{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T14:47:20Z","timestamp":1793198840794,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":120,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006492","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Division of Intramural Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006492","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["amjtransplant.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["American Journal of Transplantation"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajt.2025.12.284","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]],"date-time":"2026-01-07T16:54:08Z","timestamp":1767804848000},"page":"677-696","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Costimulatory blockade and infectious risk in solid organ transplantation"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2671-3311","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jay A.","family":"Fishman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2004-5962","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Allan D.","family":"Kirk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7979-2458","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seyed M.","family":"Hosseini-Moghaddam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ajt.2025.12.284_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/ctr.13281","article-title":"Comprehensive outcomes after lung retransplantation: a single-center review","volume":"32","author":"Halloran","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Transplant"},{"issue":"1-2","key":"10.1016\/j.ajt.2025.12.284_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3083.1977.tb00317.x","article-title":"A simple conservative explanation of the H-2 restriction of interactions between lymphocytes","volume":"6","author":"Cunningham","year":"1977","journal-title":"Scand J Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ajt.2025.12.284_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1038\/icb.1975.3","article-title":"A new analysis of allogeneic interactions","volume":"53","author":"Lafferty","year":"1975","journal-title":"Aust J Exp Biol Med Sci"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.ajt.2025.12.284_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2588","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-6143.2012.04180.x","article-title":"The role of costimulatory molecules in directing the functional differentiation of alloreactive T helper cells","volume":"12","author":"Magee","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Transplant"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ajt.2025.12.284_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneph.2013.183","article-title":"Targeting co-stimulatory pathways: transplantation and autoimmunity","volume":"10","author":"Ford","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat Rev Nephrol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ajt.2025.12.284_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"894","DOI":"10.1111\/ajt.15229","article-title":"Belatacept in renal transplant recipient with mild immunologic risk factor: a pilot prospective study (BELACOR)","volume":"19","author":"Leibler","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Transplant"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.ajt.2025.12.284_bib7","article-title":"Belatacept for kidney transplant recipients","volume":"2014","author":"Masson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ajt.2025.12.284_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-6143.2011.03914.x","article-title":"Three-year outcomes from BENEFIT-EXT: a phase III study of belatacept versus cyclosporine in recipients of extended criteria donor kidneys","volume":"12","author":"Pestana","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Transplant"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.ajt.2025.12.284_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2957","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1100038","article-title":"Inhibitory receptors on lymphocytes: insights from infections","volume":"188","author":"Odorizzi","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.ajt.2025.12.284_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2216","DOI":"10.1111\/ajt.15835","article-title":"CD11b is a novel alternate receptor for CD154 during alloimmunity","volume":"20","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Transplant"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ajt.2025.12.284_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trre.2022.100713","article-title":"Inducible co-stimulator (ICOS) in transplantation: a review","volume":"36","author":"Hodgson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transplant Rev (Orlando)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajt.2025.12.284_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.23.021704.115611","article-title":"The B7 family revisited","volume":"23","author":"Greenwald","year":"2005","journal-title":"Annu Rev Immunol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ajt.2025.12.284_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1615\/CritRevImmunol.v29.i6.20","article-title":"Costimulation signals for memory CD8+ T cells during viral infections","volume":"29","author":"Duttagupta","year":"2009","journal-title":"Crit Rev Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajt.2025.12.284_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.588682","article-title":"The role of GITR\/GITRL interaction in autoimmune diseases","volume":"11","author":"Tian","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.ajt.2025.12.284_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1822","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20081822","article-title":"An update on anti-CD137 antibodies in immunotherapies for cancer","volume":"20","author":"Chu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"18","key":"10.1016\/j.ajt.2025.12.284_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5326","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-17-1799","article-title":"Anti-CD137 and PD-1\/PD-L1 antibodies en route toward clinical synergy","volume":"23","author":"P\u00e9rez-Ruiz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.ajt.2025.12.284_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2884","DOI":"10.1111\/ajt.12459","article-title":"Long-term