{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T21:51:24Z","timestamp":1792446684008,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":169,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,6]],"date-time":"2025-06-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749168000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000062","name":"National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000062","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HA 10465_1-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HA 10465_1-1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["ajp.amjpathol.org","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The American Journal of Pathology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2025.05.012","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,11]],"date-time":"2025-06-11T02:35:58Z","timestamp":1749609358000},"page":"104-120","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Microbiota in Alcohol-Associated Organ Damage"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"196","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0143-8106","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aenne","family":"Harberts","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernd","family":"Schnabl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2025.05.012_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines7040099","article-title":"Global burden of alcohol use disorders and alcohol liver disease","volume":"7","author":"Rehm","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2025.05.012_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1307","DOI":"10.1097\/HEP.0000000000000899","article-title":"Alcohol-associated liver disease\u2014global epidemiology","volume":"80","author":"\u00c5berg","year":"2024","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2025.05.012_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.35946\/arcr.v38.2.01","article-title":"Alcoholic liver disease: pathogenesis and current management","volume":"38","author":"Osna","year":"2017","journal-title":"Alcohol Res Curr Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2025.05.012_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1492","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2022.05.004","article-title":"Pathogenesis of alcohol-associated liver disease","volume":"12","author":"Osna","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Clin Exp Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2025.05.012_bib5","article-title":"Gut dysbiosis as a driver in alcohol-induced liver injury","volume":"3","author":"Fairfield","year":"2020","journal-title":"JHEP Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2025.05.012_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.35946\/arcr.v38.2.02","article-title":"Alcohol and gut-derived inflammation","volume":"38","author":"Bishehsari","year":"2017","journal-title":"Alcohol Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2025.05.012_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.202000023","article-title":"Microbial products and metabolites contributing to alcohol-related liver disease","volume":"65","author":"Gao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol Nutr Food Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2025.05.012_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.11.048","article-title":"The systemic inflammation hypothesis: towards a new paradigm of acute decompensation and multiorgan failure in cirrhosis","volume":"74","author":"Arroyo","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2025.05.012_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-021-00520-7","article-title":"Cirrhosis-associated immune dysfunction","volume":"19","author":"Albillos","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2025.05.012_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2020.1785251","article-title":"Changes in the fecal bacterial microbiota associated with disease severity in alcoholic hepatitis patients","volume":"12","author":"Lang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2025.05.012_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.27779","article-title":"Systemic inflammatory response and serum lipopolysaccharide levels predict multiple organ failure and death in alcoholic hepatitis","volume":"62","author":"Michelena","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2025.05.012_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1038\/s41568-023-00594-2","article-title":"Bacteria in cancer initiation, promotion and progression","volume":"23","author":"El Tekle","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2025.05.012_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1279","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-019-0451-9","article-title":"The influence of the microbiome on respiratory health","volume":"20","author":"Wypych","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2025.05.012_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1877","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00018.2018","article-title":"The microbiota-gut-brain axis","volume":"99","author":"Cryan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2025.05.012_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11234","article-title":"Structure, function and diversity of the healthy human microbiome","volume":"486","author":"Huttenhower","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2025.05.012_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1238-8","article-title":"The Integrative Human Microbiome Project","volume":"569","author":"Proctor","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2025.05.012_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11550","article-title":"Diversity, stability and resilience of the human gut microbiota","volume":"489","author":"Lozupone","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2025.05.012_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2103","DOI":"10.1111\/1462-2920.13318","article-title":"The human gut microbiome in health: establishment and resilience of microbiota over a lifetime","volume":"18","author":"Greenhalgh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2025.05.012_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-018-2943-4","article-title":"An insight into gut microbiota and its functionalities","volume":"76","author":"Adak","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Mol Life Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2025.05.012_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2021.08.006","article-title":"Microbiome and cancer","volume":"39","author":"Cullin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2025.05.012_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.999001","article-title":"Human