{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T21:14:37Z","timestamp":1790716477788,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789516800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":15,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000053","name":"National Eye Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K08 EY032620"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K08 EY032620"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000053","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 EY07533"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 EY07533"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100001818","name":"Research to Prevent Blindness","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100001818","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100001694","name":"The International Retinal Research Foundation Inc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100001694","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100001209","name":"Knights Templar Eye Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100001209","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["ajp.amjpathol.org","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The American Journal of Pathology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2026.08.004","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T15:03:46Z","timestamp":1789830226000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Retinal Inflammation in Diabetes"],"prefix":"10.1016","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2020-4057","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Irina","family":"De la Huerta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.D.","family":"Imam Uddin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-9242-6151","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Milind N.","family":"Muthiah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John S.","family":"Penn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2026.08.004_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-140-11-200406010-00035","article-title":"The evolving diabetes burden in the United States","volume":"140","author":"Engelgau","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2026.08.004_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1227","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1005073","article-title":"Diabetic retinopathy","volume":"366","author":"Antonetti","year":"2012","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2026.08.004_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1419","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1610187","article-title":"Incidence trends of type 1 and type 2 diabetes among youths, 2002-2012","volume":"376","author":"Mayer-Davis","year":"2017","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2026.08.004_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1778","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2014.3201","article-title":"Prevalence of type 1 and type 2 diabetes among children and adolescents from 2001 to 2009","volume":"311","author":"Dabelea","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2026.08.004_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1766","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1976.03910040540013","article-title":"Clinicopathologic correlations in diabetic retinopathy. I. Histology and fluorescein angiography of microaneurysms","volume":"94","author":"De Venecia","year":"1976","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2026.08.004_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-3768.2008.01501.x","article-title":"Diabetic macular oedema: physical, physiological and molecular factors contribute to this pathological process","volume":"88","author":"Ehrlich","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2026.08.004_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(92)32011-1","article-title":"The Beaver Dam Eye Study. Retinopathy in adults with newly discovered and previously diagnosed diabetes mellitus","volume":"99","author":"Klein","year":"1992","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2026.08.004_bib8","first-page":"574","article-title":"Vascular endothelial growth factor\/vascular permeability factor is temporally and spatially correlated with ocular angiogenesis in a primate model","volume":"145","author":"Miller","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2026.08.004_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1210\/edrv.18.1.0287","article-title":"The biology of vascular endothelial growth factor","volume":"18","author":"Ferrara","year":"1997","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2026.08.004_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1480","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199412013312203","article-title":"Vascular endothelial growth factor in ocular fluid of patients with diabetic retinopathy and other retinal disorders","volume":"331","author":"Aiello","year":"1994","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2026.08.004_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.8265.1","article-title":"Diabetic macular edema: it is more than just VEGF","volume":"5","author":"Singer","year":"2016","journal-title":"F1000Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2026.08.004_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1001\/archophthalmol.2010.362","article-title":"An integrated approach to diabetic retinopathy research","volume":"129","author":"Gardner","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2026.08.004_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1442-9071.2000.00222.x","article-title":"Retinal neurodegeneration: early pathology in diabetes","volume":"28","author":"Lieth","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2026.08.004_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1007\/s001250100544","article-title":"Early cellular and molecular changes induced by diabetes in the retina","volume":"44","author":"Lorenzi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2026.08.004_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1986.01050140079024","article-title":"Color vision defects in early diabetic retinopathy","volume":"104","author":"Roy","year":"1986","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2026.08.004_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI2425","article-title":"Neural apoptosis in the retina