{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T15:07:47Z","timestamp":1775056067433,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":111,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,1]],"date-time":"2023-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1690848000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,1]],"date-time":"2023-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1690848000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,1]],"date-time":"2023-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1690848000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,1]],"date-time":"2023-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1690848000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,1]],"date-time":"2023-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1690848000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,1]],"date-time":"2023-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1690848000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,1]],"date-time":"2023-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1690848000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004586","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004586","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000027","name":"National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AA13023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AA13023"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000027","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Alcohol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,8]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.alcohol.2023.01.004","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,3]],"date-time":"2023-02-03T12:20:26Z","timestamp":1675426826000},"page":"1-13","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Combined exposure to alcohol and cannabis during development: Mechanisms and outcomes"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"110","author":[{"given":"Martina V.","family":"Kov\u00e1cs","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Helenice","family":"Charchat-Fichman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Landeira-Fernandez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alexandre E.","family":"Medina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4686-9284","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas E.","family":"Krahe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"8517","key":"10.1016\/j.alcohol.2023.01.004_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1222","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(86)92234-8","article-title":"Fetal alcohol syndrome is now leading cause of mental retardation","volume":"328","author":"Abel","year":"1986","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.alcohol.2023.01.004_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1704","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.05-3995fje","article-title":"The endocannabinoid system drives neural progenitor proliferation","volume":"19","author":"Aguado","year":"2005","journal-title":"Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology Journal"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.alcohol.2023.01.004_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1551","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3101-05.2006","article-title":"The endocannabinoid system promotes astroglial differentiation by acting on neural progenitor cells","volume":"26","author":"Aguado","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.alcohol.2023.01.004_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4899-1684-6_12","article-title":"Involvement of neuronal chloride channels in ethanol intoxication, tolerance, and dependence","volume":"5","author":"Allan","year":"1987","journal-title":"Recent Developments in Alcoholism"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.alcohol.2023.01.004_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2015.09.009","article-title":"At the tip of an iceberg: Prenatal marijuana and its possible relation to neuropsychiatric outcome in the offspring","volume":"79","author":"Alp\u00e1r","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biological Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.alcohol.2023.01.004_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-23495-0","article-title":"Cannabinoid receptor 2 (Cb2r) mediates cannabinol (CBN) induced developmental defects in zebrafish","volume":"12","author":"Amin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.alcohol.2023.01.004_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2022.105670","article-title":"Synaptic changes induced by cannabinoid drugs and cannabis use disorder","volume":"167","author":"Augustin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurobiology of Disease"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.alcohol.2023.01.004_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2015.08.009","article-title":"Third trimester-equivalent ethanol exposure increases anxiety-like behavior and glutamatergic transmission in the basolateral amygdala","volume":"137","author":"Baculis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.alcohol.2023.01.004_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2267","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.14952","article-title":"Prenatal alcohol exposure exacerbates acute sensorimotor deficits and impedes long-term behavioral recovery from the effects of an adult-onset cerebrovascular ischemic stroke","volume":"46","author":"Bake","year":"2022","journal-title":"Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.alcohol.2023.01.004_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-2952(97)00501-7","article-title":"Effect of chronic ethanol exposure on mouse brain arachidonic acid specific phospholipase A2","volume":"55","author":"Basavarajappa","year":"1998","journal-title":"Biochemical Pharmacology"},{"issue":"17","key":"10.1016\/j.alcohol.2023.01.004_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3085","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.14780","article-title":"Distinct