gut microbiota in health and disease: unveiling the relationship","volume":"13","author":"Afzaal","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2025.05.012_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-023-00904-3","article-title":"The gut-liver axis and gut microbiota in health and liver disease","volume":"21","author":"Hsu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2025.05.012_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-024-01075-5","article-title":"The oral-gut microbiome axis in health and disease","volume":"22","author":"Kunath","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2025.05.012_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2022.03.002","article-title":"Early prediction of incident liver disease using conventional risk factors and gut-microbiome-augmented gradient boosting","volume":"34","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2025.05.012_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26020527","article-title":"A systematic review of microbiota in cirrhosis: a change towards a more pathogenic predisposition","volume":"26","author":"Xirouchakis","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2025.05.012_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02282340","article-title":"Small bowel bacterial overgrowth in patients with alcoholic cirrhosis","volume":"41","author":"Casafont Morencos","year":"1996","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2025.05.012_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2018.08.006","article-title":"Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth in patients with cirrhosis","volume":"9","author":"Ghosh","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Clin Exp Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2025.05.012_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.24423","article-title":"Characterization of fecal microbial communities in patients with liver cirrhosis","volume":"54","author":"Chen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2025.05.012_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"940","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2013.12.019","article-title":"Altered profile of human gut microbiome is associated with cirrhosis and its complications","volume":"60","author":"Bajaj","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2025.05.012_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13568","article-title":"Alterations of the human gut microbiome in liver cirrhosis","volume":"513","author":"Qin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2025.05.012_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"966","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00380.2011","article-title":"Colonic microbiome is altered in alcoholism","volume":"302","author":"Mutlu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Physiol - Gastrointest Liver Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2025.05.012_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E4485","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1415174111","article-title":"Intestinal permeability, gut-bacterial dysbiosis, and behavioral markers of alcohol-dependence severity","volume":"111","author":"Leclercq","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2025.05.012_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2012.04.001","article-title":"Role of intestinal permeability and inflammation in the biological and behavioral control of alcohol-dependent subjects","volume":"26","author":"Leclercq","year":"2012","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2025.05.012_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2020.00370","article-title":"Functional microbial responses to alcohol abstinence in patients with alcohol use disorder","volume":"11","author":"Gao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2025.05.012_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2058","DOI":"10.1002\/hep4.1947","article-title":"Intestinal virome in patients with alcohol use disorder and after abstinence","volume":"6","author":"Hsu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hepatol Commun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2025.05.012_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2137","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1914900","article-title":"Acute-on-chronic liver failure","volume":"382","author":"Arroyo","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2025.05.012_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1","DOI":"10.1038\/nature14851","article-title":"Decompensated cirrhosis and microbiome interpretation","volume":"525","author":"Bajaj","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2025.05.012_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3166","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.03166","article-title":"Disorganized gut microbiome contributed to liver cirrhosis progression: a meta-omics-based study","volume":"9","author":"Shao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2025.05.012_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1054","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2017.04.001","article-title":"Gut microbiome-based metagenomic signature for non-invasive detection of advanced fibrosis in human nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"25","author":"Loomba","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2025.05.012_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"878","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2020.06.005","article-title":"A universal gut-microbiome-derived signature predicts cirrhosis","volume":"32","author":"Oh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2025.05.012_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1186\/s12911-023-02402-1","article-title":"Gut microbiome-based machine learning for diagnostic prediction of liver fibrosis and cirrhosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"23","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Med Inform Decis Mak"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2025.05.012_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-017-0359-2","article-title":"Links of gut microbiota composition with alcohol dependence syndrome and alcoholic liver disease","volume":"5","author":"Dubinkina","year":"2017","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2025.05.012_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"890","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11030890","article-title":"Effects of moderate alcohol consumption in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"11","author":"Lemmer","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2025.05.012_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-017-0373-4","article-title":"The