyosis","volume":"24","author":"Pinninti","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Neuropsychiatr. Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2013.08.067_bib0350","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.4103\/0022-3859.33874","article-title":"Worsening of tardive dyskinesia due to clozapine therapy","volume":"53","author":"Raguraman","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Postgrad. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2013.08.067_bib0355","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.870110521","article-title":"Tardive lingual dystonia treated with clozapine","volume":"11","author":"Raja","year":"1996","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"issue":"suppl 10","key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2013.08.067_bib0360","first-page":"5","article-title":"Receptor pharmacology of neuroleptics: relation to clinical effects","volume":"60","author":"Richelson","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychiatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2013.08.067_bib0365","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199709183371202","article-title":"A comparison of clozapine and haloperidol in hospitalized patients with refractory schizophrenia department of veterans affairs cooperative study group on clozapine in refractory schizophrenia","volume":"337","author":"Rosenheck","year":"1997","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2013.08.067_bib0370","first-page":"357","article-title":"Quetiapine, clozapine, and olanzapine in the treatment of tardive dyskinesia induced by first-generation antipsychotics: a 124-week case report","volume":"18","author":"Sacchetti","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int. Clin. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2013.08.067_bib0465","first-page":"550","article-title":"Paroxysmal dyskinesia as the effect of megaphen","volume":"28","author":"Schonecker","year":"1957","journal-title":"Nervenarzt"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2013.08.067_bib0380","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.168.4.516","article-title":"Successful treatment of tardive dystonia with clozapine and clonazepam","volume":"168","author":"Shapleske","year":"1996","journal-title":"Br. J. Psychiatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2013.08.067_bib0385","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.4103\/0253-7613.56067","article-title":"Relapse of tardive dyskinesia due to reduction in clozapine dose","volume":"41","author":"Shrivastava","year":"2009","journal-title":"Indian J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2013.08.067_bib0390","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00571412","article-title":"Clozapine in tardive dyskinesia","volume":"56","author":"Simpson","year":"1978","journal-title":"Psychopharmacol. (Berl.)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2013.08.067_bib0395","first-page":"263","article-title":"Treatment outcome with clozapine in tardive dyskinesia, neuroleptic sensitivity, and treatment-resistant psychosis","volume":"48","author":"Small","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychiatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2013.08.067_bib0400","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.v58n0706","article-title":"Clozapine treatment for neuroleptic-induced tardive dyskinesia, parkinsonism, and chronic akathisia in schizophrenic patients","volume":"58","author":"Spivak","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychiatr."},{"issue":"suppl B","key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2013.08.067_bib0405","first-page":"102","article-title":"Clozapine in tardive dyskinesia: observations from human and animal model studies","volume":"55","author":"Tamminga","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychiatr."},{"issue":"suppl 2","key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2013.08.067_bib0410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1097\/00004850-199605002-00012","article-title":"The new generation of antipsychotic drugs","volume":"11","author":"Tamminga","year":"1996","journal-title":"Int. Clin. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2013.08.067_bib0415","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199406000-00005","article-title":"Clozapine for early developmental delays with childhood-onset schizophrenia: protocol and 15-month outcome","volume":"33","author":"Towbin","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2013.08.067_bib0420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.870090411","article-title":"Treatment of severe axial tardive dystonia with clozapine: case report and hypothesis","volume":"9","author":"Trugman","year":"1994","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2013.08.067_bib0425","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1097\/00004850-200111000-00009","article-title":"A case of relapsed tardive dyskinesia due to clozapine dose reduction","volume":"16","author":"Uzun","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int. Clin. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2013.08.067_bib0430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.2165\/00044011-200727120-00009","article-title":"Tardive oculogyric crisis during treatment with clozapine: report of three cases","volume":"27","author":"Uzun","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Drug Invest."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2013.08.067_bib0435","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/0278-5846(95)00309-6","article-title":"Use of clozapine in tardive dystonia","volume":"20","author":"Van Harten","year":"1996","journal-title":"Prog. Neuro-Psychophamacol. Biol. Psychiatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2013.08.067_bib0440","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1097\/00004714-199010000-00029","article-title":"Tardive meige syndrome responsive to clozapine","volume":"10","author":"Van Putten","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2013.08.067_bib0445","first-page":"700","article-title":"Clinical Review of clozapine treatment in a state hospital","volume":"43","author":"Wilson","year":"1992","journal-title":"Hosp. Commun. Psychiatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2013.08.067_bib0450","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1097\/00004714-199010000-00020","article-title":"Effects of clozapine on treatment-resistant akathisia and concomitant tardive dyskinesia","volume":"10","author":"Wirshing","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2013.08.067_bib0455","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/18.4.701","article-title":"Gender differences in tardive dyskinesia: a critical review of the literature","volume":"18","author":"Yassa","year":"1992","journal-title":"Schizophr. Bull."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2013.08.067_bib0460","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/S0920-9964(99)00228-5","article-title":"Reemergence of tardive dyskinesia after discontinuation of clozapine treatment","volume":"46","author":"Yovtcheva","year":"2000","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."}],"container-title":["Asian Journal of Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1876201813002852?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1876201813002852?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]],"date-time":"2025-10-29T16:23:28Z","timestamp":1761755008000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1876201813002852"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,12]]},"references-count":92,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,12]]}},"alternative-id":["S1876201813002852"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajp.2013.08.067","relation":{},"ISSN":["1876-2018"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1876-2018","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Clozapine and tardive movement disorders: A review","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Asian Journal of Psychiatry","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajp.2013.08.067","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}