{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T19:26:02Z","timestamp":1792783562162,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,1]],"date-time":"2016-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1470009600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,1]],"date-time":"2016-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1470009600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,16]],"date-time":"2016-05-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1463356800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001711","name":"Swiss National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["310030B_147087"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["310030B_147087"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001711","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000781","name":"European Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000781","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"LYVICAM"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004201","name":"Oncosuisse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004201","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Krebsliga Zurich"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003006","name":"ETH Zurich","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ETH-47 13-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ETH-47 13-1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003006","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["ajp.amjpathol.org","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The American Journal of Pathology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,8]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2016.04.006","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,15]],"date-time":"2016-06-15T16:28:28Z","timestamp":1466008108000},"page":"2193-2203","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":83,"title":["Prominent Lymphatic Vessel Hyperplasia with Progressive Dysfunction and Distinct Immune Cell Infiltration in Lymphedema"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"186","author":[{"given":"Epameinondas","family":"Gousopoulos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven T.","family":"Proulx","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeannette","family":"Scholl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maja","family":"Uecker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Detmar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2016.04.006_bib1","first-page":"731","article-title":"Lymphatic participation in cutaneous phenomena: Harvey Lecture, April 16, 1942","volume":"18","author":"McMaster","year":"1942","journal-title":"Bull N Y Acad Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2016.04.006_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1371","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.2545","article-title":"The lymphatic vasculature in disease","volume":"17","author":"Alitalo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2016.04.006_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2015.00182","article-title":"The role of the lymphatic system in cholesterol transport","volume":"6","author":"Huang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2016.04.006_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI71608","article-title":"New developments in clinical aspects of lymphatic disease","volume":"124","author":"Mortimer","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2016.04.006_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9343(00)00727-0","article-title":"Lymphedema","volume":"110","author":"Rockson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2016.04.006_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5138","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.25458","article-title":"Lymphedema beyond breast cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cancer-related secondary lymphedema","volume":"116","author":"Cormier","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2016.04.006_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1413.014","article-title":"Estimating the population burden of lymphedema","volume":"1131","author":"Rockson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2016.04.006_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(194805)1:1<64::AID-CNCR2820010105>3.0.CO;2-W","article-title":"Lymphangiosarcoma in postmastectomy lymphedema: a report of six cases in elephantiasis chirurgica","volume":"1","author":"Stewart","year":"1948","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2016.04.006_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9610(99)00008-2","article-title":"Quality of life of breast cancer patients with lymphedema","volume":"177","author":"Velanovich","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2016.04.006_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1089\/lrb.2005.3.3","article-title":"Regional distribution of epifascial swelling and epifascial lymph drainage rate constants in breast cancer-related lymphedema","volume":"3","author":"Modi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lymphat Res Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2016.04.006_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1042\/cs1010131","article-title":"Differences in lymph drainage between swollen and non-swollen regions in arms with breast-cancer-related lymphoedema","volume":"101","author":"Stanton","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin Sci (Lond)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2016.04.006_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1089\/lrb.2007.5306","article-title":"Clinical assessment of human lymph flow using removal rate constants of interstitial macromolecules: a critical review of lymphoscintigraphy","volume":"5","author":"Modi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lymphat Res Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2016.04.006_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2007.130401","article-title":"Human lymphatic pumping measured in healthy and lymphoedematous arms by lymphatic congestion lymphoscintigraphy","volume":"583","author":"Modi","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2016.04.006_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2255","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20100559","article-title":"Stimulation of lymphangiogenesis via VEGFR-3 inhibits chronic skin inflammation","volume":"207","author":"Huggenberger","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2016.04.006_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2015.07.005","article-title":"Animal models in surgical lymphedema research: a systematic review","volume":"200","author":"Frueh","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Surg Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2016.04.006_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1314","DOI":"10.1038\/labinvest.2011.84","article-title":"Role of COX-2 in lymphangiogenesis and restoration of lymphatic flow in secondary lymphedema","volume":"91","author":"Kashiwagi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lab Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2016.04.006_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mvr.2006.05.009","article-title":"Secondary lymphedema in the mouse tail: lymphatic hyperplasia, VEGF-C upregulation, and the protective role of MMP-9","volume":"72","author":"Rutkowski","year":"2006","journal-title":"Microvasc Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2016.04.006_bib18","first-page":"11","article-title":"Volume measurement in lymphoedema treatment: examination of formulae","volume":"4","author":"Sitzia","year":"1995","journal-title":"Eur J Cancer Care (Engl)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2016.04.006_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2013.03.034","article-title":"Use