{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T14:21:31Z","timestamp":1778854891129,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,1]],"date-time":"2013-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1356998400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,1]],"date-time":"2013-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1356998400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,16]],"date-time":"2013-07-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1373932800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":196,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01-HL087282"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01-HL087282"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["ajp.amjpathol.org","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The American Journal of Pathology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,1]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2012.10.006","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,16]],"date-time":"2012-11-16T02:45:39Z","timestamp":1353033939000},"page":"5-9","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Adaptive Immunity and Atherosclerosis"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"182","author":[{"given":"Andrew H.","family":"Lichtman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2012.10.006_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1253","DOI":"10.2353\/ajpath.2008.080442","article-title":"Inflammation at the molecular interface of atherogenesis: an anthropological journey","volume":"173","author":"Lamon","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2012.10.006_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.6.2.131","article-title":"Regional accumulations of T cells, macrophages, and smooth muscle cells in the human atherosclerotic plaque","volume":"6","author":"Jonasson","year":"1986","journal-title":"Arteriosclerosis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2012.10.006_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9150(88)90074-3","article-title":"Localization of T lymphocytes and macrophages in fibrous and complicated human atherosclerotic plaques","volume":"72","author":"Hansson","year":"1988","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2012.10.006_bib4","first-page":"369","article-title":"T lymphocytes in aortic and coronary intimas. Their potential role in atherogenesis","volume":"130","author":"Emeson","year":"1988","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2012.10.006_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9150(85)90138-8","article-title":"Variation in susceptibility to atherosclerosis among inbred strains of mice","volume":"57","author":"Paigen","year":"1985","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2012.10.006_bib6","first-page":"1906","article-title":"Accelerated atherosclerosis in hyperlipidemic C57BL\/6 mice treated with cyclosporin A","volume":"142","author":"Emeson","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2012.10.006_bib7","first-page":"675","article-title":"Inhibition of atherosclerosis in CD4 T-cell-ablated and nude (nu\/nu) C57BL\/6 hyperlipidemic mice","volume":"149","author":"Emeson","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2012.10.006_bib8","first-page":"359","article-title":"Evidence for a local immune response in atherosclerosis. CD4+ T cells infiltrate lesions of apolipoprotein-E-deficient mice","volume":"149","author":"Zhou","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2012.10.006_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2013","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9440(10)63252-X","article-title":"Deleting TCR alpha beta+ or CD4+ T lymphocytes leads to opposite effects on site-specific atherosclerosis in female apolipoprotein E-deficient mice","volume":"165","author":"Elhage","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2012.10.006_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(92)90362-G","article-title":"Severe hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice created by homologous recombination in ES cells","volume":"71","author":"Plump","year":"1992","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2012.10.006_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1411543","article-title":"Spontaneous hypercholesterolemia and arterial lesions in mice lacking apolipoprotein E","volume":"258","author":"Zhang","year":"1992","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2012.10.006_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI116663","article-title":"Hypercholesterolemia in low density lipoprotein receptor knockout mice and its reversal by adenovirus-mediated gene delivery","volume":"92","author":"Ishibashi","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2012.10.006_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4431","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.91.10.4431","article-title":"The two-receptor model of lipoprotein clearance: tests of the hypothesis in \u201cknockout\u201d mice lacking the low density lipoprotein receptor, apolipoprotein E, or both proteins","volume":"91","author":"Ishibashi","year":"1994","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2012.10.006_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1013","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.16.8.1013","article-title":"Lymphocyte populations in atherosclerotic lesions of ApoE -\/- and LDL receptor -\/- mice. Decreasing density with disease progression","volume":"16","author":"Roselaar","year":"1996","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2012.10.006_bib15","first-page":"351","article-title":"Immunology of atherosclerosis: the promise of mouse models","volume":"149","author":"Lichtman","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2012.10.006_bib16","first-page":"91","article-title":"Accelerated atheromatous lesions in mouse hearts transplanted to apolipoprotein-E-deficient recipients","volume":"149","author":"Russell","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2012.10.006_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4642","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.94.9.4642","article-title":"T and B lymphocytes play a minor role in atherosclerotic plaque formation in the apolipoprotein E-deficient mouse","volume":"94","author":"Dansky","year":"1997","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2012.10.006_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1575","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI119681","article-title":"The effects of total lymphocyte deficiency on the extent of atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-\/- mice","volume":"100","author":"Daugherty","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2012.10.006_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2919","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.102.24.2919","article-title":"Transfer of CD4(+) T cells aggravates atherosclerosis in immunodeficient apolipoprotein E knockout mice","volume":"102","author":"Zhou","year":"2000","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2012.10.006_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI200111380","article-title":"Lymphocytes are important in early atherosclerosis","volume":"108","author":"Song","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2012.10.006_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.2174\/138945008783755520","article-title":"Natural antibodies in murine atherosclerosis","volume":"9","author":"Binder","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr Drug