gut mycobiome of the Human Microbiome Project healthy cohort","volume":"5","author":"Nash","year":"2017","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2025.05.012_bib45","first-page":"331","article-title":"The gut mycobiota: insights into analysis, environmental interactions and role in gastrointestinal diseases","volume":"16","author":"Richard","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2025.05.012_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1146","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2016-313170","article-title":"Fungal dysbiosis in cirrhosis","volume":"67","author":"Bajaj","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2025.05.012_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.30832","article-title":"Intestinal fungal dysbiosis and systemic immune response to fungi in patients with alcoholic hepatitis","volume":"71","author":"Lang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2025.05.012_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2021.699253","article-title":"Dynamic changes of the fungal microbiome in alcohol use disorder","volume":"12","author":"Hartmann","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2025.05.012_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2829","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI90562","article-title":"Intestinal fungi contribute to development of alcoholic liver disease","volume":"127","author":"Yang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2025.05.012_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1097\/HC9.0000000000000029","article-title":"Malassezia restricta promotes alcohol-induced liver injury","volume":"7","author":"Zeng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Hepatol Commun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2025.05.012_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2019.09.029","article-title":"The Candida albicans exotoxin candidalysin promotes alcohol-associated liver disease","volume":"72","author":"Chu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2025.05.012_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1764","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2006.02.009","article-title":"Candida albicans is an immunogen for anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae antibody markers of Crohn's disease","volume":"130","author":"Standaert-Vitse","year":"2006","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2025.05.012_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2019.01.017","article-title":"Bacteriophages of the human gut: the \u201cknown unknown\u201d of the microbiome","volume":"25","author":"Shkoporov","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2025.05.012_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2022.104113","article-title":"The gut virome: a new microbiome component in health and disease","volume":"81","author":"Cao","year":"2022","journal-title":"eBioMedicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2025.05.012_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2182","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.31459","article-title":"Intestinal virome in patients with alcoholic hepatitis","volume":"72","author":"Jiang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2025.05.012_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1839","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.07.005","article-title":"Intestinal virome signature associated with severity of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"159","author":"Lang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2025.05.012_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2073","DOI":"10.1097\/HEP.0000000000000238","article-title":"Any alcohol use in NAFLD patients is associated with significant changes to the intestinal virome","volume":"77","author":"Hsu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2025.05.012_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.24018","article-title":"Enteric dysbiosis associated with a mouse model of alcoholic liver disease","volume":"53","author":"Yan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2025.05.012_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2313","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.12900","article-title":"Microbiota protects mice against acute alcohol-induced liver injury","volume":"39","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Alcohol Clin Exp Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2025.05.012_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"830","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2015-310585","article-title":"Intestinal microbiota contributes to individual susceptibility to alcoholic liver disease","volume":"65","author":"Llopis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2025.05.012_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/egastro-2023-100013","article-title":"Alcohol-associated bowel disease: new insights into pathogenesis","volume":"1","author":"Maccioni","year":"2023","journal-title":"eGastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2025.05.012_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2016.01.003","article-title":"Intestinal REG3 lectins protect against alcoholic steatohepatitis by reducing mucosa-associated microbiota and preventing bacterial translocation","volume":"19","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2025.05.012_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1504","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2018-317232","article-title":"Bacteria engineered to produce IL-22 in intestine induce expression of REG3G to reduce ethanol-induced liver disease in mice","volume":"68","author":"Hendrikx","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2025.05.012_bib64","article-title":"Oral administration of PEGylated TLR7 ligand ameliorates alcohol-associated liver disease via the induction of IL-22","volume":"118","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2025.05.012_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1007\/s00535-017-1400-8","article-title":"Immunoglobulin A and liver diseases","volume":"53","author":"Inamine","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2025.05.012_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1959","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2022-328265","article-title":"Hepatic pIgR-mediated secretion of IgA limits bacterial translocation and prevents ethanol-induced liver disease in mice","volume":"72","author":"Hendrikx","year":"2023","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2025.05.012_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.26321","article-title":"Deficiency