{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T13:48:18Z","timestamp":1791467298998,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":105,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Asian Journal of Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2025.104788","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,22]],"date-time":"2025-11-22T23:41:05Z","timestamp":1763854865000},"page":"104788","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Breathing and the brain: Pranayama, an ancient self-directed approach to neuromodulation"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"115","author":[{"given":"Hemant","family":"Bhargav","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Urvakhsh Meherwan","family":"Mehta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashish","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Subha","family":"Subramanian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matcheri S.","family":"Keshavan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2025.104788_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/psyp.70003","article-title":"Paced breathing associated with pupil diameter oscillations at the same rate and reduced lapses in attention","volume":"62","author":"Andrews","year":"2025","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2025.104788_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.4236\/ojbiphy.2014.43010","article-title":"Length of periods in the nasal cycle during 24-hours registration","volume":"4","author":"Atanasov","year":"2014","journal-title":"Open J. Biophys."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2025.104788_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/psyp.13905","article-title":"Increased exhalation to inhalation ratio during breathing enhances high-frequency heart rate variability in healthy adults","volume":"58","author":"Bae","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2025.104788_bib4","article-title":"Brief structured respiration practices enhance mood and reduce physiological arousal","volume":"4","author":"Balban","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Rep. Med."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2025.104788_bib5","article-title":"Evaluation of the effect of left nostril breathing on cardiorespiratory parameters and reaction time in young healthy individuals","volume":"14","author":"Bargal","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2025.104788_bib6","first-page":"29","article-title":"Frontal hemodynamic responses to high frequency yoga breathing in schizophrenia: a functional near-infrared spectroscopy study","volume":"5","author":"Bhargav","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2025.104788_bib7","first-page":"137","article-title":"Swarodaya Vigjnan: a scientific study of the nasal cycle","author":"Bhavanani","year":"2007","journal-title":"Yoga Chikitsa Appl. Yoga Ther."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2025.104788_bib8","first-page":"1","article-title":"Significance of nostrils in breathing","volume":"10","author":"Bhole","year":"1968","journal-title":"Yoga Mimamsa"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2025.104788_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2007.11.059","article-title":"The respiration response function: The temporal dynamics of fMRI signal fluctuations related to changes in respiration","volume":"40","author":"Birn","year":"2008","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2025.104788_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/0278-2626(89)90028-6","article-title":"Unilateral nostril breathing influences lateralized cognitive performance","volume":"9","author":"Block","year":"1989","journal-title":"Brain Cogn."},{"issue":"50","key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2025.104788_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20254","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1112029108","article-title":"Meditation experience is associated with differences in default mode network activity and connectivity","volume":"108","author":"Brewer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2025.104788_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2009.05.026","article-title":"Characterization of regional heterogeneity in cerebrovascular reactivity dynamics using novel hypocapnia task and BOLD fMRI","volume":"48","author":"Bright","year":"2009","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2025.104788_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1089\/acm.2005.11.711","article-title":"Sudarshan kriya yogic breathing in the treatment of stress, anxiety, and depression","volume":"11","author":"Brown","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Altern. Complement. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2025.104788_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autneu.2024.103181","article-title":"Neural mechanisms of respiratory interoception","volume":"253","author":"Chan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Auton. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2025.104788_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2020.116707","article-title":"Resting-state \"physiological networks\"","volume":"213","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2025.104788_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0127082","article-title":"Slow breathing and hypoxic challenge: cardiorespiratory consequences and their central neural substrates","volume":"10","author":"Critchley","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1-2","key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2025.104788_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.3109\/00016488509119158","article-title":"Reciprocal changes in nasal resistance to airflow caused by pressure applied to the axilla","volume":"99","author":"Davies","year":"1985","journal-title":"Acta OtoLaryngol."