exposure to belatacept in recipients of extended criteria donor kidneys","volume":"13","author":"Charpentier","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Transplant"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ajt.2025.12.284_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1111\/ajt.12964","article-title":"FR104, an antagonist anti-CD28 monovalent fab\u2019 antibody, prevents alloimmunization and allows calcineurin inhibitor minimization in nonhuman primate renal allograft","volume":"15","author":"Poirier","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Transplant"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ajt.2025.12.284_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2020.08.020","article-title":"Preoperative carfilzomib and lulizumab based desensitization prolongs graft survival in a sensitized non-human primate model","volume":"99","author":"Schroder","year":"2021","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajt.2025.12.284_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lovasik BP, Kim SC, Higginbotham L, et al. CD28-selective inhibition prolongs non-human primate kidney transplant survival. Preprint. Posted online May 5, 2023. bioRxiv 2023.05.03.539333. doi:10.1101\/2023.05.03.539333.","DOI":"10.1101\/2023.05.03.539333"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ajt.2025.12.284_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/xen.12880","article-title":"Iscalimab combined with transient tesidolumab prolongs survival in pig-to-rhesus monkey renal xenografts","volume":"31","author":"Adams","year":"2024","journal-title":"Xenotransplantation"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.ajt.2025.12.284_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1782","DOI":"10.1097\/TP.0000000000004985","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of bleselumab in preventing the recurrence of primary focal segmental glomerulosclerosis in kidney transplant recipients: a phase 2a, randomized, multicenter study","volume":"108","author":"Shoji","year":"2024","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.ajt.2025.12.284_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1472","DOI":"10.1097\/TP.0000000000004469","article-title":"CD40-CD40L blockade: update on novel investigational therapeutics for transplantation","volume":"107","author":"Singh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.ajt.2025.12.284_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1004469","article-title":"Safety and tolerability of tegoprubart in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a phase 2A clinical trial","volume":"21","author":"Perrin","year":"2024","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.ajt.2025.12.284_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5237","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V106.11.5237.5237","article-title":"Therapeutic blockade of ICOS:ICOSL interaction alleviates acute graft versus host disease","volume":"106","author":"Richter","year":"2005","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajt.2025.12.284_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.537079","article-title":"Recent advances in costimulatory blockade to induce immune tolerance in liver transplantation","volume":"12","author":"Ding","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.ajt.2025.12.284_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1459","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-0910-8","article-title":"Targeting CD70 with cusatuzumab eliminates acute myeloid leukemia stem cells in patients treated with hypomethylating agents","volume":"26","author":"Riether","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.ajt.2025.12.284_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e902","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3026(23)00207-7","article-title":"Cusatuzumab plus azacitidine in newly diagnosed acute myeloid leukaemia ineligible for intensive chemotherapy (CULMINATE): part one of a randomised, phase 2, dose optimisation study","volume":"10","author":"Pabst","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Haematol"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.ajt.2025.12.284_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1265","DOI":"10.1097\/TP.0b013e3181fe5396","article-title":"Anti-OX40 prevents effector T-cell accumulation and CD8+ T-cell mediated skin allograft rejection","volume":"90","author":"Kinnear","year":"2010","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ajt.2025.12.284_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1186\/s13045-020-00917-y","article-title":"VISTA: an immune regulatory protein checking tumor and immune cells in cancer immunotherapy","volume":"13","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Hematol Oncol"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.ajt.2025.12.284_bib32","first-page":"1358","article-title":"Immune checkpoints in solid organ transplantation","volume":"12","author":"Del Bello","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biology (Basel)"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ajt.2025.12.284_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1111\/ajt.15661","article-title":"First-in-human clinical trial to assess pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, safety, and tolerability of iscalimab, an anti-CD40 monoclonal antibody","volume":"20","author":"Espi\u00e9","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Transplant"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajt.2025.12.284_bib34","unstructured":"Novartis announces discontinuation of CIRRUS-1 study of CFZ533 (iscalimab) in kidney transplant patients | Novartis. Accessed January 28, 2025. https:\/\/www.novartis.com\/news\/novartis-announces-discontinuation-cirrus-1-study-cfz533-iscalimab-kidney-transplant-patients."