of intestinal mucin-2 ameliorates experimental alcoholic liver disease in mice","volume":"58","author":"Hartmann","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2025.05.012_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2016-313432","article-title":"Recovery of ethanol-induced Akkermansia muciniphila depletion ameliorates alcoholic liver disease","volume":"67","author":"Grander","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2025.05.012_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.27489","article-title":"Dysbiosis-induced intestinal inflammation activates tumor necrosis factor receptor I and mediates alcoholic liver disease in mice","volume":"61","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2025.05.012_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.17177","article-title":"Duodenal CD8+ T resident memory cell apoptosis contributes to gut barrier dysfunction and microbial translocation in early alcohol-associated liver disease in humans","volume":"56","author":"Maccioni","year":"2022","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2025.05.012_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.23009","article-title":"Endotoxemia and gut barrier dysfunction in alcoholic liver disease","volume":"50","author":"Rao","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2025.05.012_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1354","DOI":"10.4254\/wjh.v8.i32.1354","article-title":"Toll-like receptors in pathophysiology of liver diseases","volume":"8","author":"Kiziltas","year":"2016","journal-title":"World J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2025.05.012_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.30349","article-title":"Intestinal immune dysregulation driven by dysbiosis promotes barrier disruption and bacterial translocation in rats with cirrhosis","volume":"70","author":"Mu\u00f1oz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2025.05.012_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1953","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2008.08.057","article-title":"A randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled multicenter trial of etanercept in the treatment of alcoholic hepatitis","volume":"135","author":"Boetticher","year":"2008","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2025.05.012_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1619","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1412278","article-title":"Prednisolone or pentoxifylline for alcoholic hepatitis","volume":"372","author":"Thursz","year":"2015","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2025.05.012_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1975","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.15648","article-title":"Fungal translocation measured by serum 1,3-\u00df-D-glucan correlates with severity and outcome of liver cirrhosis\u2014a pilot study","volume":"43","author":"Egger","year":"2023","journal-title":"Liver Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2025.05.012_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1742-x","article-title":"Bacteriophage targeting of gut bacterium attenuates alcoholic liver disease","volume":"575","author":"Duan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2025.05.012_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2018.10.023","article-title":"Inflammatory pathways in alcoholic steatohepatitis","volume":"70","author":"Gao","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2025.05.012_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2023.05.017","article-title":"The role of neutrophils in alcohol-related hepatitis","volume":"79","author":"Khan","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2025.05.012_bib80","article-title":"Alcohol-related changes in the intestinal microbiome influence neutrophil infiltration, inflammation and steatosis in early alcoholic hepatitis in mice","volume":"12","author":"Lowe","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2025.05.012_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.03.027","article-title":"Innate immune cells in cirrhosis","volume":"73","author":"Bernsmeier","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2025.05.012_bib82","article-title":"Tissue-resident and innate-like T cells in patients with advanced chronic liver disease","volume":"5","author":"Ibidapo-Obe","year":"2023","journal-title":"JHEP Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2025.05.012_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.14323","article-title":"Differential activation of unconventional T cells, including iNKT cells, in alcohol-related liver disease","volume":"44","author":"Marrero","year":"2020","journal-title":"Alcohol Clin Exp Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2025.05.012_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1186\/s13578-021-00664-8","article-title":"Persistent deficiency of mucosa-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells during alcohol-related liver disease","volume":"11","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Biosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2025.05.012_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1097\/HC9.0000000000000159","article-title":"Pyroptotic MAITs link microbial translocation with severity of alcohol-associated liver disease","volume":"7","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Hepatol Commun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2025.05.012_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"918","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2017-314458","article-title":"Mucosa-associated invariant T cells link intestinal immunity with antibacterial immune defects in alcoholic liver disease","volume":"67","author":"Riva","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2025.05.012_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"934","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.14589","article-title":"Alcohol-associated intestinal dysbiosis alters mucosal-associated invariant T-cell phenotype and function","volume":"45","author":"Gu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Alcohol Clin Exp Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2025.05.012_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1608","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.28116","article-title":"High-throughput T-cell receptor sequencing across chronic liver diseases reveals distinct disease-associated repertoires","volume":"63","author":"Liaskou","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2025.05.012_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2014.11.041","article-title":"Blockade of PD1 and TIM3 restores innate and adaptive immunity in patients with acute