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2025.104788_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3973","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.22891","article-title":"Age-related changes in brain hemodynamics; a calibrated MRI study","volume":"36","author":"de Vis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2025.104788_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-5687(01)00327-9","article-title":"Respiratory influences on sympathetic vasomotor outflow in humans","volume":"130","author":"Dempsey","year":"2002","journal-title":"Respir. Physiol. Neurobiol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2025.104788_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.4103\/0973-6131.158474","article-title":"Effect of anapanasati meditation technique through electrophotonic imaging parameters: a pilot study","volume":"8","author":"Deo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Yoga"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2025.104788_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H6","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00701.2017","article-title":"Cardiorespiratory interactions in humans and animals: rhythms for life","volume":"315","author":"Elstad","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2025.104788_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22141","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-49279-8","article-title":"Effect of coherent breathing on mental health and wellbeing: a randomised placebo-controlled trial","volume":"13","author":"Fincham","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2025.104788_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-27247-y","article-title":"Effect of breathwork on stress and mental health: a meta-analysis of randomised-controlled trials","volume":"13","author":"Fincham","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2025.104788_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1093\/ijnp\/pyaa051","article-title":"Evidence-based guidelines and secondary meta-analysis for the use of transcranial direct current stimulation in neurological and psychiatric disorders","volume":"24","author":"Fregni","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2025.104788_bib25","unstructured":"Gambhirananda, S. (Trans.). (1984). Bhagavad Gita. Advaita Ashrama.Ramakrishna Math. Belur, India."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2025.104788_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.3758\/s13415-015-0358-3","article-title":"Meditation leads to reduced default mode network activity beyond an active task","volume":"15","author":"Garrison","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cogn. Affect. Behav. Neurosci."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2025.104788_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2010.46","article-title":"Daily left prefrontal transcranial magnetic stimulation therapy for major depressive disorder: a sham-controlled randomized trial","volume":"67","author":"George","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2025.104788_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2018.00397","article-title":"Breath of life: the respiratory vagal stimulation model of contemplative activity","volume":"12","author":"Gerritsen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2025.104788_bib29","article-title":"Effects of pranayama on cancer patients: a narrative review of clinical outcomes","volume":"16","author":"Giridharan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2025.104788_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2007.05.033","article-title":"Imbalance between left and right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in major depression is linked to negative emotional judgment: an fMRI study in severe major depressive disorder","volume":"63","author":"Grimm","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2025.104788_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2005.11.014","article-title":"Toward understanding respiratory sinus arrhythmia: Relations to cardiac vagal tone, evolution and biobehavioral functions","volume":"74","author":"Grossman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biol. Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2025.104788_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2017.00154","article-title":"EEG brain activity in dynamic health qigong training: same effects for mental practice and physical training?","volume":"8","author":"Henz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2025.104788_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00551.2017","article-title":"Breathing above the brain stem: volitional control and attentional modulation in humans","volume":"119","author":"Herrero","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2025.104788_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.4103\/ijoy.ijoy_141_21","article-title":"Immediate effects of OM chanting on heart rate variability measures compared between experienced and inexperienced yoga practitioners","volume":"15","author":"Inbaraj","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Yoga"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2025.104788_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.20227","article-title":"The NIMH experimental medicine initiative","volume":"14","author":"Insel","year":"2015","journal-title":"World Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2025.104788_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.115.002365","article-title":"Are changes in heart rate variability in middle-aged and older people normative or caused by pathological conditions? Findings from a large population-based longitudinal cohort study","volume":"5","author":"Jandackova","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Am. Heart Assoc."},{"issue":"1-2","key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2025.104788_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.3109\/00207459308987211","article-title":"The effects of unilateral forced nostril breathing on cognitive performance","volume":"73","author":"Jella","year":"1993","journal-title":"Int. J. Neurosci."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2025.104788_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2006.02.042","article-title":"Physiology of long pranyamic breathing: neural respiratory elements may provide mechanisms that explains how slow deep breathing shifts the autonomic nervous system","volume":"67","author":"Jerath","year":"2015","journal-title":"Medical Hypotheses"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2025.104788_bib39","unstructured":"Kakoje, R., Raghunathshastri, C., T., & Pai, G., K. (1969). Vasi\u1e63\u1e6dha sa\u1e41hit\u0101: Yoga-k\u0101\u1e47\u1e0da. K. S. M. Y. M. Samiti, Pune, India."