{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T15:40:15Z","timestamp":1789141215216,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,1]],"date-time":"2012-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1325376000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,1]],"date-time":"2012-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1325376000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,17]],"date-time":"2014-02-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1392595200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":778,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002923","name":"Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas y T\u00e9cnicas","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002923","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003074","name":"Agencia Nacional de Promoci\u00f3n Cient\u00edfica y Tecnol\u00f3gica","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003074","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100011084","name":"Sigma Xia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100011084","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005363","name":"Universidad de Buenos Aires","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005363","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["ajp.amjpathol.org","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The American Journal of Pathology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,1]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2011.09.018","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,11,10]],"date-time":"2011-11-10T23:43:02Z","timestamp":1320968582000},"page":"303-313","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":56,"title":["Early Distal Axonopathy of the Visual Pathway in Experimental Diabetes"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"180","author":[{"given":"Diego C.","family":"Fernandez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura A.","family":"Pasquini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dami\u00e1n","family":"Dorfman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hern\u00e1n J.","family":"Aldana Marcos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruth E.","family":"Rosenstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2011.09.018_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43603","DOI":"10.1155\/2007\/43603","article-title":"Oxidative stress and diabetic retinopathy","volume":"2007","author":"Kowluru","year":"2007","journal-title":"Exp Diabetes Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2011.09.018_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4401","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2008.156695","article-title":"Retinal ganglion cells in diabetes","volume":"586","author":"Kern","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2011.09.018_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI2425","article-title":"Neural apoptosis in the retina during experimental and human diabetes: early onset and effect of insulin","volume":"102","author":"Barber","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2011.09.018_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5152","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.07-0427","article-title":"Effect of memantine on neuroretinal function and retinal vascular changes of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats","volume":"48","author":"Kusari","year":"2007","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2011.09.018_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdiacomp.2005.06.007","article-title":"Systemic IGF-I treatment inhibits cell death in diabetic rat retina","volume":"20","author":"Seigel","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Diabetes Complications"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2011.09.018_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1986.01050190047037","article-title":"Diabetic retinopathy viewed as a neurosensory disorder","volume":"104","author":"Bresnick","year":"1986","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2011.09.018_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.66.8.492","article-title":"Contrast sensitivity in diabetic subjects with and without retinopathy","volume":"66","author":"Ghafour","year":"1982","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2011.09.018_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.69.2.136","article-title":"Impaired contrast sensitivity in diabetic patients with and without retinopathy: a new technique for rapid assessment","volume":"69","author":"Della Sala","year":"1985","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2011.09.018_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1985.01050010055018","article-title":"Contrast sensitivity in diabetics with and without background retinopathy","volume":"103","author":"Sokol","year":"1985","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2011.09.018_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.3928\/01913913-20100420-02","article-title":"Decreased contrast sensitivity in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus","volume":"48","author":"Georgakopoulos","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2011.09.018_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00155037","article-title":"Steady-state pattern electroretinogram in insulin-dependent diabetics with no or minimal retinopathy","volume":"73","author":"Falsini","year":"1989","journal-title":"Doc Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2011.09.018_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(14)74550-7","article-title":"The pattern electroretinogram in diabetes","volume":"109","author":"Prager","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2011.09.018_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00572827","article-title":"Effects of hyperglycaemia on visual evoked potentials in insulin-dependent diabetic patients","volume":"29","author":"Martinelli","year":"1992","journal-title":"Acta Diabetol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2011.09.018_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-973755","article-title":"VEP and ERP abnormalities in children and adolescents with prepubertal onset of insulin dependent diabetes mellitus","volume":"27","author":"Uberall","year":"1996","journal-title":"Neuropediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2011.09.018_bib15","first-page":"240","article-title":"Visual evoked potentials in young persons with newly diagnosed diabetes: a long-term follow-up","volume":"42","author":"Verrotti","year":"2000","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2011.09.018_bib16","first-page":"89","article-title":"Multifocal VEP (mfVEP) reveals abnormal neuronal delays in diabetes","volume":"1211","author":"Wolff","year":"2010","journal-title":"Doc Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2011.09.018_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(98)00512-5","article-title":"Effect of aminoguanidine on optic nerve involvement in experimental diabetic rats","volume":"800","author":"Ino-ue","year":"1998","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2011.09.018_bib18","first-page":"4055","article-title":"Polyol metabolism of retrograde axonal transport in diabetic rat large optic nerve fiber","volume":"41","author":"Ino-Ue","year":"2000","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2011.09.018_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00154732","article-title":"Retinocortical conduction time in diabetics with abnormal pattern reversal electroretinograms and visual evoked potentials","volume":"70","author":"Trick","year":"1988","journal-title":"Doc Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2011.09.018_bib20","first-page":"265","article-title":"Standardization of fixation, processing and staining methods for the central nervous system of vertebrates","volume":"20","author":"Aldana Marcos","year":"1996","journal-title":"Biocell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2011.09.018_bib21","series-title":"The Rat Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates","author":"Paxinos","year":"1997"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2011.09.018_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3922","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.08-3344","article-title":"Retinal neuroprotection against ischemia-reperfusion damage induced by postconditioning","volume":"50","author":"Fernandez","year":"2009","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2011.09.018_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5196","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0913141107","article-title":"Distal axonopathy with structural persistence in glaucomatous neurodegeneration","volume":"107","author":"Crish","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2011.09.018_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-0270(95)00155-7","article-title":"Anterograde axonal tracing