alcoholic hepatitis","volume":"148","author":"Markwick","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2025.05.012_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2021.632502","article-title":"Soluble TIM3 and its ligands galectin-9 and CEACAM1 are in disequilibrium during alcohol-related liver disease and promote impairment of anti-bacterial immunity","volume":"12","author":"Riva","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2025.05.012_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2023.02.001","article-title":"Candida albicans-specific Th17 cell-mediated response contributes to alcohol-associated liver disease","volume":"31","author":"Zeng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2025.05.012_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"856","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.15048","article-title":"Engineered bacteria producing aryl-hydrocarbon receptor agonists protect against ethanol-induced liver disease in mice","volume":"47","author":"Kouno","year":"2023","journal-title":"Alcohol Clin Exp Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2025.05.012_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2019.1580097","article-title":"Characterization of gut microbiota composition and functions in patients with chronic alcohol overconsumption","volume":"10","author":"Bj\u00f8rkhaug","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2025.05.012_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1587","DOI":"10.1111\/jgh.13731","article-title":"Prophylactic tributyrin treatment mitigates chronic-binge ethanol-induced intestinal barrier and liver injury","volume":"32","author":"Cresci","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2025.05.012_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11010097","article-title":"A designer synbiotic attenuates chronic-binge ethanol-induced gut-liver injury in mice","volume":"11","author":"Roychowdhury","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2025.05.012_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2014.09.014","article-title":"Supplementation of saturated long-chain fatty acids maintains intestinal eubiosis and reduces ethanol-induced liver injury in mice","volume":"148","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2025.05.012_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1097\/HC9.0000000000000599","article-title":"Gut microbiota-produced vitamin B6 mitigates alcohol-associated liver disease by attenuating hepatic oxidative stress damage","volume":"9","author":"Shen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Hepatol Commun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2025.05.012_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11081374","article-title":"Key signaling in alcohol-associated liver disease: the role of bile acids","volume":"11","author":"Way","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2025.05.012_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2024.110940","article-title":"Elevated systemic total bile acids escalate susceptibility to alcohol-associated liver disease","volume":"27","author":"Paudel","year":"2024","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2025.05.012_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2013.01.003","article-title":"Modulation of the fecal bile acid profile by gut microbiota in cirrhosis","volume":"58","author":"Kakiyama","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2025.05.012_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2018.03.031","article-title":"Dysregulation of serum bile acids and FGF19 in alcoholic hepatitis","volume":"69","author":"Brandl","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2025.05.012_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1356","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.14453","article-title":"Bile acids associate with specific gut microbiota, low-level alcohol consumption and liver fibrosis in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"40","author":"Adams","year":"2020","journal-title":"Liver Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2025.05.012_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2013.11.057","article-title":"Activation of farnesoid X receptor attenuates hepatic injury in a murine model of alcoholic liver disease","volume":"443","author":"Wu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2025.05.012_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dld.2018.12.026","article-title":"FXR deficiency alters bile acid pool composition and exacerbates chronic alcohol induced liver injury","volume":"51","author":"Kong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Dig Liver Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2025.05.012_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2150","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.29676","article-title":"Modulation of the intestinal bile acid\/farnesoid X receptor\/fibroblast growth factor 15 axis improves alcoholic liver disease in mice","volume":"67","author":"Hartmann","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2025.05.012_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-023-00963-6","article-title":"The oral microbiome: diversity, biogeography and human health","volume":"22","author":"Baker","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2025.05.012_bib107","first-page":"ZC43","article-title":"Impact of alcohol dependency on oral health \u2013 a cross-sectional comparative study","volume":"11","author":"Priyanka","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Clin Diagn Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2025.05.012_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-018-0448-x","article-title":"Drinking alcohol is associated with variation in the human oral microbiome in a large study of American adults","volume":"6","author":"Fan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2025.05.012_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1203678","article-title":"The association between oral and gut microbiota in male patients with alcohol dependence","volume":"14","author":"Hu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2025.05.012_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2024.09.046","article-title":"Oral-gut microbiome interactions in advanced cirrhosis: characterisation of pathogenic enterotypes and salivatypes, virulence factors and antimicrobial resistance","volume":"82","author":"Lee","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2025.05.012_bib111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2023.107977","article-title":"Alcohol drinking alters oral microbiota to modulate the progression of alcohol-related liver