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.ajt.2025.12.284_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2342","DOI":"10.1111\/ajt.15319","article-title":"Abatacept as rescue immunosuppression after calcineurin inhibitor treatment failure in renal transplantation","volume":"19","author":"Badell","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Transplant"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajt.2025.12.284_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/20406207231152644","article-title":"Role of abatacept in the prevention of graft-versus-host disease: current perspectives","volume":"14","author":"Ngwube","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ther Adv Hematol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajt.2025.12.284_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajt.2025.09.004","article-title":"Off-label use of alemtuzumab, belatacept, and rapamycin in kidney transplantation-long-term real-world experience","volume":"26","author":"Krynychka","year":"2026","journal-title":"Am J Transplant"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ajt.2025.12.284_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1007\/s40472-019-00260-3","article-title":"Belatacept and CD28 costimulation blockade: preventing and reducing alloantibodies over the long term","volume":"6","author":"Parsons","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr Transplant Rep"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.ajt.2025.12.284_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1783","DOI":"10.1111\/ajt.14721","article-title":"De novo donor-specific antibodies in belatacept-treated vs cyclosporine-treated kidney-transplant recipients: post hoc analyses of the randomized phase III BENEFIT and BENEFIT-EXT studies","volume":"18","author":"Bray","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Transplant"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ajt.2025.12.284_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2017060679","article-title":"Control of humoral response in renal transplantation by belatacept depends on a direct effect on B cells and impaired T follicular helper-B cell crosstalk","volume":"29","author":"Leibler","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.ajt.2025.12.284_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2529","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ekir.2023.08.037","article-title":"Costimulatory blockade and Solid Organ transplantation: the past, present, and future","volume":"8","author":"Kitchens","year":"2023","journal-title":"Kidney Int Rep"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ajt.2025.12.284_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1097\/MOT.0000000000001206","article-title":"Costimulation blockade: the next generation","volume":"30","author":"Yakubu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Curr Opin Organ Transplant"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ajt.2025.12.284_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1097\/FTD.0000000000001275","article-title":"New developments and therapeutic drug monitoring options in costimulatory blockade in solid organ transplantation: a systematic critical review","volume":"47","author":"De Graav","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ther Drug Monit"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ajt.2025.12.284_bib44","article-title":"A pilot study evaluating dual co-stimulation blockade with dazodalibep (HZN4920) and belatacept for prophylaxis of kidney allograft rejection","volume":"23","author":"Kirk","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am J Transplant"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ajt.2025.12.284_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1111\/ajt.15533","article-title":"Siplizumab selectively depletes effector memory T cells and promotes a relative expansion of alloreactive regulatory T cells in vitro","volume":"20","author":"Podest\u00e0","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Transplant"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ajt.2025.12.284_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-6143.2011.03762.x","article-title":"Integrin antagonists prevent costimulatory blockade-resistant transplant rejection by CD8(+) memory T cells","volume":"12","author":"Kitchens","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Transplant"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ajt.2025.12.284_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1038\/9536","article-title":"Treatment with humanized monoclonal antibody against CD154 prevents acute renal allograft rejection in nonhuman primates","volume":"5","author":"Kirk","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"issue":"711","key":"10.1016\/j.ajt.2025.12.284_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.adf6376","article-title":"The anti-CD40L monoclonal antibody AT-1501 promotes islet and kidney allograft survival and function in nonhuman primates","volume":"15","author":"Anwar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ajt.2025.12.284_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-024-03429-1","article-title":"Transplantation of a genetically modified porcine heart into a live human","volume":"31","author":"Griffith","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"issue":"5 Pt 1","key":"10.1016\/j.ajt.2025.12.284_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"876","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-6143.2006.01259.x","article-title":"A new look at blockade of T cell costimulation: a therapeutic strategy for long-term maintenance immunosuppression","volume":"6","author":"Larsen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Transplant"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.ajt.2025.12.284_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2460","DOI":"10.1111\/ajt.12937","article-title":"CD28 negative T cells: is their loss our gain?","volume":"14","author":"Mou","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Transplant"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.ajt.2025.12.284_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3609","DOI":"10.1111\/ajt.16121","article-title":"Kidney transplantation using alemtuzumab, belatacept, and sirolimus: five-year follow-up","volume":"20","author":"Schmitz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Transplant"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ajt.2025.12.284_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-6143.2010.03338.x","article-title":"Immunosuppression with belatacept-based, corticosteroid-avoiding regimens in de novo kidney transplant