functions of endogenous cannabinoid system in alcohol abuse disorders","volume":"176","author":"Basavarajappa","year":"2019","journal-title":"British Journal of Pharmacology"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.alcohol.2023.01.004_bib12","first-page":"1199","article-title":"Activation of arachidonic acid-specific phospholipase A2 in human neuroblastoma cells after chronic alcohol exposure: Prevention by GM1 ganglioside","volume":"21","author":"Basavarajappa","year":"1997","journal-title":"Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.alcohol.2023.01.004_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci6020012","article-title":"Epigenetic mechanisms in developmental alcohol-induced neurobehavioral deficits","volume":"6","author":"Basavarajappa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Brain Sciences"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.alcohol.2023.01.004_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0021-8782.2004.00325.x","article-title":"Cannabinoid receptor, CB1, expression follows neuronal differentiation in the early chick embryo","volume":"205","author":"Begbie","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Anatomy"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.alcohol.2023.01.004_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn920","article-title":"Excitatory actions of gaba during development: The nature of the nurture. Nature reviews","volume":"3","author":"Ben-Ari","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Neuroscience"},{"issue":"5828","key":"10.1016\/j.alcohol.2023.01.004_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1212","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1137406","article-title":"Hardwiring the brain: Endocannabinoids shape neuronal connectivity","volume":"316","author":"Berghuis","year":"2007","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.alcohol.2023.01.004_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1366","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.14383","article-title":"Ethanol and cannabinoids regulate zebrafish GABAergic neuron development and behavior in a Sonic Hedgehog and fibroblast growth factor-dependent mechanism","volume":"44","author":"Boa-Amponsem","year":"2020","journal-title":"Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.alcohol.2023.01.004_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1002\/bdr2.1458","article-title":"Ethanol and cannabinoids interact to alter behavior in a zebrafish fetal alcohol spectrum disorder model","volume":"111","author":"Boa-Amponsem","year":"2019","journal-title":"Birth Defects Research"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.alcohol.2023.01.004_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1242\/dmm.049012","article-title":"Transcriptomic analyses of gastrulation-stage mouse embryos with differential susceptibility to alcohol","volume":"14","author":"Boschen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Disease Models & Mechanisms"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.alcohol.2023.01.004_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ntt.2020.106930","article-title":"Combined vapor exposure to THC and alcohol in pregnant rats: Maternal outcomes and pharmacokinetic effects","volume":"82","author":"Breit","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurotoxicology and Teratology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.alcohol.2023.01.004_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ntt.2019.03.005","article-title":"Altered motor development following late gestational alcohol and cannabinoid exposure in rats","volume":"73","author":"Breit","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurotoxicology and Teratology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.alcohol.2023.01.004_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1131","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4522(97)00348-5","article-title":"Expression of the CB1 and CB2 receptor messenger RNAs during embryonic development in the rat","volume":"82","author":"Buckley","year":"1998","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.alcohol.2023.01.004_bib23","series-title":"Recent advances in cannabinoid physiology and pathology","first-page":"13","article-title":"Physiology of the endocannabinoid system during development","author":"Bukiya","year":"2019"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.alcohol.2023.01.004_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1585","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.25008","article-title":"Pharmacological activation of the Sonic hedgehog pathway with a Smoothened small molecule agonist ameliorates the severity of alcohol-induced morphological and behavioral birth defects in a zebrafish model of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder","volume":"100","author":"Burton","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience Research"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.alcohol.2023.01.004_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-014-0550-y","article-title":"Neuronal substrates and functional consequences of prenatal cannabis exposure","volume":"23","author":"Calvigioni","year":"2014","journal-title":"European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.alcohol.2023.01.004_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfx232","article-title":"Developmental effects of cannabidiol and \u03949-tetrahydrocannabinol in zebrafish","volume":"162","author":"Carty","year":"2018","journal-title":"Toxicological Sciences"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.alcohol.2023.01.004_bib27","series-title":"Behavioral health trends in the United States: Results from the 2014 national survey on drug use and health (HHS Publication no. SMA 15-4927, NSDUH Series H-50)","year":"2015"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.alcohol.2023.01.004_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn.2016.28","article-title":"Keep off the grass? Cannabis, cognition and