of a PEG-conjugated bright near-infrared dye for functional imaging of rerouting of tumor lymphatic drainage after sentinel lymph node metastasis","volume":"34","author":"Proulx","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2016.04.006_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e94713","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0094713","article-title":"Chronic high-fat diet impairs collecting lymphatic vessel function in mice","volume":"9","author":"Blum","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2016.04.006_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H2113","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00879.2008","article-title":"TGF-beta1 is a negative regulator of lymphatic regeneration during wound repair","volume":"295","author":"Clavin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2016.04.006_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e254","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0030254","article-title":"Inflammatory manifestations of experimental lymphatic insufficiency","volume":"3","author":"Tabibiazar","year":"2006","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2016.04.006_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1962.03050400016004","article-title":"Idiopathic lymphedema: review of 131 cases","volume":"182","author":"Schirger","year":"1962","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2016.04.006_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e41126","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0041126","article-title":"Pathological steps of cancer-related lymphedema: histological changes in the collecting lymphatic vessels after lymphadenectomy","volume":"7","author":"Mihara","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2016.04.006_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"946","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvs.2010.04.067","article-title":"A novel method of measuring human lymphatic pumping using indocyanine green fluorescence lymphography","volume":"52","author":"Unno","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Vasc Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2016.04.006_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1089\/lrb.2008.1026","article-title":"Recent advances in breast cancer-related lymphedema of the arm: lymphatic pump failure and predisposing factors","volume":"7","author":"Stanton","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lymphat Res Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2016.04.006_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1007\/s10456-014-9416-7","article-title":"Inflammation-induced lymphangiogenesis and lymphatic dysfunction","volume":"17","author":"Liao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Angiogenesis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2016.04.006_bib28","first-page":"H324","article-title":"Transport in lymphatic capillaries, I: macroscopic measurements using residence time distribution theory","volume":"270","author":"Swartz","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2016.04.006_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1006\/mvre.1993.1041","article-title":"Lymphatic capillary pressure in patients with primary lymphedema","volume":"46","author":"Zaugg-Vesti","year":"1993","journal-title":"Microvasc Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2016.04.006_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1881","DOI":"10.1002\/art.27464","article-title":"Near-infrared lymphatic imaging demonstrates the dynamics of lymph flow and lymphangiogenesis during the acute versus chronic phases of arthritis in mice","volume":"62","author":"Zhou","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2016.04.006_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H2042","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00467.2015","article-title":"Lipopolysaccharide modulates neutrophil recruitment and macrophage polarization on\u00a0lymphatic vessels and impairs lymphatic function in rat mesentery","volume":"309","author":"Chakraborty","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2016.04.006_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1007\/s10456-013-9406-1","article-title":"Lymphatic vessels: new targets for the treatment of inflammatory diseases","volume":"17","author":"Dieterich","year":"2014","journal-title":"Angiogenesis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2016.04.006_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1733","DOI":"10.2353\/ajpath.2009.090133","article-title":"Role of CD11b+ macrophages in intraperitoneal lipopolysaccharide-induced aberrant lymphangiogenesis and lymphatic function in the diaphragm","volume":"175","author":"Kim","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2016.04.006_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4667","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2010-10-316356","article-title":"An important role of lymphatic vessel activation in limiting acute inflammation","volume":"117","author":"Huggenberger","year":"2011","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2016.04.006_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18784","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1116152108","article-title":"Impaired lymphatic contraction associated with immunosuppression","volume":"108","author":"Liao","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U\u00a0S A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2016.04.006_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e49940","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0049940","article-title":"CD4(+) cells regulate fibrosis and lymphangiogenesis in response to lymphatic fluid stasis","volume":"7","author":"Zampell","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2016.04.006_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H1065","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00598.2014","article-title":"Regulation of inflammation and fibrosis by macrophages in lymphedema","volume":"308","author":"Ghanta","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2016.04.006_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3073","article-title":"Protective and pathogenic functions of macrophage subsets","volume":"11","author":"Murray","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2016.04.006_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.22110","article-title":"Alternatively activated RAW264.7 macrophages enhance tumor lymphangiogenesis in mouse lung adenocarcinoma","volume":"107","author":"Zhang","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Cell Biochem"}],"container-title":["The American Journal of Pathology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0002944016301183?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0002944016301183?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,11]],"date-time":"2025-09-11T14:48:19Z","timestamp":1757602099000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0002944016301183"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,8]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,8]]}},"alternative-id":["S0002944016301183"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajpath.2016.04.006","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9440"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9440","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Prominent Lymphatic Vessel Hyperplasia with Progressive Dysfunction and Distinct Immune Cell Infiltration in Lymphedema","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"The American Journal of Pathology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajpath.2016.04.006","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2016 American Society for Investigative Pathology. Published by Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}