{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T01:23:09Z","timestamp":1779326589748,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,1]],"date-time":"2023-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1688169600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,1]],"date-time":"2023-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1688169600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,1]],"date-time":"2024-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1719792000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":366,"URL":"http:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/open-access\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2013M3A9D5072550"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2013M3A9D5072550"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2013M3A9D5072560"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2013M3A9D5072560"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019R1A6A1A03032869"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019R1A6A1A03032869"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021M3H9A1030260"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021M3H9A1030260"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RS-2023-00208984"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2023-00208984"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["ajp.amjpathol.org","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The American Journal of Pathology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2023.03.008","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,5]],"date-time":"2023-04-05T11:19:01Z","timestamp":1680693541000},"page":"866-882","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Murine Coronavirus Disease 2019 Lethality Is Characterized by Lymphoid Depletion Associated with Suppressed Antigen-Presenting Cell Functionality"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"193","author":[{"given":"Yu Jin","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sang Hyeok","family":"Seok","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Na Yun","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2808-0383","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hee Jin","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yoon Woo","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hee Jung","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ji-Yeon","family":"Hwang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Da In","family":"On","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hyun Ah","family":"Noh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Su-Bin","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ho-Keun","family":"Kwon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jun-Won","family":"Yun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jeon-Soo","family":"Shin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jun-Young","family":"Seo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ki Taek","family":"Nam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5573-742X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ho","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ho Young","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4677-1786","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jun Won","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Je Kyung","family":"Seong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2023.03.008_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-05542-y","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 infection and persistence throughout the human body and brain","volume":"612","author":"Stein","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2023.03.008_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.769059","article-title":"Dysregulated immune responses in COVID-19 patients correlating with disease severity and invasive oxygen requirements","volume":"12","author":"Garcia-Gonzalez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2023.03.008_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13030471","article-title":"Lymphopenia as a biological predictor of outcomes in COVID-19 patients: a nationwide cohort study","volume":"13","author":"Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2023.03.008_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.661052","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 induces lymphocytopenia by promoting inflammation and decimates secondary lymphoid organs","volume":"12","author":"Xiang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2023.03.008_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.08.025","article-title":"Loss of Bcl-6-expressing T follicular helper cells and germinal centers in COVID-19","volume":"183","author":"Kaneko","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2023.03.008_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1486","DOI":"10.1038\/s41418-022-00936-x","article-title":"T cell apoptosis characterizes severe Covid-19 disease","volume":"29","author":"Andre","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2023.03.008_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7370","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.1c00672","article-title":"Embryonic stem cell derived small extracellular vesicles modulate regulatory T cells to protect against ischemic stroke","volume":"15","author":"Xia","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2023.03.008_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.02.052","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 cell entry depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and is blocked by a clinically proven protease inhibitor","volume":"181","author":"Hoffmann","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2023.03.008_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1009195","article-title":"K18-hACE2 mice develop respiratory disease resembling severe COVID-19","volume":"17","author":"Yinda","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2023.03.008_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6122","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-19891-7","article-title":"Lethality of SARS-CoV-2 infection in K18 human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 transgenic mice","volume":"11","author":"Oladunni","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2023.03.008_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0272019","article-title":"Development of transgenic models susceptible and resistant to SARS-CoV-2 infection in FVB background mice","volume":"17","author":"Seo","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2023.03.008_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"dmm049632","DOI":"10.1242\/dmm.049632","article-title":"Comparison of the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 infection in K18-hACE2 mouse and Syrian golden hamster models","volume":"15","author":"Jeong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Dis Model Mech"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2023.03.008_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.abl9929","article-title":"Administration of aerosolized SARS-CoV-2 to K18-hACE2 mice uncouples respiratory infection from fatal neuroinvasion","volume":"7","author":"Fumagalli","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2023.03.008_bib36","series-title":"Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2023.03.008_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1186\/s13024-022-00529-9","article-title":"The route of SARS-CoV-2 to brain infection: have we been barking up the