recipients","volume":"11","author":"Ferguson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Transplant"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.ajt.2025.12.284_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3219","DOI":"10.1111\/ajt.14452","article-title":"Ten-year outcomes in a randomized phase II study of kidney transplant recipients administered belatacept 4-weekly or 8-weekly","volume":"17","author":"Vincenti","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Transplant"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ajt.2025.12.284_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-6143.2009.03005.x","article-title":"A phase III study of belatacept-based immunosuppression regimens versus cyclosporine in renal transplant recipients (BENEFIT study)","volume":"10","author":"Vincenti","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Transplant"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ajt.2025.12.284_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1506027","article-title":"Belatacept and long-term outcomes in kidney transplantation","volume":"374","author":"Vincenti","year":"2016","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.ajt.2025.12.284_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3252","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2021050628","article-title":"Conversion from calcineurin inhibitor- to belatacept-based maintenance immunosuppression in renal transplant recipients: a randomized phase 3b trial","volume":"32","author":"Budde","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ajt.2025.12.284_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2016.09.021","article-title":"Safety and efficacy outcomes 3 years after switching to belatacept from a calcineurin inhibitor in kidney transplant recipients: results from a phase 2 randomized trial","volume":"69","author":"Griny\u00f3","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ajt.2025.12.284_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xkme.2022.100574","article-title":"Cardiovascular risk following conversion to belatacept from a calcineurin inhibitor in kidney transplant recipients: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"5","author":"Bredewold","year":"2023","journal-title":"Kidney Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.ajt.2025.12.284_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2571","DOI":"10.1097\/TP.0000000000001755","article-title":"A Randomized controlled clinical trial comparing belatacept with tacrolimus after de novo kidney transplantation","volume":"101","author":"De Graav","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ajt.2025.12.284_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1111\/ajt.16132","article-title":"CMV high-risk status and posttransplant outcomes in kidney transplant recipients treated with belatacept","volume":"21","author":"Karadkhele","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Transplant"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.ajt.2025.12.284_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2448","DOI":"10.1111\/ajt.16430","article-title":"Increased incidence and unusual presentations of CMV disease in kidney transplant recipients after conversion to belatacept","volume":"21","author":"Chavarot","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Transplant"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ajt.2025.12.284_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfz255","article-title":"Opportunistic infections after conversion to belatacept in kidney transplantation","volume":"35","author":"Bertrand","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ajt.2025.12.284_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.0000000000000411","article-title":"Long-term outcomes after conversion to a belatacept-based immunosuppression in kidney transplant recipients","volume":"19","author":"Divard","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajt.2025.12.284_bib65","article-title":"Belatacept in kidney transplantation: what are the true benefits? A systematic review","volume":"9","author":"Lombardi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Med (Lausanne)"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.ajt.2025.12.284_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3479","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9113479","article-title":"Opportunistic infections and efficacy following conversion to belatacept-based therapy after kidney transplantation: a French multicenter cohort","volume":"9","author":"Bertrand","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ajt.2025.12.284_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/tid.14403","article-title":"Epidemiology of infections in lung transplant recipients treated with belatacept","volume":"27","author":"Heldman","year":"2025","journal-title":"Transpl Infect Dis"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.ajt.2025.12.284_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1817","DOI":"10.1111\/ajt.12810","article-title":"Belatacept-based immunosuppression in de novo liver transplant recipients: 1-year experience from a phase II randomized study","volume":"14","author":"Klintmalm","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Transplant"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ajt.2025.12.284_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1142","DOI":"10.1111\/ajt.12712","article-title":"Renal transplantation using belatacept without maintenance steroids or calcineurin inhibitors","volume":"14","author":"Kirk","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Transplant"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.ajt.2025.12.284_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1305","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.2400146","article-title":"Rapamycin prevents expansion of costimulation blockade-resistant CD8+ alloreactive memory cells following depletional induction in renal transplant recipients","volume":"213","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.ajt.2025.12.284_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2712","DOI":"10.1111\/ajt.14377","article-title":"Lessons learned: early termination of a randomized trial of calcineurin inhibitor and corticosteroid avoidance using belatacept","volume":"17","author":"Newell","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Transplant"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.ajt.2025.12.284_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3599","DOI":"10.1111\/ajt.16152","article-title":"Avoidance