addiction","volume":"17","author":"Curran","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.alcohol.2023.01.004_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2020.105181","article-title":"Ethanol-mediated alterations in oligodendrocyte differentiation in the developing brain","volume":"148","author":"Darbinian","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurobiology of Disease"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.alcohol.2023.01.004_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1479","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.2010.01166.x","article-title":"Effects of cannabinoids and cannabinoid-enriched Cannabis extracts on TRP channels and endocannabinoid metabolic enzymes","volume":"163","author":"De Petrocellis","year":"2011","journal-title":"British Journal of Pharmacology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.alcohol.2023.01.004_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2125","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhy094","article-title":"Ethanol exposure in utero disrupts radial migration and pyramidal cell development in the somatosensory cortex","volume":"29","author":"Delatour","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cerebral Cortex"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.alcohol.2023.01.004_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000002619","article-title":"Recommendations from cannabis dispensaries about first-trimester cannabis use","volume":"131","author":"Dickson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Obstetrics & Gynecology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.alcohol.2023.01.004_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2019.07.003","article-title":"More drugs, more problems? Simultaneous use of alcohol and marijuana at parties among youth and young adults","volume":"202","author":"Egan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Drug and Alcohol Dependence"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.alcohol.2023.01.004_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2018.08.036","article-title":"An epidemiological, developmental and clinical overview of cannabis use during pregnancy","volume":"116","author":"El Marroun","year":"2018","journal-title":"Preventive Medicine"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.alcohol.2023.01.004_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1173","DOI":"10.1097\/CHI.0b013e3181bfa8ee","article-title":"Intrauterine cannabis exposure affects fetal growth trajectories: The generation R study","volume":"48","author":"El Marroun","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.alcohol.2023.01.004_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2010.03.006","article-title":"A\u00a0prospective study on intrauterine cannabis exposure and fetal blood flow","volume":"86","author":"El Marroun","year":"2010","journal-title":"Early Human Development"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.alcohol.2023.01.004_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1111\/add.15207","article-title":"Familial factors may not explain the effect of moderate-to-heavy cannabis use on cognitive functioning in adolescents: A sibling-comparison study","volume":"116","author":"Ellingson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.alcohol.2023.01.004_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2016.01.004","article-title":"Changes in cannabis potency over the last 2 decades (1995\u20132014): Analysis of current data in the United States","volume":"79","author":"ElSohly","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biological Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.alcohol.2023.01.004_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)81386-0","article-title":"Two critical periods of Sonic Hedgehog signaling required for the specification of motor neuron identity","volume":"87","author":"Ericson","year":"1996","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.alcohol.2023.01.004_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1016\/S0026-895X(25)10492-6","article-title":"Comparison of the pharmacology and signal transduction of the human cannabinoid CB1 and CB2 receptors","volume":"48","author":"Felder","year":"1995","journal-title":"Molecular Pharmacology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.alcohol.2023.01.004_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2010.02.046","article-title":"Phosphodiesterase type 1 inhibition improves learning in rats exposed to alcohol during the third trimester equivalent of human gestation","volume":"473","author":"Filgueiras","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuroscience Letters"},{"issue":"19","key":"10.1016\/j.alcohol.2023.01.004_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1229","DOI":"10.1002\/bdr2.2009","article-title":"The pro-apoptotic Bax gene modifies susceptibility to craniofacial dysmorphology following gastrulation-stage alcohol exposure","volume":"114","author":"Fish","year":"2022","journal-title":"Birth Defects Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.alcohol.2023.01.004_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-52336-w","article-title":"Cannabinoids exacerbate alcohol teratogenesis by a CB1-Hedgehog interaction","volume":"9","author":"Fish","year":"2019","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.alcohol.2023.01.004_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1965","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.14688","article-title":"Loss of tumor protein 53 protects against alcohol-induced facial malformations in mice and zebrafish","volume":"45","author":"Fish","year":"2021","journal-title":"Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.alcohol.2023.01.004_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plipres.2013.05.004","article-title":"Cannabinoid receptor signaling in progenitor\/stem cell proliferation and differentiation","volume":"52","author":"Galve-Roperh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Progress in Lipid