disease","volume":"26","author":"Pan","year":"2023","journal-title":"iScience"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2025.05.012_bib112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.11.029","article-title":"The multifactorial mechanisms of bacterial infection in decompensated cirrhosis","volume":"75","author":"Van der Merwe","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2025.05.012_bib113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1006426","article-title":"Alcohol-associated intestinal dysbiosis impairs pulmonary host defense against Klebsiella pneumoniae","volume":"13","author":"Samuelson","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2025.05.012_bib114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-021-02524-0","article-title":"Pulmonary immune cell trafficking promotes host defense against alcohol-associated Klebsiella pneumonia","volume":"4","author":"Samuelson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Commun Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2025.05.012_bib115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3938","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13113938","article-title":"Alcohol and the brain","volume":"13","author":"Nutt","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2025.05.012_bib116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1097\/HEP.0000000000000344","article-title":"Gut microbiome-brain-cirrhosis axis","volume":"80","author":"Smith","year":"2024","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2025.05.012_bib117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1526","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.07.013","article-title":"Hepatic encephalopathy: novel insights into classification, pathophysiology and therapy","volume":"73","author":"Rose","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2025.05.012_bib118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1007\/s11011-008-9112-7","article-title":"Identifying the direct effects of ammonia on the brain","volume":"24","author":"Bosoi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Metab Brain Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2025.05.012_bib119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.01.017","article-title":"Microbiota changes and intestinal microbiota transplantation in liver diseases and cirrhosis","volume":"72","author":"Bajaj","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2025.05.012_bib120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.alcohol.2018.03.005","article-title":"The gut microbiota: a new target in the management of alcohol dependence?","volume":"74","author":"Leclercq","year":"2019","journal-title":"Alcohol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2025.05.012_bib121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2021.11.008","article-title":"Gut-derived systemic inflammation as a driver of depression in chronic liver disease","volume":"76","author":"Kronsten","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2025.05.012_bib122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms13010067","article-title":"Alcohol use disorder and the gut\u2013brain axis: a narrative review of the role of gut microbiota and implications for treatment","volume":"13","author":"Shukla","year":"2025","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2025.05.012_bib123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2019.112196","article-title":"Meta-analysis of alcohol induced gut dysbiosis and the resulting behavioral impact","volume":"376","author":"Qamar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Behav Brain Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2025.05.012_bib124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.30827","article-title":"Neuroinflammation in murine cirrhosis is dependent on the gut microbiome and is attenuated by fecal transplant","volume":"71","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2025.05.012_bib125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1232","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.28696","article-title":"Gut microbiota drive the development of neuroinflammatory response in cirrhosis in mice","volume":"64","author":"Kang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2025.05.012_bib126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-022-01841-y","article-title":"Gut microbiota regulates chronic ethanol exposure-induced depressive-like behavior through hippocampal NLRP3-mediated neuroinflammation","volume":"28","author":"Yao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2025.05.012_bib127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1080\/1028415X.2020.1819105","article-title":"Prevention and mitigation of alcohol-induced neuroinflammation by Lactobacillus plantarum by an EGF receptor-dependent mechanism","volume":"25","author":"Shukla","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nutr Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2025.05.012_bib128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-024-03017-y","article-title":"Probiotics alleviate chronic ethanol exposure-induced anxiety-like behavior and hippocampal neuroinflammation in male mice through gut microbiota-derived extracellular vesicles","volume":"22","author":"Pei","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Nanobiotechnology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2025.05.012_bib129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-024-01829-6","article-title":"Short-chain fatty acid valerate reduces voluntary alcohol intake in male mice","volume":"12","author":"Bokoliya","year":"2024","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2025.05.012_bib130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-024-03282-6","article-title":"Gut microbiota modulates depressive-like behaviors induced by chronic ethanol exposure through short-chain fatty acids","volume":"21","author":"Shen","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2025.05.012_bib131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2023.114308","article-title":"Butyrate ameliorates chronic alcoholic central nervous damage by suppressing microglia-mediated neuroinflammation and modulating the microbiome-gut-brain axis","volume":"160","author":"Wei","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomed Pharmacother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2025.05.012_bib132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-021-01610-5","article-title":"Alterations of kynurenine pathway in alcohol use disorder and abstinence: a link with gut microbiota, peripheral inflammation and psychological symptoms","volume":"11","author":"Leclercq","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2025.05.012_bib133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-80637-y","article-title":"Chronic stress and