of CNI and steroids using belatacept-results of the clinical trials in organ transplantation 16 trial","volume":"20","author":"Mannon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Transplant"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.ajt.2025.12.284_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1097\/TXD.0000000000001229","article-title":"Belatacept conversion in kidney after liver transplantation","volume":"7","author":"Cristea","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transplant Direct"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.ajt.2025.12.284_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2657","DOI":"10.1111\/ajt.12863","article-title":"Conversion from tacrolimus to belatacept to prevent the progression of chronic kidney disease in pancreas transplantation: case report of two patients","volume":"14","author":"Mujtaba","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Transplant"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ajt.2025.12.284_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1668","DOI":"10.1111\/ajt.15817","article-title":"Challenges of calcineurin inhibitor withdrawal following combined pancreas and kidney transplantation: results of a prospective, randomized clinical trial","volume":"20","author":"Stock","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Transplant"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.ajt.2025.12.284_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1884","DOI":"10.1111\/ajt.17028","article-title":"A pilot randomized controlled trial of de novo belatacept-based immunosuppression following anti-thymocyte globulin induction in lung transplantation","volume":"22","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Transplant"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ajt.2025.12.284_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneph.2016.9","article-title":"Memory T cells in organ transplantation: progress and challenges","volume":"12","author":"Espinosa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Rev Nephrol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ajt.2025.12.284_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e287","DOI":"10.1097\/TP.0000000000005315","article-title":"Enhanced costimulation blockade with \u03b1cD154, \u03b1cD2, and \u03b1cD28 to promote heart allograft tolerance in nonhuman primates","volume":"109","author":"Chaban","year":"2025","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ajt.2025.12.284_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2012.12.002","article-title":"The risks of targeting co-inhibitory pathways to modulate pathogen-directed T cell responses","volume":"34","author":"Frebel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trends Immunol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ajt.2025.12.284_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajt.2024.09.035","article-title":"Belatacept-related cytomegalovirus infection: advocacy for tailored immunosuppression based on individual assessment of immune fitness","volume":"25","author":"Zuber","year":"2025","journal-title":"Am J Transplant"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajt.2025.12.284_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1097\/00007890-201407151-00115","article-title":"Belatacept can inhibit allo-specific T cell responses in a donor-dependent manner but preserves virus-specific memory T cell-responses. The World Transplant Congress 2014, abstract# 2111","volume":"98","author":"Falk","year":"2014","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ajt.2025.12.284_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-065X.2011.01011.x","article-title":"Intrinsic and extrinsic control of peripheral T-cell tolerance by costimulatory molecules of the CD28\/B7 family","volume":"241","author":"Bour-Jordan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Immunol Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajt.2025.12.284_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0105-2896.2006.00391.x","article-title":"CD8+ T- cell memory in tumor immunology and immunotherapy","volume":"211","author":"Klebanoff","year":"2006","journal-title":"Immunol Rev."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.ajt.2025.12.284_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2565","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11092565","article-title":"Serological response to three, four and five doses of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine in kidney transplant recipients","volume":"11","author":"Osmanodja","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.ajt.2025.12.284_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2119","DOI":"10.1097\/TP.0000000000003824","article-title":"Immunogenicity and reactogenicity after SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination in kidney transplant recipients taking belatacept","volume":"105","author":"Ou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.ajt.2025.12.284_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e259","DOI":"10.1097\/TP.0000000000003923","article-title":"Immune response post\u2013SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination in kidney transplant recipients receiving belatacept","volume":"105","author":"Noble","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.ajt.2025.12.284_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4043","DOI":"10.1111\/ajt.16814","article-title":"Weak antibody response to three doses of mRNA vaccine in kidney transplant recipients treated with belatacept","volume":"21","author":"Chavarot","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Transplant"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ajt.2025.12.284_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/tid.13983","article-title":"Impact of belatacept and tacrolimus on cytomegalovirus viral load control and relapse in moderate and high-risk cytomegalovirus serostatus kidney transplant recipients","volume":"24","author":"Magua","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transpl Infect Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ajt.2025.12.284_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1912","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ekir.2024.02.1433","article-title":"The