Research"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.alcohol.2023.01.004_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1403","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI38937","article-title":"Pathogenesis of holoprosencephaly","volume":"119","author":"Geng","year":"2009","journal-title":"The Journal of Clinical Investigation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.alcohol.2023.01.004_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ntt.2015.12.004","article-title":"Dose-dependent teratogenicity of the synthetic cannabinoid CP-55,940 in mice","volume":"58","author":"Gilbert","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurotoxicology and Teratology"},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1016\/j.alcohol.2023.01.004_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5327","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.17-14-05327.1997","article-title":"Concurrent stimulation of cannabinoid CB1 and dopamine D2 receptors augments cAMP accumulation in striatal neurons: Evidence for a gs linkage to the CB1 receptor","volume":"17","author":"Glass","year":"1997","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.alcohol.2023.01.004_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2992","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19102992","article-title":"Alcohol and the developing brain: Why neurons die and how survivors change","volume":"19","author":"Granato","year":"2018","journal-title":"International Journal of Molecular Sciences"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.alcohol.2023.01.004_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1037\/adb0000416","article-title":"Marijuana use is associated with alcohol use and consequences across the first 2 years of college","volume":"32","author":"Gunn","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychology of Addictive Behaviors"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.alcohol.2023.01.004_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1002\/aja.1001950404","article-title":"A\u00a0series of normal stages in the development of the chick embryo","volume":"195","author":"Hamburger","year":"1951","journal-title":"Developmental Dynamics"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.alcohol.2023.01.004_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.21287","article-title":"Cannabinoids enhance susceptibility of immature brain to ethanol neurotoxicity","volume":"64","author":"Hansen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Annals of Neurology"},{"issue":"24","key":"10.1016\/j.alcohol.2023.01.004_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5798","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3894-16.2017","article-title":"Prenatal ethanol exposure persistently alters endocannabinoid signaling and endocannabinoid-mediated excitatory synaptic plasticity in ventral tegmental area dopamine neurons","volume":"37","author":"Hausknecht","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.alcohol.2023.01.004_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-017-0788-8","article-title":"In\u00a0vivo imaging of oxidative stress and fronto-limbic white matter integrity in young adults with mood disorders","volume":"268","author":"Hermens","year":"2018","journal-title":"European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.alcohol.2023.01.004_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1002999","article-title":"Cdon mutation and fetal ethanol exposure synergize to produce midline signaling defects and holoprosencephaly spectrum disorders in mice","volume":"8","author":"Hong","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS Genetics"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.alcohol.2023.01.004_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1124\/mol.66.2.204","article-title":"Defective adult neurogenesis in CB1 cannabinoid receptor knockout mice","volume":"66","author":"Jin","year":"2004","journal-title":"Molecular Pharmacology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.alcohol.2023.01.004_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00402390","article-title":"Psychological studies of marijuana and alcohol in man","volume":"18","author":"Jones","year":"1970","journal-title":"Psychopharmacologia"},{"issue":"6971","key":"10.1016\/j.alcohol.2023.01.004_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1038\/nature02282","article-title":"Mustard oils and cannabinoids excite sensory nerve fibres through the TRP channel ANKTM1","volume":"427","author":"Jordt","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.alcohol.2023.01.004_bib59","first-page":"29","article-title":"Prenatal ethanol exposure in mice phenocopies Cdon mutation by impeding Shh function in the etiology of optic nerve hypoplasia","volume":"10","author":"Kahn","year":"2017","journal-title":"Disease Models & Mechanisms"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.alcohol.2023.01.004_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1007\/s00210-006-0033-x","article-title":"Cannabidiol is an allosteric modulator at mu- and delta-opioid receptors","volume":"372","author":"Kathmann","year":"2006","journal-title":"Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.alcohol.2023.01.004_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"784","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.15907","article-title":"Effects of developmental alcohol exposure on cortical multisensory integration","volume":"57","author":"Keum","year":"2023","journal-title":"European Journal of Neuroscience"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.alcohol.2023.01.004_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3415","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1416463112","article-title":"Endocannabinoids are conserved inhibitors of the Hedgehog pathway","volume":"112","author":"Khaliullina","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.alcohol.2023.01.004_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2015.03.021","article-title":"Prevalence and patterns of marijuana use among pregnant and nonpregnant women of reproductive