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2025.104788_bib40","first-page":"149","article-title":"Die exacte messung der lufdurchgangigkeit der nase","volume":"94","author":"Kayser","year":"1895","journal-title":"Archiv f\u00fcr Laryngologie"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2025.104788_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2023.103743","article-title":"Psychotherapy teaching in an ancient case report: the Arjuna syndrome in the Bhagavad Gita","volume":"87","author":"Keshavan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Asian J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2025.104788_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2023.103907","article-title":"Know thyself (Jnana Yoga): psychotherapeutic insights from the east","volume":"92","author":"Keshavan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Asian J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2025.104788_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104483","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2025.104483","article-title":"Dhyan Yoga, the path of meditative being: Psychotherapeutic insights from the east","volume":"108","author":"Keshavan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Asian J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2025.104788_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2024.104201","article-title":"Doing good well (Karma Yoga, the path of selfless action): psychotherapeutic lessons from the East","volume":"101","author":"Keshavan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Asian J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2025.104788_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2023.103652","article-title":"Eastern perspectives on mind and healing: lessons from the Vedas and the Gita","volume":"85","author":"Keshavan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Asian J. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2025.104788_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1009554825745","article-title":"Resonant frequency biofeedback training to increase cardiac variability: rationale and manual for training","volume":"25","author":"Lehrer","year":"2000","journal-title":"Appl. Psychophysiol. Biofeedback"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2025.104788_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1080\/10253890.2020.1766018","article-title":"Laughter yoga reduces the cortisol response to acute stress in healthy individuals","volume":"24","author":"Meier","year":"2021","journal-title":"Stress"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2025.104788_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/psyp.13091","article-title":"Coupling of respiration and attention via the locus coeruleus: effects of meditation and pranayama","volume":"55","author":"Melnychuk","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2025.104788_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41569-025-01160-z","article-title":"Redefining respiratory sinus arrhythmia as respiratory heart rate variability: an international Expert Recommendation for terminological clarity","author":"Menuet","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cardiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2025.104788_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1097\/00005537-199701000-00014","article-title":"Influence of age on the \"nasal cycle\"","volume":"107","author":"Mirza","year":"1997","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2025.104788_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/09727531251318810","article-title":"An exploratory randomised trial to assess the effect of nadi shodhan pranayama as an adjunct versus standard non-pharmacological management in hypertensives","author":"Mittal","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ann. Neurosci."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2025.104788_bib52","first-page":"147","article-title":"Reflex reversal of nostril dominance by application of pressure to the axilla by a crutch","volume":"37","author":"Mohan","year":"1993","journal-title":"Indian J. Physiol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2025.104788_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2021.117914","article-title":"ICA-based denoising strategies in breath-hold induced cerebrovascular reactivity mapping with multi echo BOLD fMRI","volume":"233","author":"Moia","year":"2021","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2025.104788_bib54","unstructured":"Muktibodhananda, S. (1984). Swara yoga: The tantric science of brain breathing. Yoga Publications Trust, Munger, Bihar, India."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2025.104788_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.2466\/pr0.1997.81.2.555","article-title":"Yoga breathing through a particular nostril increases spatial memory scores without lateralized effects","volume":"81","author":"Naveen","year":"1997","journal-title":"Psychol. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2025.104788_bib56","unstructured":"Nestor, J. (2020). Breath: Improve your health and wellbeing by discovering the lost art of breathing. Penguin UK, London, England."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2025.104788_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-04461-8","article-title":"EEG signatures change during unilateral Yogi nasal breathing","volume":"12","author":"Niazi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2025.104788_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.4103\/0973-6131.205518","article-title":"Heart rate variability changes during and after the practice of bhramari pranayama","volume":"10","author":"Nivethitha","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Yoga"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2025.104788_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.4103\/asl.ASL_178_16","article-title":"Effects of various pr\u0101\u1e47\u0101y\u0101ma on cardiovascular and autonomic variables","volume":"36","author":"Nivethitha","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anc. Sci. Life"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2025.104788_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.4103\/0976-3147.193532","article-title":"Cerebrovascular hemodynamics during pranayama techniques","volume":"8","author":"Nivethitha","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Rural Pract."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2025.104788_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.00467","article-title":"Effects of yoga respiratory practice (Bhastrika pranayama) on anxiety, affect, and brain functional connectivity and activity: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"11","author":"Novaes","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2025.104788_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1186546","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2023.1186546","article-title":"Effect of aerobic exercise, slow breathing and mindfulness meditation on cortisol and glucose levels in women with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"14","author":"Obaya","year":"2023","journal-title":"Frontiers in Physiology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2025.104788_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.4103\/1947-2714.128477","article-title":"Slow yogic breathing through right and left nostril influences sympathovagal balance, heart rate variability, and cardiovascular risks in young adults","volume":"6","author":"Pal","year":"2014","journal-title":"North Am. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2025.104788_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2020.10.008","article-title":"Respiratory sinus arrhythmia biofeedback alters heart rate variability and default mode network connectivity in major depressive disorder: a preliminary study","volume":"158","author":"Park","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Psychophysiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2025.104788_bib65","unstructured":"Patanjali. (c. 200 BCE). Yoga Sutras of Patanjali. [Classical Sanskrit text]."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2025.104788_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2019.116041","article-title":"Distinctions among real and apparent respiratory motions in human fMRI data","volume":"201","author":"Power","year":"2019","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2025.104788_bib67","unstructured":"Prasna Upanishad. (c. 4th century BCE). [Classical Sanskrit text]."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2025.104788_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1007\/s10484-008-9055-0","article-title":"Immediate effect of specific nostril manipulating yoga breathing practices on autonomic and respiratory variables","volume":"33","author":"Raghuraj","year":"2008","journal-title":"Appl. Psychophysiol. Biofeedback"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2025.104788_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1089\/acm.2006.6203","article-title":"Holotropic breathwork: the potential role of a prolonged, voluntary hyperventilation procedure as an adjunct to psychotherapy","volume":"13","author":"Rhinewine","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Altern. Complement. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2025.104788_bib70","unstructured":"Rig Veda. (c. 1500 BCE). [Classical Sanskrit text]."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2025.104788_bib71","first-page":"710","article-title":"Behavioral interventions in asthma: Breathing training","volume":"33","author":"Ritz","year":"2009","journal-title":"Behav. Modif."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2025.104788_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaim.2017.07.008","article-title":"Effects of yogic breath regulation: a narrative review of scientific evidence","volume":"10","author":"Saoji","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Ayurveda Integr. Med."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2025.104788_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1016\/j.explore.2018.02.005","article-title":"Additional practice of yoga breathing with intermittent breath holding enhances psychological functions in yoga practitioners: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"14","author":"Saoji","year":"2018","journal-title":"Explore"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2025.104788_bib74","unstructured":"Saraswati, S., & Saraswati, S.N. (1998). Hatha Yoga Pradipika. Yoga Publications Trust."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2025.104788_bib75","unstructured":"Saraswati, S., & Saraswati, S.N. (2002). Four chapters on freedom: Commentary on the yoga sutras of Patanjali. Nesma Books India."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2025.104788_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1002\/ijop.13131","article-title":"Effect of pranayama on perceived stress, well-being and quality of life of frontline healthcare professionals on COVID-19 duty: a quasi-randomised clinical trial","volume":"59","author":"Sarwal","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Psychol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2025.104788_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1620\/tjem.233.155","article-title":"Consciously controlled breathing decreases the high-frequency component of heart rate variability by inhibiting cardiac parasympathetic nerve activity","volume":"233","author":"Sasaki","year":"2014","journal-title":"Tohoku J. Exp. Med."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2025.104788_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2006.06.055","article-title":"An electrophysiological link between the cerebellum, cognition and emotion: frontal theta EEG activity to transcranial cerebellar magnetic stimulation","volume":"33","author":"Schutter","year":"2006","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2025.104788_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2022.104583","article-title":"Resting-state fMRI functional connectivity and mindfulness in clinical and non-clinical contexts: a review and synthesis","volume":"135","author":"Sezer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2025.104788_bib80","first-page":"1","article-title":"Lateralized rhythms of the central and autonomic nervous systems","volume":"79","author":"Shannahoff-Khalsa","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Psychophysiol."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2025.104788_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1017\/S1092852900021428","article-title":"Selective unilateral autonomic activation: implications for psychiatry","volume":"12","author":"Shannahoff-Khalsa","year":"2007","journal-title":"CNS Spectr."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2025.104788_bib82","first-page":"10","article-title":"Effect of fast and slow pranayama practice on cognitive functions in healthy volunteers","volume":"8","author":"Sharma","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Diagn. Res."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2025.104788_bib83","first-page":"171","article-title":"Effect of fast and slow pranayama on perceived stress and cardiovascular parameters in young health-care students","volume":"10","author":"Sharma","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Yoga"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2025.104788_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.4103\/0973-6131.171711","article-title":"Effect of uninostril yoga breathing on brain hemodynamics: a functional near-infrared spectroscopy study","volume":"9","author":"Singh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Yoga"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2025.104788_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1177\/0972753120950075","article-title":"Impact of altered breathing patterns on interaction of EEG and heart rate variability","volume":"27","author":"Sinha","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Neurosci."