conversion from mycophenolic acid to mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitor reduces the incidence of cytomegalovirus replication in belatacept-treated kidney-transplant recipients","volume":"9","author":"Del Bello","year":"2024","journal-title":"Kidney Int Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajt.2025.12.284_bib90","series-title":"American Transplant Congress","article-title":"Biomarkers of inflammation and eGFR in an ongoing phase 1b study of an anti-CD40L antibody tegoprubart, for the prevention of rejection in kidney transplant","author":"Tchervenkov","year":"2024"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ajt.2025.12.284_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1097\/TXD.0000000000001644","article-title":"Long-term safety in Epstein-Barr virus-seropositive kidney-only transplant recipients treated with belatacept in clinical practice: final study results from the ENLiST registry","volume":"10","author":"Larsen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Transplant Direct"},{"issue":"suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.ajt.2025.12.284_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S4","DOI":"10.1016\/S1386-6532(06)70004-X","article-title":"HHV-6 and the immune system: mechanisms of immunomodulation and viral escape","volume":"37","author":"Lusso","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Clin Virol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ajt.2025.12.284_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1097\/QCO.0000000000000592","article-title":"Human herpesvirus 6 in transplant recipients: an update on diagnostic and treatment strategies","volume":"32","author":"Hill","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr Opin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"48","key":"10.1016\/j.ajt.2025.12.284_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8660","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v23.i48.8660","article-title":"Stricturing Crohn\u2019s disease-like colitis in a patient treated with belatacept","volume":"23","author":"Bozon","year":"2017","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajt.2025.12.284_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2013-009731","article-title":"Acute encephalomyelitis with multiple herpes viral reactivations during abatacept therapy","volume":"2013","author":"Nakajima","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMJ Case Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajt.2025.12.284_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.863218","article-title":"Case report: \u201cprimary immunodeficiency\u201d-severe autoimmune enteropathy in a pediatric heart transplant recipient treated with abatacept and alemtuzumab","volume":"13","author":"Kalaidina","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ajt.2025.12.284_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2025.06.014","article-title":"A systematic literature review and meta-analysis evaluated modifiable risk factors for the development of BK polyoma virus\u2013associated complications","volume":"108","author":"Eder","year":"2025","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.ajt.2025.12.284_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/ctr.13042","article-title":"Retrospective evaluation of the efficacy and safety of belatacept with thymoglobulin induction and maintenance everolimus: a single-center clinical experience","volume":"31","author":"Wojciechowski","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Transplant"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.ajt.2025.12.284_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2922","DOI":"10.1111\/ajt.14353","article-title":"Belatacept combined with transient calcineurin inhibitor therapy prevents rejection and promotes improved long-term renal allograft function","volume":"17","author":"Adams","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Transplant"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ajt.2025.12.284_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1111\/ajt.12574","article-title":"The allo- and viral-specific immunosuppressive effect of belatacept, but not tacrolimus, attenuates with progressive T cell maturation","volume":"14","author":"Xu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Transplant"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.ajt.2025.12.284_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2159","DOI":"10.1111\/ajt.13252","article-title":"The loss of BKV-specific immunity from pretransplantation to posttransplantation identifies kidney transplant recipients at increased risk of BKV replication","volume":"15","author":"Schachtner","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Transplant"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.ajt.2025.12.284_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1834","DOI":"10.1097\/TP.0000000000004976","article-title":"The second international consensus guidelines on the management of BK polyomavirus in kidney transplantation","volume":"108","author":"Kotton","year":"2024","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ajt.2025.12.284_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/tid.14298","article-title":"Belatacept-based immunosuppression does not confer increased risk of BK polyomavirus-DNAemia relative to tacrolimus-based immunosuppression","volume":"26","author":"Eichenberger","year":"2024","journal-title":"Transpl Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajt.2025.12.284_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trim.2023.101857","article-title":"Increased CMV disease and \u201csevere\u201d BK viremia with belatacept vs. sirolimus three-drug maintenance immunosuppression","volume":"79","author":"Petrossian","year":"2023","journal-title":"Transpl Immunol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ajt.2025.12.284_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofx100","article-title":"Refractory T-cell anergy and rapidly fatal progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy after prolonged CTLA4 therapy","volume":"4","author":"Dekeyser","year":"2017","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajt.2025.12.284_bib106","series-title":"Highlights of prescribing information-Nulojix (belatacept). Approval-2011-Warning updated 2017","year":"2011"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ajt.2025.12.284_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2025.02.606","article-title":"Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in kidney transplant recipients: a retrospective multicenter nationwide case series","volume":"86","author":"Sanson","year":"2025","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ajt.2025.12.284_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-291X(03)01528-6","article-title":"Coping with stress: calmodulin and calcineurin in model and pathogenic fungi","volume":"311","author":"Kraus","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ajt.2025.12.284_bib109","article-title":"Synergistic effects of putative Ca2+-binding sites of calmodulin in fungal development, temperature stress and virulence of Aspergillus fumigatus","volume":"15","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ajt.2025.12.284_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2019.08.004","article-title":"Calcium-calmodulin-calcineurin signaling: a globally conserved virulence cascade in eukaryotic microbial pathogens","volume":"26","author":"Park","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ajt.2025.12.284_bib111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S455","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healun.2024.02.1417","article-title":"Infections after belatacept in lung transplant recipients","volume":"43","author":"Heldman","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Hear Lung Transpl"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ajt.2025.12.284_bib112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofae158","article-title":"An Unexpectedly high incidence of invasive fungal diseases in solid organ transplant recipients taking belatacept for organ rejection prophylaxis: a single-center retrospective cohort study","volume":"11","author":"Bell","year":"2024","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ajt.2025.12.284_bib113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciab474","article-title":"Genetic and epidemiologic analyses of an outbreak of pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia among kidney transplant recipients in the United States","volume":"74","author":"Azar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ajt.2025.12.284_bib114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1111\/ajt.16780","article-title":"Kidney transplantation from triple-knockout pigs expressing multiple human proteins in cynomolgus macaques","volume":"22","author":"Ma","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Transplant"},{"issue":"7736","key":"10.1016\/j.ajt.2025.12.284_bib115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0765-z","article-title":"Consistent success in life-supporting porcine cardiac xenotransplantation","volume":"564","author":"L\u00e4ngin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ajt.2025.12.284_bib116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/xen.12283","article-title":"Safe use of anti-CD154 monoclonal antibody in pig islet xenotransplantation in monkeys","volume":"24","author":"Bottino","year":"2017","journal-title":"Xenotransplantation"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.ajt.2025.12.284_bib117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1590","DOI":"10.1097\/01.TP.0000144054.46946.CF","article-title":"Beneficial effects of costimulatory blockade with anti-inducible costimulator antibody in conjunction with CTLA4Ig on prevention of islet xenograft rejection from rat to mouse","volume":"78","author":"Nabeyama","year":"2004","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ajt.2025.12.284_bib118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1097\/MOT.0000000000000678","article-title":"Regulatory barriers to xenotransplantation","volume":"24","author":"Goerlich","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr Opin Organ Transplant"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajt.2025.12.284_bib119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1355609","article-title":"Ethical and legislative advances in xenotransplantation for clinical translation: focusing on cardiac, kidney and islet cell xenotransplantation","volume":"15","author":"Hawthorne","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ajt.2025.12.284_bib120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajt.2022.12.013","article-title":"Infection and clinical xenotransplantation: guidance from the Infectious Disease Community of Practice of the American Society of Transplantation","volume":"23","author":"Mehta","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am J Transplant"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.ajt.2025.12.284_bib121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/ctr.13652","article-title":"Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorders, Epstein-Barr virus infection, and disease in solid organ transplantation: guidelines from the American Society of Transplantation Infectious Diseases Community of Practice","volume":"33","author":"Allen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Transplant"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Transplantation"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1600613525034549?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1600613525034549?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T07:26:48Z","timestamp":1777620408000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1600613525034549"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"references-count":120,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]}},"alternative-id":["S1600613525034549"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajt.2025.12.284","relation":{},"ISSN":["1600-6135"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1600-6135","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Costimulatory blockade and infectious risk in solid organ transplantation","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"American Journal of Transplantation","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajt.2025.12.284","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 American Society of Transplantation & American Society of Transplant Surgeons. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}