age","volume":"213","author":"Ko","year":"2015","journal-title":"American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.alcohol.2023.01.004_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"928","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2010.01166.x","article-title":"Ethanol impairs activation of retinoic acid receptors in cerebellar granule cells in a rodent model of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders","volume":"34","author":"Kumar","year":"2010","journal-title":"Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.alcohol.2023.01.004_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"948","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2017.1919","article-title":"Global prevalence of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder among children and youth: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"171","author":"Lange","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatrics"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.alcohol.2023.01.004_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2699","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0711278105","article-title":"GPR55 is a cannabinoid receptor that increases intracellular calcium and inhibits M current","volume":"105","author":"Lauckner","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.alcohol.2023.01.004_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0173(98)00009-5","article-title":"Growth factor-mediated neural proliferation: Target of ethanol toxicity","volume":"27","author":"Luo","year":"1998","journal-title":"Brain Research. Brain Research Reviews"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.alcohol.2023.01.004_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00421001","article-title":"Divided attention performance of cannabis users and non-users following cannabis and alcohol","volume":"44","author":"MacAvoy","year":"1975","journal-title":"Psychopharmacologia"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.alcohol.2023.01.004_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1901","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2016.04.080","article-title":"Striking immune phenotypes in gene-targeted mice are driven by a copy-number variant originating from a commercially available C57BL\/6 strain","volume":"15","author":"Mahajan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Reports"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.alcohol.2023.01.004_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1002\/cpt1971122part1202","article-title":"The influence of alcohol and marihuana on motor and mental performance","volume":"12","author":"Manno","year":"1971","journal-title":"Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.alcohol.2023.01.004_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1747","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1460-9568.2003.02599.x","article-title":"Ontogenetic development of cannabinoid receptor expression and signal transduction functionality in the human brain","volume":"17","author":"Mato","year":"2003","journal-title":"European Journal of Neuroscience"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.alcohol.2023.01.004_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1046","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.14040","article-title":"Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders: A review of the neurobehavioral deficits associated with prenatal alcohol exposure","volume":"43","author":"Mattson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.alcohol.2023.01.004_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.14313","article-title":"Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders in a southeastern county of the United States: Child characteristics and maternal risk traits","volume":"44","author":"May","year":"2020","journal-title":"Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.alcohol.2023.01.004_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1177\/1073858410383336","article-title":"Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders and abnormal neuronal plasticity","volume":"17","author":"Medina","year":"2011","journal-title":"The Neuroscientist"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.alcohol.2023.01.004_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1002\/phar.1424","article-title":"\u201cNot for human consumption\u201d: A review of emerging designer drugs","volume":"34","author":"Musselman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pharmacotherapy: The Journal of Human Pharmacology and Drug Therapy"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.alcohol.2023.01.004_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1317","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.23164","article-title":"Acute oligodendrocyte loss with persistent white matter injury in a third trimester equivalent mouse model of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder","volume":"65","author":"Newville","year":"2017","journal-title":"Glia"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.alcohol.2023.01.004_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1002\/wdev.161","article-title":"Holoprosencephaly: Signaling interactions between the brain and the face, the environment and the genes, and the phenotypic variability in animal models and humans","volume":"4","author":"Petryk","year":"2015","journal-title":"Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews. Developmental Biology"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.alcohol.2023.01.004_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1150","DOI":"10.1111\/add.14598","article-title":"Prevalence of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder among special subpopulations: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"114","author":"Popova","year":"2019","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.alcohol.2023.01.004_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1002\/bdrb.20166","article-title":"A\u00a0cannabinoid analogue of Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol disrupts neural development in