during experimental and human diabetes. Early onset and effect of insulin","volume":"102","author":"Barber","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2026.08.004_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4401","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2008.156695","article-title":"Retinal ganglion cells in diabetes","volume":"586","author":"Kern","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2026.08.004_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1260","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-003-1177-6","article-title":"Apoptotic death of photoreceptors in the streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat retina","volume":"46","author":"Park","year":"2003","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2026.08.004_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3686","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.13-13562","article-title":"Pathologic alterations of the outer retina in streptozotocin-induced diabetes","volume":"55","author":"\u00c9nzs\u00f6ly","year":"2014","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2026.08.004_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.2147\/EB.S9078","article-title":"Energy metabolism of the visual system","volume":"2","author":"Wong-Riley","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eye Brain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2026.08.004_bib21","first-page":"3905","article-title":"Decreased rhodopsin regeneration in diabetic mouse eyes","volume":"35","author":"Ostroy","year":"1994","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2026.08.004_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.47.3.445","article-title":"M\u00fcller cell changes in human diabetic retinopathy","volume":"47","author":"Mizutani","year":"1998","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2026.08.004_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2014.07.001","article-title":"Cellular responses following retinal injuries and therapeutic approaches for neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"43","author":"Cuenca","year":"2014","journal-title":"Prog Retin Eye Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2026.08.004_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3798","DOI":"10.1016\/j.febslet.2011.08.033","article-title":"Role of microglia in CNS inflammation","volume":"585","author":"Graeber","year":"2011","journal-title":"FEBS Lett"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2026.08.004_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2015.06.003","article-title":"Glia-neuron interactions in the mammalian retina","volume":"51","author":"Vecino","year":"2016","journal-title":"Prog Retin Eye Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2026.08.004_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18810","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2009425117","article-title":"Redistribution of metabolic resources through astrocyte networks mitigates neurodegenerative stress","volume":"117","author":"Cooper","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2026.08.004_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0103148","article-title":"High glucose alters retinal astrocytes phenotype through increased production of inflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress","volume":"9","author":"Shin","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2026.08.004_bib28","first-page":"1971","article-title":"Glial reactivity, an early feature of diabetic retinopathy","volume":"41","author":"Rungger-Br\u00e4ndle","year":"2000","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2026.08.004_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(64)90008-X","article-title":"Diabetic retinopathy and rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"2","author":"Powell","year":"1964","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2026.08.004_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1007\/s00281-008-0111-x","article-title":"Immunological mechanisms in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy","volume":"30","author":"Adamis","year":"2008","journal-title":"Semin Immunopathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2026.08.004_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1665","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-008-0868-6","article-title":"Assessment of selected adhesion molecule and proinflammatory cytokine levels in the vitreous body of patients with type 2 diabetes\u2014role of the inflammatory-immune process in the pathogenesis of proliferative diabetic retinopathy","volume":"246","author":"Adamiec-Mroczek","year":"2008","journal-title":"Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2026.08.004_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-3768.2012.02430.x","article-title":"Profile of intraocular tumour necrosis factor-[alpha] and interleukin-6 in diabetic subjects with different degrees of diabetic retinopathy","volume":"91","author":"Gustavsson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2026.08.004_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1426","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2012-301913","article-title":"Comparison of aqueous concentrations of angiogenic and inflammatory cytokines in diabetic macular oedema and macular oedema due to branch retinal vein occlusion","volume":"96","author":"Lee","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2026.08.004_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.3109\/02713683.2012.661114","article-title":"Role of intravitreal inflammatory cytokines and angiogenic factors in proliferative diabetic retinopathy","volume":"37","author":"Zhou","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr Eye Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2026.08.004_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1186\/s12902-025-02007-x","article-title":"The relationship between pan-immune inflammation value and different stages of diabetic retinopathy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a prospective cross-sectional study","volume":"25","author":"Bulu","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMC Endocr Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2026.08.004_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/ctm2.1751","article-title":"Single-cell RNA sequencing in exploring the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy","volume":"14","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin Transl Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2026.08.004_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.3892\/ijmm.2025.5643","article-title":"Mechanisms of action of retinal microglia in diabetic retinopathy","volume":"56","author":"Bai","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Mol Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2026.08.004_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0008158","article-title":"Comprehensive analysis of inflammatory immune mediators in vitreoretinal diseases","volume":"4","author":"Yoshimura","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2026.08.004_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1038\/sj\/eye\/6700095","article-title":"Comparison of serum NO, TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, sIL-2R, IL-6 and IL-8 levels with grades of retinopathy in patients with diabetes mellitus","volume":"16","author":"Doganay","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eye (Lond)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2026.08.004_bib40","first-page":"1418","article-title":"TNF-alpha mediated apoptosis plays an important role in the development of early diabetic retinopathy and long-term histopathological alterations","volume":"15","author":"Joussen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mol Vis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2026.08.004_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.01-0707fje","article-title":"Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs prevent early diabetic retinopathy via TNF-alpha suppression","volume":"16","author":"Joussen","year":"2002","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2026.08.004_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1411","DOI":"10.2353\/ajpath.2008.071070","article-title":"Diabetes-enhanced tumor necrosis factor-alpha production promotes apoptosis and the loss of retinal microvascular cells in type 1 and type 2 models of diabetic retinopathy","volume":"172","author":"Behl","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2026.08.004_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5906","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.12-10410","article-title":"Increased prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) levels in proliferative diabetic retinopathy, and correlation with VEGF and inflammatory cytokines","volume":"53","author":"Schoenberger","year":"2012","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2026.08.004_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.2008.141","article-title":"Ambivalent aspects of interleukin-6 in cerebral ischemia: inflammatory versus neurotrophic aspects","volume":"29","author":"Suzuki","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Cereb Blood Flow Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2026.08.004_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2021.689429","article-title":"Interleukin-6 trans-signaling: a pathway with therapeutic potential for diabetic retinopathy","volume":"12","author":"Sharma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2026.08.004_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.2009.240","article-title":"Role of chemokines in CNS health and pathology: a focus on the CCL2\/CCR2 and CXCL8\/CXCR2 networks","volume":"30","author":"Semple","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Cereb Blood Flow Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2026.08.004_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-2999(02)02793-0","article-title":"Celecoxib, a selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor, inhibits retinal vascular endothelial growth factor expression and vascular leakage in a streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat model","volume":"458","author":"Ayalasomayajula","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2026.08.004_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-024-03319-w","article-title":"Prostanoid signaling in retinal cells elicits inflammatory responses relevant to early-stage diabetic retinopathy","volume":"21","author":"Stark","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2026.08.004_bib49","first-page":"1030","article-title":"Retinal inflammation and reactive M\u00fcller cells: neurotrophins\u2019 release and neuroprotective strategies","volume":"13","author":"Balzamino","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biology (Basel)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2026.08.004_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-003-1084-x","article-title":"NF-kappaB in epiretinal membranes after human diabetic retinopathy","volume":"46","author":"Mitamura","year":"2003","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2026.08.004_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4342","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.06-1473","article-title":"Suppression of diabetes-induced retinal inflammation by blocking the angiotensin II type 1 receptor or its downstream nuclear factor-kappaB pathway","volume":"48","author":"Nagai","year":"2007","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2026.08.004_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5459","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-23601-1","article-title":"Palmitic acid induces M\u00fcller cell inflammation that is potentiated by co-treatment with glucose","volume":"8","author":"Capozzi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2026.08.004_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.4172\/2155-6156.1000718","article-title":"Linoleic acid is a diabetes-relevant stimulator of retinal inflammation in human retinal M\u00fcller cells and microvascular endothelial cells","volume":"7","author":"Capozzi","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Diabetes Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2026.08.004_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/srep14963","article-title":"NFAT isoforms play distinct roles in TNF[alpha]-induced retinal leukostasis","volume":"5","author":"Bretz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2026.08.004_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2021.166238","article-title":"Nuclear factor of activated T-cells (NFAT) regulation of IL-1[beta]-induced retinal vascular