{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T18:26:59Z","timestamp":1793730419292,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1793491200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1793491200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["aacpajpe.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpe.2026.102091","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T15:58:41Z","timestamp":1788537521000},"page":"102091","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Student Performance and Instructional Complexity Across Team-Based and Mastery Learning Course Formats"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"90","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5583-9450","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adam M.","family":"Persky","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zachary R.","family":"Noel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacqueline E.","family":"McLaughlin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ajpe.2026.102091_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1037\/edu0000970","article-title":"Design matters: students' adherence to high-structure course design activities predicts their academic success","volume":"118","author":"Berro","year":"2026","journal-title":"J Educ Psychol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ajpe.2026.102091_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jchemed.6b00663","article-title":"High structure active learning pedagogy for the teaching of organic chemistry: assessing the impact on academic outcomes","volume":"94","author":"Crimmins","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Chem Educ"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ajpe.2026.102091_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1187\/cbe.14-03-0050","article-title":"Getting under the hood: how and for whom does increasing course structure work?","volume":"13","author":"Eddy","year":"2014","journal-title":"CBE Life Sci Educ"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.ajpe.2026.102091_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0186203","article-title":"Process oriented guided inquiry learning (POGIL\u00ae) marginally effects student achievement measures but substantially increases the odds of passing a course","volume":"12","author":"Walker","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ajpe.2026.102091_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1097\/ACM.0000000000000162","article-title":"Applying established guidelines to team-based learning programs in medical schools: a systematic review","volume":"89","author":"Burgess","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acad Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ajpe.2026.102091_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1002\/j.2168-9830.2004.tb00809.x","article-title":"Does active learning work? A review of the research","volume":"93","author":"Prince","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Eng Educ"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.ajpe.2026.102091_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.5688\/ajpe8906","article-title":"A practical review of mastery learning","volume":"86","author":"Winget","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Pharm Educ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpe.2026.102091_bib8","series-title":"Implementing Mastery Learning","author":"Guskey","year":"2023"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ajpe.2026.102091_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.2307\/258353","article-title":"Task complexity: a review and analysis","volume":"13","author":"Campbell","year":"1988","journal-title":"Acad Manage Rev"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ajpe.2026.102091_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1002\/sys.21356","article-title":"Empirical validation of structural complexity metric and complexity management for engineering systems","volume":"19","author":"Sinha","year":"2016","journal-title":"Syst Eng"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ajpe.2026.102091_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/0749-5978(86)90044-0","article-title":"Task complexity: definition of the construct","volume":"37","author":"Wood","year":"1986","journal-title":"Org Behav Hum Dec Processes"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ajpe.2026.102091_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-018-1172-8","article-title":"Implementation of modified team-based learning within a problem based learning medical curriculum: a focus group study","volume":"18","author":"Burgess","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Med Educ"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.ajpe.2026.102091_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.3109\/0142159X.2012.687120","article-title":"The educational theory basis of team-based learning","volume":"34","author":"Hrynchak","year":"2012","journal-title":"Med Teach"},{"issue":"116","key":"10.1016\/j.ajpe.2026.102091_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1002\/tl.331","article-title":"The social foundation of team-based learning: students accountable to students","volume":"2008","author":"Sweet","year":"2008","journal-title":"New Dir Teach Learn"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.ajpe.2026.102091_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1080\/01421590701729930","article-title":"Outcome-Based Education: the future is today","volume":"29","author":"Harden","year":"2007","journal-title":"Med Teach"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpe.2026.102091_bib16","series-title":"Specifications grading: restoring rigor, motivating students, and saving faculty time","author":"Nilson","year":"2015"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ajpe.2026.102091_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1097\/ACM.0b013e318244759e","article-title":"Perspective: guidelines for reporting team-based learning activities in the medical and health sciences education literature","volume":"87","author":"Haidet","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acad Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ajpe.2026.102091_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.5688\/ajpe76231","article-title":"The impact of team-based learning on a foundational pharmacokinetics course","volume":"76","author":"Persky","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Pharm Educ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpe.2026.102091_bib19","series-title":"Team-Based Learning: A Transformative Use of Small Groups","author":"Michaelsen","year":"2002"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpe.2026.102091_bib20","series-title":"Team-Based Learning in the Social Sciences and Humanities: Group Work That Works to Generate Critical Thinking and Engagement","author":"Sweet","year":"2012"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpe.2026.102091_bib21","series-title":"Eliciting and analyzing expert judgment: a practical guide","author":"Meyer","year":"2001"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ajpe.2026.102091_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1002\/sys.21550","article-title":"Assaying the importance of system complexity for the systems engineering community","volume":"23","author":"Potts","year":"2020","journal-title":"Syst Eng"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ajpe.2026.102091_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1002\/sys.21558","article-title":"Evaluating the complexity of engineered systems: a framework informed by a user case study","volume":"23","author":"Potts","year":"2020","journal-title":"Syst Eng"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajpe.2026.102091_bib24","series-title":"Visible Learning Guide to Student Achievement","author":"Hattie","year":"2020"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ajpe.2026.102091_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1665","DOI":"10.1037\/a0032377","article-title":"Interfering effects of retrieval in learning new information","volume":"39","author":"Finn","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cogn"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ajpe.2026.102091_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9280.2006.01693.x","article-title":"Test-enhanced learning: taking memory tests improves long-term retention","volume":"17","author":"Roediger","year":"2006","journal-title":"Psychol Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ajpe.2026.102091_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1002\/acp.1083","article-title":"The effect of overlearning on long-term retention","volume":"19","author":"Rohrer","year":"2005","journal-title":"Appl Cogn Psychol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ajpe.2026.102091_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1111\/medu.70041","article-title":"Endless justification: a scoping review of team-based learning research in medical education","volume":"60","author":"Cleland","year":"2026","journal-title":"Med Educ"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.ajpe.2026.102091_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1822","DOI":"10.1097\/ACM.0b013e3181bf3170","article-title":"Remediation of the deficiencies of physicians across the continuum from medical school to practice: a thematic review of the literature","volume":"84","author":"Hauer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Acad Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.ajpe.2026.102091_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1092","DOI":"10.1080\/0142159X.2016.1215414","article-title":"The failure to fail underperforming trainees in health professions education: a BEME systematic review: BEME Guide No. 42","volume":"38","author":"Yepes-Rios","year":"2016","journal-title":"Med Teach"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S000294592601449X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S000294592601449X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T17:33:15Z","timestamp":1793727195000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S000294592601449X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]}},"alternative-id":["S000294592601449X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajpe.2026.102091","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9459"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9459","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Student Performance and Instructional Complexity Across Team-Based and Mastery Learning Course Formats","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajpe.2026.102091","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"102091"}}