wrong tree?","volume":"17","author":"Butowt","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol Neurodegener"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2023.03.008_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"a016873","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a016873","article-title":"MHC class II antigen presentation by dendritic cells regulated through endosomal sorting","volume":"5","author":"ten Broeke","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2023.03.008_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-04441-6","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 omicron virus causes attenuated disease in mice and hamsters","volume":"603","author":"Halfmann","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2023.03.008_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-04865-0","article-title":"Limited cross-variant immunity from SARS-CoV-2 Omicron without vaccination","volume":"607","author":"Suryawanshi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2023.03.008_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1260419","article-title":"Proteomics: tissue-based map of the human proteome","volume":"347","author":"Uhlen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2023.03.008_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3993","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-23619-6","article-title":"Type II alveolar cell MHCII improves respiratory viral disease outcomes while exhibiting limited antigen presentation","volume":"12","author":"Toulmin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2023.03.008_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1126\/science.8016643","article-title":"Regulation of MHC class II expression by interferon-gamma mediated by the transactivator gene CIITA","volume":"265","author":"Steimle","year":"1994","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2023.03.008_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.15252\/embr.201745553","article-title":"Chemical and genetic control of IFNgamma-induced MHCII expression","volume":"19","author":"Wijdeven","year":"2018","journal-title":"EMBO Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2023.03.008_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s12276-019-0333-0","article-title":"STING signaling and host defense against microbial infection","volume":"51","author":"Ahn","year":"2019","journal-title":"Exp Mol Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2023.03.008_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/scisignal.abg8744","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 spike protein-induced cell fusion activates the cGAS-STING pathway and the interferon response","volume":"15","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Signal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2023.03.008_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00490-21","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00490-21","article-title":"Activation of STING signaling pathway effectively blocks human coronavirus infection","volume":"95","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2023.03.008_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2021.671788","article-title":"Features of cytokine storm identified by distinguishing clinical manifestations in COVID-19","volume":"9","author":"Shen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2023.03.008_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2021.119124","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 infection: the role of PD-1\/PD-L1 and CTLA-4 axis","volume":"270","author":"Aghbash","year":"2021","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2023.03.008_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smim.2021.101522","article-title":"Impaired innate antiviral defenses in COVID-19: causes, consequences and therapeutic opportunities","volume":"55","author":"Galani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Semin Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2023.03.008_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1038\/s41556-021-00681-2","article-title":"Single-cell RNA sequencing of blood antigen-presenting cells in severe COVID-19 reveals multi-process defects in antiviral immunity","volume":"23","author":"Saichi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Cell Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2023.03.008_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1038\/s41580-021-00418-x","article-title":"Mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 entry into cells","volume":"23","author":"Jackson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2023.03.008_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-020-04138-6","article-title":"COVID-19: angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) expression and tissue susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection","volume":"40","author":"Beyerstedt","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2023.03.008_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1607","DOI":"10.1515\/cclm-2021-0658","article-title":"Ageing, ACE2 deficiency and bad outcome in COVID-19","volume":"59","author":"Angeli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Chem Lab Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2023.03.008_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1038\/nature03712","article-title":"Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 protects from severe acute lung failure","volume":"436","author":"Imai","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2023.03.008_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1267","article-title":"A crucial role of angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) in SARS coronavirus-induced lung injury","volume":"11","author":"Kuba","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2023.03.008_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1038\/labinvest.2017.32","article-title":"Angiotensin-converting enzyme affects the presentation of MHC class II antigens","volume":"97","author":"Zhao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lab Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2023.03.008_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2020.04.037","article-title":"The pivotal link between ACE2 deficiency and SARS-CoV-2 infection","volume":"76","author":"Verdecchia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur J Intern Med"}],"container-title":["The American Journal of Pathology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0002944023001190?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0002944023001190?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,12]],"date-time":"2025-09-12T16:42:28Z","timestamp":1757695348000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0002944023001190"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]}},"alternative-id":["S0002944023001190"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajpath.2023.03.008","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9440"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9440","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Murine Coronavirus Disease 2019 Lethality Is Characterized by Lymphoid Depletion Associated with Suppressed Antigen-Presenting Cell Functionality","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"The American Journal of Pathology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajpath.2023.03.008","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2023 American Society for Investigative Pathology. Published by Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}