chick","volume":"83","author":"Psychoyos","year":"2008","journal-title":"Birth Defects Research Part B: Developmental and Reproductive Toxicology"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.alcohol.2023.01.004_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/jbio.201900050","article-title":"Assessing the acute effects of prenatal synthetic cannabinoid exposure on murine fetal brain vasculature using optical coherence tomography","volume":"12","author":"Raghunathan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Biophotonics"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.alcohol.2023.01.004_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1164","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.14332","article-title":"A\u00a0systematic review of the effects of perinatal alcohol exposure and perinatal marijuana exposure on adult neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus","volume":"44","author":"Reid","year":"2020","journal-title":"Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.alcohol.2023.01.004_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2246","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.14708","article-title":"Prenatal alcohol and cannabis exposure can have opposing and region-specific effects on parvalbumin interneuron numbers in the hippocampus","volume":"45","author":"Reid","year":"2021","journal-title":"Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research"},{"issue":"20","key":"10.1016\/j.alcohol.2023.01.004_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3228","DOI":"10.1021\/jm970126f","article-title":"Cannabinol derivatives: Binding to cannabinoid receptors and inhibition of adenylylcyclase","volume":"40","author":"Rhee","year":"1997","journal-title":"Journal of Medicinal Chemistry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.alcohol.2023.01.004_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ntt.2016.08.003","article-title":"Prenatal cannabis exposure \u2013 the \u201cfirst hit\u201d to the endocannabinoid system","volume":"58","author":"Richardson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurotoxicology and Teratology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.alcohol.2023.01.004_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1177\/15353702-0323006-03","article-title":"Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders: An overview with emphasis on changes in brain and behavior","volume":"230","author":"Riley","year":"2005","journal-title":"Experimental Biology and Medicine"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.alcohol.2023.01.004_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1007\/s10578-021-01124-7","article-title":"Psychopharmacological treatments in children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders: A review","volume":"53","author":"Ritfeld","year":"2022","journal-title":"Child Psychiatry and Human Development"},{"issue":"S1","key":"10.1016\/j.alcohol.2023.01.004_bib87","first-page":"14","article-title":"Simultaneous prenatal alcohol and cannabinoid exposure during the second trimester inhibits neural stem cell growth and fetal directed blood flow","volume":"46","author":"Rouzer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.alcohol.2023.01.004_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2140","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-022-01327-z","article-title":"Moderate prenatal alcohol exposure modifies sex-specific CRFR1 activity in the central amygdala and anxiety-like behavior in adolescent offspring","volume":"47","author":"Rouzer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"issue":"48","key":"10.1016\/j.alcohol.2023.01.004_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46645","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M206590200","article-title":"The endocannabinoid anandamide inhibits neuronal progenitor cell differentiation through attenuation of the Rap1\/B-Raf\/ERK pathway","volume":"277","author":"Rueda","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of Biological Chemistry"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.alcohol.2023.01.004_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-020-0621-3","article-title":"Long-term hippocampal interneuronopathy drives sex-dimorphic spatial memory impairment induced by prenatal THC exposure","volume":"45","author":"de Salas-Quiroga","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.alcohol.2023.01.004_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2019.08.010","article-title":"Consequences of perinatal cannabis exposure","volume":"42","author":"Scheyer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trends in Neurosciences"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.alcohol.2023.01.004_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.alcohol.2017.01.014","article-title":"Maternal alcohol exposure during mid-pregnancy dilates fetal cerebral arteries via endocannabinoid receptors","volume":"61","author":"Seleverstov","year":"2017","journal-title":"Alcohol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.alcohol.2023.01.004_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2015.03.024","article-title":"Poorer frontolimbic white matter integrity is associated with chronic cannabis use, FAAH genotype, and increased depressive and apathy symptoms in adolescents and young adults","volume":"8","author":"Shollenbarger","year":"2015","journal-title":"NeuroImage. Clinical"},{"issue":"7\u20138","key":"10.1016\/j.alcohol.2023.01.004_bib94","article-title":"Retinoic acid signaling reduction recapitulates the effects of alcohol on embryo size","volume":"57","author":"Shukrun","year":"2019","journal-title":"Genesis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.alcohol.2023.01.004_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4303\/jdar\/236068","article-title":"Gestational age-dependent interplay between endocannabinoid receptors and alcohol in fetal cerebral arteries","volume":"8","author":"Simakova","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Drug and