inflammation","volume":"1867","author":"Giblin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2026.08.004_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7020","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.13-12183","article-title":"The role of the NFAT signaling pathway in retinal neovascularization","volume":"54","author":"Bretz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2026.08.004_bib57","first-page":"2408","article-title":"VEGF-initiated blood-retinal barrier breakdown in early diabetes","volume":"42","author":"Qaum","year":"2001","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2026.08.004_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2872","DOI":"10.2337\/db09-1606","article-title":"TNF-[alpha] signals through PKC[zeta]\/NF-[kappa]B to alter the tight junction complex and increase retinal endothelial cell permeability","volume":"59","author":"Aveleira","year":"2010","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2026.08.004_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9440(10)63952-1","article-title":"Leukocyte-mediated endothelial cell injury and death in the diabetic retina","volume":"158","author":"Joussen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2026.08.004_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1534","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.54.5.1534","article-title":"Neutrophils are associated with capillary closure in spontaneously diabetic monkey retinas","volume":"54","author":"Kim","year":"2005","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2026.08.004_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1016\/S0026-0495(98)90059-2","article-title":"The significance of the Trp 64 Arg mutation of the beta3-adrenergic receptor gene in impaired glucose tolerance, non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, and insulin resistance in Japanese subjects","volume":"47","author":"Azuma","year":"1998","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2026.08.004_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3554","DOI":"10.2337\/db15-0180","article-title":"M\u00fcller glia are a major cellular source of survival signals for retinal neurons in diabetes","volume":"64","author":"Fu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2026.08.004_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2009.07.001","article-title":"Cellular signaling and factors involved in M\u00fcller cell gliosis: neuroprotective and detrimental effects","volume":"28","author":"Bringmann","year":"2009","journal-title":"Prog Retin Eye Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2026.08.004_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.04-0860","article-title":"Expression of acute-phase response proteins in retinal M\u00fcller cells in diabetes","volume":"46","author":"Gerhardinger","year":"2005","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2026.08.004_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2021.680947","article-title":"Single-cell transcriptome profiling reveals the suppressive role of retinal neurons in microglia activation under diabetes mellitus","volume":"9","author":"Xiao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Cell Dev Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2026.08.004_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1038\/78774","article-title":"Control of M\u00fcller glial cell proliferation and activation following retinal injury","volume":"3","author":"Dyer","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2026.08.004_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1007\/s00429-024-02875-4","article-title":"Microglia heterogeneity during neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration in the mouse retina","volume":"230","author":"Rao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Brain Struct Funct"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2026.08.004_bib68","first-page":"201","article-title":"Retinal astrocytes: key coordinators of developmental angiogenesis and neurovascular homeostasis in health and disease","volume":"15","author":"Zhang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Biology (Basel)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2026.08.004_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.85.3.366","article-title":"The absence of diabetic retinopathy in patients with retinitis pigmentosa: implications for pathophysiology and possible treatment","volume":"85","author":"Arden","year":"2001","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2026.08.004_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16586","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1314575110","article-title":"Photoreceptor cells are major contributors to diabetes-induced oxidative stress and local inflammation in the retina","volume":"110","author":"Du","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2026.08.004_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2111","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-017-4381-5","article-title":"Photoreceptor cells produce inflammatory products that contribute to retinal vascular permeability in a mouse model of diabetes","volume":"60","author":"Tonade","year":"2017","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2026.08.004_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2020.100919","article-title":"Photoreceptor cells and RPE contribute to the development of diabetic retinopathy","volume":"83","author":"Tonade","year":"2021","journal-title":"Prog Retin Eye Res"}],"container-title":["The American Journal of Pathology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0002944026002567?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0002944026002567?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T20:32:24Z","timestamp":1790713944000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0002944026002567"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"references-count":72,"alternative-id":["S0002944026002567"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajpath.2026.08.004","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9440"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9440","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Retinal Inflammation in Diabetes","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"The American Journal of Pathology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajpath.2026.08.004","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc. on behalf of the American Society for Investigative Pathology.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}