corticosterone exacerbate alcohol-induced tissue injury in the gut-liver-brain axis","volume":"11","author":"Shukla","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2025.05.012_bib134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4404","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13174404","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms of alcohol-induced colorectal carcinogenesis","volume":"13","author":"Johnson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2025.05.012_bib135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oraloncology.2020.105011","article-title":"The interplay of the oral microbiome and alcohol consumption in oral squamous cell carcinomas","volume":"110","author":"O'Grady","year":"2020","journal-title":"Oral Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2025.05.012_bib136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2018-317178","article-title":"Enteric fungal microbiota dysbiosis and ecological alterations in colorectal cancer","volume":"68","author":"Coker","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2025.05.012_bib137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/cbf.4108","article-title":"Gut microbiota derived short-chain fatty acids in physiology and pathology: an update","volume":"42","author":"Archana","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Biochem Funct"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2025.05.012_bib138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2019.08.016","article-title":"Gut microbiome in HCC \u2013 mechanisms, diagnosis and therapy","volume":"72","author":"Schwabe","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2025.05.012_bib139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4232","DOI":"10.1002\/cam4.3045","article-title":"Liver cirrhosis contributes to the disorder of gut microbiota in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"9","author":"Zheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancer Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2025.05.012_bib140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.32449","article-title":"Gut microbiota-derived short-chain fatty acids regulate group 3 innate lymphoid cells in HCC","volume":"77","author":"Hu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2025.05.012_bib141","article-title":"Intestinal Candida albicans promotes hepatocarcinogenesis by up-regulating NLRP6","volume":"13","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2025.05.012_bib142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"926","DOI":"10.1097\/HEP.0000000000000237","article-title":"Mechanisms of drug resistance in HCC","volume":"79","author":"Ladd","year":"2023","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2025.05.012_bib143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-020-00376-3","article-title":"Utilizing the gut microbiome in decompensated cirrhosis and acute-on-chronic liver failure","volume":"18","author":"Trebicka","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2025.05.012_bib144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0060042","article-title":"Modulation of the metabiome by rifaximin in patients with cirrhosis and minimal hepatic encephalopathy","volume":"8","author":"Bajaj","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2025.05.012_bib145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1558","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2023.4902","article-title":"Effect of prophylactic antibiotics on mortality in severe alcohol-related hepatitis","volume":"329","author":"Louvet","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2025.05.012_bib146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1016\/j.alcohol.2008.08.006","article-title":"Probiotics restore bowel flora and improve liver enzymes in human alcohol-induced liver injury: a pilot study","volume":"42","author":"Kirpich","year":"2008","journal-title":"Alcohol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2025.05.012_bib147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2008.02.015","article-title":"Effect of probiotic treatment on deranged neutrophil function and cytokine responses in patients with compensated alcoholic cirrhosis","volume":"48","author":"Stadlbauer","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2025.05.012_bib148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1474","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10071474","article-title":"Beneficial shifts in gut microbiota by Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus R0011 and Lactobacillus helveticus R0052 in alcoholic hepatitis","volume":"10","author":"Gupta","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2025.05.012_bib149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1457","DOI":"10.14309\/ajg.0000000000002283","article-title":"The beneficial effects of lactobacillus GG therapy on liver and drinking assessments in patients with moderate alcohol-associated hepatitis","volume":"118","author":"Vatsalya","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2025.05.012_bib150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000040429","article-title":"Clinical outcomes and associated bacterial and fungal microbiota changes after high dose probiotic therapy for severe alcohol-associated hepatitis: an observational study","volume":"103","author":"Philips","year":"2024","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2025.05.012_bib151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2016.10.029","article-title":"Healthy donor fecal microbiota transplantation in steroid-ineligible severe alcoholic hepatitis: a pilot study","volume":"15","author":"Philips","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2025.05.012_bib152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1007\/s12664-018-0859-4","article-title":"Corticosteroids, nutrition, pentoxifylline, or fecal microbiota transplantation for severe alcoholic hepatitis","volume":"37","author":"Philips","year":"2018","journal-title":"Indian J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2025.05.012_bib153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1688","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.31496","article-title":"A randomized clinical trial of fecal microbiota transplant for alcohol use disorder","volume":"73","author":"Bajaj","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2025.05.012_bib154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2022.01.001","article-title":"Long-term outcomes of stool transplant in alcohol-associated hepatitis\u2014analysis of clinical outcomes, relapse, gut microbiota and comparisons with standard care","volume":"12","author":"Philips","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Clin