Alcohol Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.alcohol.2023.01.004_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines7010016","article-title":"Alcohol interaction with cocaine, methamphetamine, opioids, nicotine, cannabis, and \u03b3-hydroxybutyric acid","volume":"7","author":"Singh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.alcohol.2023.01.004_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"872","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.12698","article-title":"Simultaneous versus concurrent use of alcohol and cannabis in the National Alcohol Survey","volume":"39","author":"Subbaraman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research"},{"issue":"4523","key":"10.1016\/j.alcohol.2023.01.004_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"936","DOI":"10.1126\/science.6795717","article-title":"Fetal alcohol syndrome: Embryogenesis in a mouse model","volume":"214","author":"Sulik","year":"1981","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.alcohol.2023.01.004_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.13611","article-title":"Effects of early alcohol exposure on functional organization and microstructure of a visual-tactile integrative circuit","volume":"42","author":"Tang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.alcohol.2023.01.004_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2224","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.13879","article-title":"Simultaneous alcohol and marijuana use among young adult drinkers: Age-specific changes in prevalence from 1977 to 2016","volume":"42","author":"Terry-McElrath","year":"2018","journal-title":"Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.alcohol.2023.01.004_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1002\/embj.201386035","article-title":"Miswiring the brain: \u03949-tetrahydrocannabinol disrupts cortical development by inducing an SCG10\/stathmin-2 degradation pathway","volume":"33","author":"Tortoriello","year":"2014","journal-title":"EMBO Journal"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.alcohol.2023.01.004_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1089\/can.2018.0062","article-title":"Binge and cannabis co-use episodes in relation to white matter integrity in emerging adults","volume":"5","author":"Wade","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.alcohol.2023.01.004_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2004.10.015","article-title":"In utero marijuana exposure associated with abnormal amygdala dopamine D2 gene expression in the human fetus","volume":"56","author":"Wang","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biological Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.alcohol.2023.01.004_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4522(03)00020-4","article-title":"Preferential limbic expression of the cannabinoid receptor mRNA in the human fetal brain","volume":"118","author":"Wang","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.alcohol.2023.01.004_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2018.07.030","article-title":"Prenatal ethanol exposure increases risk of psychostimulant addiction","volume":"356","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Behavioural Brain Research"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.alcohol.2023.01.004_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(19)30150-4","article-title":"Clinical presentation, diagnosis, and management of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder","volume":"18","author":"Wozniak","year":"2019","journal-title":"The Lancet Neurology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.alcohol.2023.01.004_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.2217\/fnl.11.27","article-title":"Lasting impacts of prenatal cannabis exposure and the role of endogenous cannabinoids in the developing brain","volume":"6","author":"Wu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Future Neurology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.alcohol.2023.01.004_bib108","first-page":"201","article-title":"Marijuana and ethanol: Effects on sleep","volume":"4","author":"Zarcone","year":"1973","journal-title":"International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.alcohol.2023.01.004_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1002\/bdra.23099","article-title":"Forebrain and hindbrain development in zebrafish is sensitive to ethanol exposure involving agrin, Fgf, and sonic hedgehog function","volume":"97","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Birth Defects Research Part A: Clinical and Molecular Teratology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.alcohol.2023.01.004_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2010.07.004","article-title":"CB1 and CB2 cannabinoid receptor expression during development and in epileptogenic developmental pathologies","volume":"170","author":"Zurolo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.alcohol.2023.01.004_bib111","series-title":"Key substance use and mental health indicators in the United States: Results from the 2019 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (HHS Publication No. PEP20-07-01-001, NSDUH Series H-55)","year":"2020"}],"container-title":["Alcohol"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0741832923000150?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0741832923000150?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T20:50:00Z","timestamp":1760043000000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0741832923000150"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,8]]},"references-count":111,"alternative-id":["S0741832923000150"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.alcohol.2023.01.004","relation":{},"ISSN":["0741-8329"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0741-8329","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Combined exposure to alcohol and cannabis during development: Mechanisms and outcomes","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Alcohol","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.alcohol.2023.01.004","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}