{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T23:34:09Z","timestamp":1784331249920,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,18]],"date-time":"2025-11-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763424000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006512","name":"School of Medicine, Duke University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006512","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006792","name":"Hartwell Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006792","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000054","name":"National Cancer Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P30CA014236"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30CA014236"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000054","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1R21AI175164"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1R21AI175164"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1R21AI187688"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1R21AI187688"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["amjtransplant.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["American Journal of Transplantation"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajt.2025.11.005","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,17]],"date-time":"2025-11-17T10:12:48Z","timestamp":1763374368000},"page":"537-549","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Reconstitution of thymopoiesis via implantation of cryopreserved cultured thymus tissue into athymic recipients"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5707-0390","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura P.","family":"Hale","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2781-1300","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dawn E.","family":"Bowles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5297-0207","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew N.","family":"Macintyre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-3295-1230","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"NiDajah","family":"Bolden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3370-0703","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joanne","family":"Kurtzberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2522-1825","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cathlyn K.","family":"Medina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8343-4258","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Berk","family":"Aykut","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3459-2772","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elisabeth T.","family":"Tracy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4006-7555","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joseph W.","family":"Turek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ajt.2025.11.005_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2010-06-292490","article-title":"First use of thymus transplantation therapy for FOXN1 deficiency (nude\/SCID): a report of 2 cases","volume":"117","author":"Markert","year":"2011","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ajt.2025.11.005_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2021.06.028","article-title":"Experience with cultured thymus tissue in 105 children","volume":"149","author":"Markert","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ajt.2025.11.005_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0230668","article-title":"Histopathologic assessment of cultured human thymus","volume":"15","author":"Hale","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLOS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ajt.2025.11.005_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1006\/clin.1996.4266","article-title":"The human thymic microenvironment during organ culture","volume":"82","author":"Markert","year":"1997","journal-title":"Clin Immunol Immunopathol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ajt.2025.11.005_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1369","DOI":"10.1007\/s11357-020-00301-1","article-title":"T cell-depleted cultured pediatric thymus tissue as a model for some aspects of human age-related thymus involution","volume":"43","author":"Hale","year":"2021","journal-title":"Geroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajt.2025.11.005_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2015.00398","article-title":"The contribution of chemokines and migration to the induction of central tolerance in the thymus","volume":"6","author":"Hu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.ajt.2025.11.005_bib7","article-title":"Cultured thymus tissue implantation promotes donor-specific tolerance to allogeneic heart transplants","volume":"5","author":"Kwun","year":"2020","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ajt.2025.11.005_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1097\/00007890-199602150-00023","article-title":"Organ culture for thymus transplantation","volume":"61","author":"Hong","year":"1996","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ajt.2025.11.005_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2002-08-2545","article-title":"Thymus transplantation in complete DiGeorge syndrome: immunologic and safety evaluations in 12 patients","volume":"102","author":"Markert","year":"2003","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajt.2025.11.005_bib10","article-title":"Isolation and transplantation of different aged murine thymic grafts","volume":"99","author":"Morillon","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Vis Exp"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ajt.2025.11.005_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.2131\/jts.41.637","article-title":"Body surface area measurement in laboratory miniature pigs using a computed tomography scanner","volume":"41","author":"Itoh","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Toxicol Sci"},{"issue":"16","key":"10.1016\/j.ajt.2025.11.005_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1180","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199910143411603","article-title":"Transplantation of thymus tissue in complete DiGeorge syndrome","volume":"341","author":"Markert","year":"1999","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.ajt.2025.11.005_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1607","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2004.07.020","article-title":"Thymic transplantation for complete DiGeorge syndrome: medical and surgical considerations","volume":"39","author":"Rice","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Pediatr Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajt.2025.11.005_bib14","series-title":"Rethymic. Package insert","year":"2021"},{"issue":"6712","key":"10.1016\/j.ajt.2025.11.005_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1038\/25374","article-title":"Changes in thymic function with age and during the treatment of HIV infection","volume":"396","author":"Douek","year":"1998","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.ajt.2025.11.005_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-5890(01)00122-5","article-title":"T cell receptor excision circle assessment of thymopoiesis in aging mice","volume":"38","author":"Sempowski","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mol Immunol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ajt.2025.11.005_bib17","article-title":"Long-term recovery of the adaptive immune system in rhesus macaques after total body irradiation","volume":"6","author":"Macintyre","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv Radiat Oncol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ajt.2025.11.005_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1097\/TP.0b013e31822b9287","article-title":"Signal joint T-cell receptor excision circle assay in miniature swine","volume":"92","author":"Vallabhajosyula","year":"2011","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.ajt.2025.11.005_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2574","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2003-08-2984","article-title":"Postnatal