Exp Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2025.05.012_bib155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1007\/s12072-022-10312-z","article-title":"Fecal microbiota transplantation in alcohol-associated acute-on-chronic liver failure: an open-label clinical trial","volume":"16","author":"Sharma","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hepatol Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2025.05.012_bib156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1007\/s12072-022-10438-0","article-title":"Fecal microbiota transplantation compared with prednisolone in severe alcoholic hepatitis patients: a randomized trial","volume":"17","author":"Pande","year":"2023","journal-title":"Hepatol Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2025.05.012_bib157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.1007\/s12664-023-01401-4","article-title":"Significant gut microbiota related to patterns of drinking and alcohol relapse in patients with alcoholic hepatitis undergoing stool transplant or corticosteroid therapy","volume":"42","author":"Philips","year":"2023","journal-title":"Indian J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2025.05.012_bib158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1007\/s13167-024-00381-5","article-title":"3PM-guided innovation in treatments of severe alcohol-associated hepatitis utilizing fecal microbiota transplantation","volume":"15","author":"Skladany","year":"2024","journal-title":"EPMA J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2025.05.012_bib159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3013","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-019-05205-3","article-title":"Targeting neuroinflammation with minocycline in heavy drinkers","volume":"236","author":"Petrakis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology (Berl)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2025.05.012_bib160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1008","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1872-034X.2012.01015.x","article-title":"Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials on probiotics for hepatic encephalopathy","volume":"42","author":"Holte","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hepatol Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2025.05.012_bib161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1327","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2014.08.031","article-title":"Probiotic VSL#3 reduces liver disease severity and hospitalization in patients with cirrhosis: a randomized, controlled trial","volume":"147","author":"Dhiman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2025.05.012_bib162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.4254\/wjh.v16.i1.17","article-title":"Role of fecal microbiota transplant in management of hepatic encephalopathy: current trends and future directions","volume":"16","author":"Shah","year":"2024","journal-title":"World J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2025.05.012_bib163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7074","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.1c02362","article-title":"Dietary ursolic acid prevents alcohol-induced liver injury via gut\u2013liver axis homeostasis modulation: the key role of microbiome manipulation","volume":"69","author":"Yan","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Agric Food Chem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2025.05.012_bib164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1575","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.30945","article-title":"Paneth cell dysfunction mediates alcohol-related steatohepatitis through promoting bacterial translocation in mice: role of zinc deficiency","volume":"71","author":"Zhong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2025.05.012_bib165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmgh.2022.06.012","article-title":"Intestinal osteopontin protects from alcohol-induced liver injury by preserving the gut microbiome and the intestinal barrier function","volume":"14","author":"Das","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2025.05.012_bib166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trsl.2020.06.006","article-title":"The selective PPAR-delta agonist seladelpar reduces ethanol-induced liver disease by restoring gut barrier function and bile acid homeostasis in mice","volume":"227","author":"Chu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transl Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2025.05.012_bib167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3428","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v30.i28.3428","article-title":"Effects of elafibranor on liver fibrosis and gut barrier function in a mouse model of alcohol-associated liver disease","volume":"30","author":"Koizumi","year":"2024","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2025.05.012_bib168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6084","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.2c00633","article-title":"Propionate ameliorates alcohol-induced liver injury in mice via the gut\u2013liver axis: focus on the improvement of intestinal permeability","volume":"70","author":"Xu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Agric Food Chem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2025.05.012_bib169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1097\/HEP.0000000000000324","article-title":"IgY antibodies against cytolysin reduce ethanol-induced liver disease in mice","volume":"78","author":"Cabr\u00e9","year":"2023","journal-title":"Hepatology"}],"container-title":["The American Journal of Pathology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0002944025001944?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0002944025001944?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]],"date-time":"2026-01-20T18:56:04Z","timestamp":1768935364000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0002944025001944"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"references-count":169,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["S0002944025001944"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajpath.2025.05.012","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9440"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9440","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Microbiota in Alcohol-Associated Organ Damage","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"The American Journal of Pathology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajpath.2025.05.012","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 American Society for Investigative Pathology. Published by Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}