},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2025.104788_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3011","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2025.05.008","article-title":"Humans have nasal respiratory fingerprints","volume":"35","author":"Soroka","year":"2025","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2025.104788_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1089\/acm.2019.0234","article-title":"Thalamic gamma aminobutyric acid level changes in major depressive disorder after a 12-week iyengar yoga and coherent breathing intervention","volume":"26","author":"Streeter","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Altern. Complement. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2025.104788_bib88","unstructured":"Swatmarama. (15th century CE). Hatha Yoga Pradipika. [Classical Sanskrit text]."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2025.104788_bib89","unstructured":"Tatya, T. (1895). The Gheranda Samhita: A treatise on Hatha Yoga. Bombay Theosophical Publication Fund."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2025.104788_bib90","first-page":"133","article-title":"Breathing through a particular nostril can alter metabolism and autonomic activities","volume":"38","author":"Telles","year":"1994","journal-title":"Indian J. Physiol. Pharmacol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2025.104788_bib91","first-page":"39","article-title":"Autonomic effects of slow, controlled breathing in healthy young adults","volume":"6","author":"Telles","year":"2009","journal-title":"Breathe"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2025.104788_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.12659\/MSMBR.892063","article-title":"Blood pressure and heart rate variability during yoga-based alternate nostril breathing practice and breath awareness","volume":"20","author":"Telles","year":"2014","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Monit. Basic Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2025.104788_bib93","first-page":"36","article-title":"Heart rate and respiratory sinus arrhythmia during right unilateral forced nostril breathing","volume":"6","author":"Telles","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Yoga"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2025.104788_bib94","first-page":"89","article-title":"Immediate effect of nostril breathing on memory performance","volume":"55","author":"Thakur","year":"2011","journal-title":"Indian J. Physiol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2025.104788_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2017.03.017","article-title":"Sudarshan Kriya yoga improves cardiac autonomic control in patients with anxiety-depression disorders","volume":"214","author":"Toschi-Dias","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2025.104788_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1038\/s44184-025-00156-4","article-title":"Unlocking deep relaxation: the power of rhythmic breathing on brain rhythms","volume":"4","author":"Tripathi","year":"2025","journal-title":"NPJ Ment. Health Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2025.104788_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.81555","article-title":"Neural underpinning of a respiration-associated resting-state fMRI network","volume":"11","author":"Tu","year":"2022","journal-title":"eLife"},{"issue":"3-4","key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2025.104788_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1007\/s10484-014-9253-x","article-title":"Inhalation\/Exhalation ratio modulates the effect of slow breathing on heart rate variability and relaxation","volume":"39","author":"Van Diest","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl. Psychophysiol. Biofeedback"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2025.104788_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci14040302","article-title":"Breathing right\u2026 or left! The effects of unilateral nostril breathing on psychological and cognitive wellbeing: a pilot study","volume":"14","author":"Vanutelli","year":"2024","journal-title":"Brain Sci."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2025.104788_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1007\/s10484-006-9009-3","article-title":"Characteristics of resonance in heart rate variability stimulated by biofeedback","volume":"31","author":"Vaschillo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Appl. Psychophysiol. Biofeedback"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2025.104788_bib101","first-page":"165","article-title":"Selective hemispheric stimulation by unilateral forced nostril breathing","volume":"6","author":"Werntz","year":"1987","journal-title":"Hum. Neurobiol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2025.104788_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.125.2.683","article-title":"Respiratory sinus arrhythmia: why does the heartbeat synchronize with respiratory rhythm?","volume":"125","author":"Yasuma","year":"2004","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2025.104788_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2018.00353","article-title":"How breath-control can change your life: a systematic review on psychophysiological correlates of slow breathing","volume":"12","author":"Zaccaro","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"issue":"49","key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2025.104788_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12448","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2586-16.2016","article-title":"Nasal respiration entrains human limbic oscillations and modulates cognitive function","volume":"36","author":"Zelano","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2025.104788_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.4103\/0973-6131.105935","article-title":"Sudarshan kriya yoga: breathing for health","volume":"6","author":"Zope","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Yoga"}],"container-title":["Asian Journal of Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1876201825004319?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1876201825004319?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T20:41:47Z","timestamp":1790282507000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1876201825004319"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"references-count":105,"alternative-id":["S1876201825004319"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajp.2025.104788","relation":{},"ISSN":["1876-2018"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1876-2018","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Breathing and the brain: Pranayama, an ancient self-directed approach to neuromodulation","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Asian Journal of Psychiatry","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajp.2025.104788","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 Elsevier B.V. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"104788"}}