Targets"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2012.10.006_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.pathol.1.110304.100100","article-title":"Inflammation and atherosclerosis","volume":"1","author":"Hansson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Annu Rev Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2012.10.006_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2010.02.010","article-title":"Regulatory T cells and the control of modified lipoprotein autoimmunity-driven atherosclerosis","volume":"19","author":"Nilsson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Trends Cardiovasc Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2012.10.006_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9440(10)62971-9","article-title":"The atheroprotective effect of 17beta-estradiol depends on complex interactions in adaptive immunity","volume":"167","author":"Elhage","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2012.10.006_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2348","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.136.7.2348","article-title":"Two types of murine helper T cell clone. I. Definition according to profiles of lymphokine activities and secreted proteins","volume":"136","author":"Mosmann","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2012.10.006_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2011.08.007","article-title":"The many faces of Th17 cells","volume":"23","author":"Peters","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr Opin Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2012.10.006_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.25.022106.141623","article-title":"Regulatory T cells: mechanisms of differentiation and function","volume":"30","author":"Josefowicz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Annu Rev Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2012.10.006_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1016\/S0008-6363(03)00343-2","article-title":"Reduced atherosclerosis in interleukin-18 deficient apolipoprotein E-knockout mice","volume":"59","author":"Elhage","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2012.10.006_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2752","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI119465","article-title":"IFN-gamma potentiates atherosclerosis in ApoE knock-out mice","volume":"99","author":"Gupta","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2012.10.006_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.0000059419.11002.6E","article-title":"Influence of interferon-gamma on the extent and phenotype of diet-induced atherosclerosis in the LDLR-deficient mouse","volume":"23","author":"Buono","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2012.10.006_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1596","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0409015102","article-title":"T-bet deficiency reduces atherosclerosis and alters plaque antigen-specific immune responses","volume":"102","author":"Buono","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2012.10.006_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9150(99)00011-8","article-title":"Cytokine expression in advanced human atherosclerotic plaques: dominance of pro-inflammatory (Th1) and macrophage-stimulating cytokines","volume":"145","author":"Frosteg\u00e5rd","year":"1999","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2012.10.006_bib33","first-page":"169","article-title":"Detection of activated T lymphocytes in the human atherosclerotic plaque","volume":"135","author":"Hansson","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2012.10.006_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1819","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9440(10)64820-1","article-title":"Exogenous interferon-gamma enhances atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-\/- mice","volume":"157","author":"Whitman","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2012.10.006_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1117","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9440(10)63471-2","article-title":"The role of interleukin-4 and interleukin-12 in the progression of atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice","volume":"163","author":"Davenport","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2012.10.006_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1500","DOI":"10.2353\/ajpath.2008.070776","article-title":"Genetically programmed biases in Th1 and Th2 immune responses modulate atherogenesis","volume":"172","author":"Schulte","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2012.10.006_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e17","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.85.8.e17","article-title":"Protective role of interleukin-10 in atherosclerosis","volume":"85","author":"Mallat","year":"1999","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2012.10.006_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1474","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.0000134378.86443.cd","article-title":"Leukocyte-derived interleukin 10 is required for protection against atherosclerosis in low-density lipoprotein receptor knockout mice","volume":"24","author":"Potteaux","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2012.10.006_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1342","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI18607","article-title":"Disruption of TGF-beta signaling in T cells accelerates atherosclerosis","volume":"112","author":"Robertson","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2012.10.006_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.2353\/ajpath.2009.080561","article-title":"T-cell activation leads to reduced collagen maturation in atherosclerotic plaques of Apoe(-\/-) mice","volume":"174","author":"Ovchinnikova","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2012.10.006_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9440(10)64559-2","article-title":"Association of B7-1 co-stimulation with the development of graft arterial disease. Studies using mice lacking B7-1, B7-2, or B7-1\/B7-2","volume":"157","author":"Furukawa","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2012.10.006_bib42","first-page":"1","article-title":"T cell costimulatory and coinhibitory pathways in vascular inflammatory diseases","volume":"3","author":"Lichtman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Fronteirs Physiol"}],"container-title":["The American Journal of Pathology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0002944012007481?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0002944012007481?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,11]],"date-time":"2025-09-11T14:37:53Z","timestamp":1757601473000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0002944012007481"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,1]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,1]]}},"alternative-id":["S0002944012007481"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajpath.2012.10.006","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9440"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9440","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Adaptive Immunity and Atherosclerosis","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"The American Journal of Pathology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajpath.2012.10.006","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2013 American Society for Investigative Pathology. Published by Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}