thymus transplantation with immunosuppression as treatment for DiGeorge syndrome","volume":"104","author":"Markert","year":"2004","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.ajt.2025.11.005_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4539","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2006-10-048652","article-title":"Review of 54 patients with complete DiGeorge anomaly enrolled in protocols for thymus transplantation: outcome of 44 consecutive transplants","volume":"109","author":"Markert","year":"2007","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"22","key":"10.1016\/j.ajt.2025.11.005_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2428","DOI":"10.1016\/j.devcel.2023.08.017","article-title":"Defining the identity and the niches of epithelial stem cells with highly pleiotropic multilineage potency in the human thymus","volume":"58","author":"Ragazzini","year":"2023","journal-title":"Dev Cell"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ajt.2025.11.005_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2011.04.004","article-title":"Thymic microenvironment reconstitution after postnatal human thymus transplantation","volume":"140","author":"Li","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Immunol"},{"issue":"1-3","key":"10.1016\/j.ajt.2025.11.005_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1007\/s12026-008-8083-4","article-title":"Characterization of cultured thymus tissue used for transplantation with emphasis on promiscuous expression of thyroid tissue-specific genes","volume":"44","author":"Li","year":"2009","journal-title":"Immunol Res"},{"issue":"15","key":"10.1016\/j.ajt.2025.11.005_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3376","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2005.03.426","article-title":"Phase II study of nelarabine (compound 506U78) in children and young adults with refractory T-cell malignancies: a report from the Children\u2019s Oncology Group","volume":"23","author":"Berg","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ajt.2025.11.005_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1080\/19420862.2015.1060384","article-title":"Integrated pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic and immunogenicity profiling of an anti-CCL21 monoclonal antibody in cynomolgus monkeys","volume":"7","author":"Dudal","year":"2015","journal-title":"MAbs"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ajt.2025.11.005_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1186\/s12915-021-00976-8","article-title":"Winter is coming: the future of cryopreservation","volume":"19","author":"Bojic","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Biol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ajt.2025.11.005_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-022-01718-1","article-title":"Pancreatic islet cryopreservation by vitrification achieves high viability, function, recovery and clinical scalability for transplantation","volume":"28","author":"Zhan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ajt.2025.11.005_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/admt.202100873","article-title":"Vitrification and rewarming of magnetic nanoparticle-loaded rat hearts","volume":"7","author":"Gao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv Mater Technol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ajt.2025.11.005_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-022-03064-2","article-title":"Cryopreservation of whole rat livers by vitrification and nanowarming","volume":"51","author":"Sharma","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann Biomed Eng"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ajt.2025.11.005_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3407","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-38824-8","article-title":"Vitrification and nanowarming enable long-term organ cryopreservation and life-sustaining kidney transplantation in a rat model","volume":"14","author":"Han","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ajt.2025.11.005_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201747193","article-title":"Transplanted human thymus slices induce and support T-cell development in mice after cryopreservation","volume":"48","author":"Ross","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.ajt.2025.11.005_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.202350546","article-title":"Cryopreservation of mouse thymus depletes thymocytes but supports immune reconstitution on transplantation","volume":"53","author":"Chawda","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajt.2025.11.005_bib33","series-title":"FDA approves innovative treatment for pediatric patients with congenital athymia","year":"2021"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ajt.2025.11.005_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"998","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.158.2.998","article-title":"Successful formation of a chimeric human thymus allograft following transplantation of cultured postnatal human thymus","volume":"158","author":"Markert","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ajt.2025.11.005_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1660","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2017.03.020","article-title":"Thymus transplantation for complete DiGeorge syndrome: European experience","volume":"140","author":"Davies","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.ajt.2025.11.005_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI7558","article-title":"Analysis of the human thymic perivascular space during aging","volume":"104","author":"Flores","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ajt.2025.11.005_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/acel.13624","article-title":"Central tolerance is impaired in the middle-aged thymic environment","volume":"21","author":"Lancaster","year":"2022","journal-title":"Aging Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajt.2025.11.005_bib38","unstructured":"Ahmed T. Baby gets first heart and thymus transplant, possibly eliminating need for dangerous lifelong medication. CNN. March 10, 20222022. Accessed October 3, 2022. https:\/\/www.cnn.com\/2022\/03\/10\/health\/baby-heart-and-thymus-transplant\/index.html."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ajt.2025.11.005_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1177\/0963689718817477","article-title":"Age-appropriateness of porcine models used for cell transplantation","volume":"28","author":"Tohyama","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Transplant"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajt.2025.11.005_bib40","series-title":"Miniature Swine Book of Normals","year":"2019"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ajt.2025.11.005_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1177\/0192623316642881","article-title":"Review of sexual maturity in the minipig","volume":"44","author":"Howroyd","year":"2016","journal-title":"Toxicol Pathol"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Transplantation"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1600613525031041?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1600613525031041?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T21:36:28Z","timestamp":1778621788000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1600613525031041"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]}},"alternative-id":["S1600613525031041"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajt.2025.11.005","relation":{},"ISSN":["1600-6135"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1600-6135","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Reconstitution of thymopoiesis via implantation of cryopreserved cultured thymus tissue into athymic recipients","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"American Journal of Transplantation","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajt.2025.11.005","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. on behalf of American Society of Transplantation & American Society of Transplant Surgeons.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}