with the subunit B of cholera toxin: a highly sensitive immunohistochemical protocol for revealing fine axonal morphology in adult and neonatal brains","volume":"65","author":"Angelucci","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Neurosci Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2011.09.018_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.20424","article-title":"Light-dependent retinal innervation of the rat superior colliculus","volume":"290","author":"Prichard","year":"2007","journal-title":"Anat Rec (Hoboken)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2011.09.018_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1076\/0271-3683(200002)2021-DFT131","article-title":"Retrograde axonal transport impairment of large- and medium-sized retinal ganglion cells in diabetic rat","volume":"20","author":"Zhang","year":"2000","journal-title":"Curr Eye Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2011.09.018_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2005.01.008","article-title":"A new experimental model of glaucoma in rats through intracameral injections of hyaluronic acid","volume":"81","author":"Moreno","year":"2005","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2011.09.018_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5768","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.10-5660","article-title":"Effect of chondroitin sulfate on intraocular pressure in rats","volume":"51","author":"Belforte","year":"2010","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2011.09.018_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-008-8043-y","article-title":"Targeted activation of astrocytes: a potential neuroprotective strategy","volume":"38","author":"Escartin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mol Neurobiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2011.09.018_bib30","first-page":"1971","article-title":"Glial reactivity, an early feature of diabetic retinopathy","volume":"41","author":"Rungger-Br\u00e4ndle","year":"2000","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2011.09.018_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1122","DOI":"10.2337\/db10-1160","article-title":"Retinal microglial activation and inflammation induced by amadori-glycated albumin in a rat model of diabetes","volume":"60","author":"Ibrahim","year":"2011","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2011.09.018_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1902","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.15.12.1902","article-title":"Complications: neuropathy, pathogenetic considerations","volume":"15","author":"Greene","year":"1992","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2011.09.018_bib33","first-page":"71","article-title":"Optic nerve in diabetes mellitus: a case control study","volume":"9","author":"Giarelli","year":"1986","journal-title":"Metab Pediatr Syst Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2011.09.018_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1006\/exer.1997.0426","article-title":"Structural impairments in optic nerve of diabetic rats ameliorated with the aldose reductase inhibitor","volume":"66","author":"Ino-ue","year":"1998","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2011.09.018_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1468","DOI":"10.1001\/archophthalmol.2009.270","article-title":"Dry eye reversal and corneal sensation restoration with topical naltrexone in diabetes mellitus","volume":"127","author":"Zagon","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2011.09.018_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(87)90248-0","article-title":"Expression of a myelin basic protein gene in transgenic shiverer mice: correction of the demyelinating phenotype","volume":"48","author":"Readhead","year":"1987","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2011.09.018_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1992.tb09316.x","article-title":"Morphometric analysis of normal, mutant, and transgenic CNS: correlation of myelin basic protein expression to myelinogenesis","volume":"58","author":"Shine","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2011.09.018_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1590\/S0100-879X2006000500011","article-title":"Delayed Schwann cell and oligodendrocyte remyelination after ethidium bromide injection in the brainstem of Wistar rats submitted to streptozotocin diabetogenic treatment","volume":"39","author":"Bondan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Braz J Med Biol Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2011.09.018_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2111","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1103709","article-title":"bHLH transcription factor Olig1 is required to repairedmyelinated lesions in the CNS","volume":"306","author":"Arnett","year":"2004","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2011.09.018_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa010994","article-title":"Premyelinating oligodendrocytes in chronic lesions of multiple sclerosis","volume":"346","author":"Chang","year":"2002","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2011.09.018_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.18-02-00601.1998","article-title":"Chronic stage multiple sclerosis lesions contain a relatively quiescent population of oligodendrocyte precursor cells","volume":"18","author":"Wolswijk","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2011.09.018_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12633","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2801-06.2006","article-title":"Tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1 mediates oligodendrocyte death and delayed retinal ganglion cell loss in a mouse model of glaucoma","volume":"26","author":"Nakazawa","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2011.09.018_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2007.02.004","article-title":"Neuronal death: where does the end begin","volume":"30","author":"Conforti","year":"2007","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2011.09.018_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn1788","article-title":"Axon degeneration mechanisms: commonality amid diversity","volume":"6","author":"Coleman","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2011.09.018_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1282","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1105681","article-title":"Axonopathy and transport deficits early in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease","volume":"307","author":"Stokin","year":"2005","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2011.09.018_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2735","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4443-07.2008","article-title":"Progressive ganglion cell degeneration precedes neuronal loss in a mouse model of glaucoma","volume":"28","author":"Buckingham","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2011.09.018_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/S1350-9462(97)00005-0","article-title":"Electrical responses from diabetic retina","volume":"17","author":"Shirao","year":"1998","journal-title":"Prog Retin Eye Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2011.09.018_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1442-9071.2000.00222.x","article-title":"Retinal neurodegeneration: early pathology in diabetes","volume":"28","author":"Lieth","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2011.09.018_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.52.2.506","article-title":"A role for the polyol pathway in the early neuroretinal apoptosis and glial changes induced by diabetes in the rat","volume":"52","author":"Asnaghi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Diabetes"}],"container-title":["The American Journal of Pathology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0002944011009084?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0002944011009084?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,2]],"date-time":"2025-11-02T11:02:10Z","timestamp":1762081330000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0002944011009084"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,1]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,1]]}},"alternative-id":["S0002944011009084"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajpath.2011.09.018","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9440"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9440","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Early Distal Axonopathy of the Visual Pathway in Experimental Diabetes","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"The American Journal of Pathology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajpath.2011.09.018","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2012 American Society for Investigative Pathology. Published by Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}