{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T05:47:28Z","timestamp":1793166448147,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":95,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,7]],"date-time":"2025-08-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754524800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["19K08649"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["19K08649"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["22K08271"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22K08271"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["22K08233"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22K08233"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Allergology International"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.alit.2025.07.003","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,22]],"date-time":"2025-08-22T20:16:36Z","timestamp":1755893796000},"page":"32-41","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["From mucus plugging to airway dilatation in chronic airway diseases: A perspective on the contribution of the airway microbiome and inflammation"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"75","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7481-0212","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Naoya","family":"Tanabe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8754-6318","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hisako","family":"Matsumoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.alit.2025.07.003_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI95693","article-title":"Mucus plugs in patients with asthma linked to eosinophilia and airflow obstruction","volume":"128","author":"Dunican","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.alit.2025.07.003_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202006-2248OC","article-title":"Mucus plugs and emphysema in the pathophysiology of airflow obstruction and hypoxemia in smokers","volume":"203","author":"Dunican","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.alit.2025.07.003_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1016\/j.alit.2024.01.013","article-title":"Associations of fractional exhaled nitric oxide with airway dimension and mucus plugs on ultra-high-resolution computed tomography in former smokers and nonsmokers with asthma","volume":"73","author":"Hayashi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Allergol Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.alit.2025.07.003_bib4","article-title":"Sputum microbiota and inflammatory subtypes in asthma, COPD, and its overlap","volume":"3","author":"Morimoto","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol Glob"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.alit.2025.07.003_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1016\/j.alit.2024.05.004","article-title":"Mucus plugging on computed tomography and the sputum microbiome in patients with asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and asthma-COPD overlap","volume":"73","author":"Tanabe","year":"2024","journal-title":"Allergol Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.alit.2025.07.003_bib6","article-title":"Refractory phenotype of Aspergillus-sensitized asthma with bronchiectasis and allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis","volume":"4","author":"Nomura","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol Glob"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.alit.2025.07.003_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2233","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra0910061","article-title":"Airway mucus function and dysfunction","volume":"363","author":"Fahy","year":"2010","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.alit.2025.07.003_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202301-0106PP","article-title":"Global initiative for chronic obstructive lung disease 2023 report: GOLD executive summary","volume":"207","author":"Agusti","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.alit.2025.07.003_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202303-0455CI","article-title":"Targeting type 2 inflammation and epithelial alarmins in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a biologics outlook","volume":"208","author":"Rabe","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.alit.2025.07.003_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2020-214644","article-title":"Eosinophilia and fractional exhaled nitric oxide levels in chronic obstructive lung disease","volume":"77","author":"Annangi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.alit.2025.07.003_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-022-02289-y","article-title":"Nationwide survey of refractory asthma with bronchiectasis by inflammatory subtypes","volume":"23","author":"Nomura","year":"2022","journal-title":"Respir Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.alit.2025.07.003_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resinv.2021.11.004","article-title":"Bronchiectasis in severe asthma and asthmatic components in bronchiectasis","volume":"60","author":"Matsumoto","year":"2022","journal-title":"Respir Investig"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.alit.2025.07.003_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.221109","article-title":"Artificial intelligence-based CT assessment of bronchiectasis: the COPDGene study","volume":"307","author":"Diaz","year":"2023","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.alit.2025.07.003_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202309-1614OC","article-title":"The association between bronchiectasis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: data from the european bronchiectasis registry (EMBARC)","volume":"210","author":"Polverino","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.alit.2025.07.003_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9343(03)00241-9","article-title":"Characterization of airway plugging in fatal asthma","volume":"115","author":"Kuyper","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.alit.2025.07.003_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)16900-6","article-title":"Pathophysiology of airflow limitation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"364","author":"Hogg","year":"2004","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.alit.2025.07.003_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202110-2265OC","article-title":"Mucus plugs persist in asthma, and changes in mucus plugs associate with changes in airflow over time","volume":"205","author":"Tang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.alit.2025.07.003_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2022.09.008","article-title":"Clinical associations of mucus plugging in moderate to severe asthma","volume":"11","author":"Chan","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.alit.2025.07.003_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1016\/j.alit.2022.10.007","article-title":"Differential role of mucus plugs in asthma: effects of smoking and association with airway inflammation","volume":"72","author":"Oguma","year":"2023","journal-title":"Allergol Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.alit.2025.07.003_bib20","article-title":"Persistent mucus plugs in proximal airways are consequential for airflow limitation in asthma","volume":"9","author":"Huang","year":"2024","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.alit.2025.07.003_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202306-1102LE","article-title":"Effects of dupilumab on mucus plugging and ventilation defects in patients with moderate-to-severe asthma: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"208","author":"Svenningsen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.alit.2025.07.003_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2023.02.009","article-title":"CT mucus score and (129)Xe MRI ventilation defects after 2.5 years' Anti-IL-5Ralpha in eosinophilic asthma","volume":"164","author":"McIntosh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.alit.2025.07.003_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1016\/j.alit.2024.02.002","article-title":"Efficacy of dupilumab for airway hypersecretion and airway wall thickening in patients with moderate-to-severe asthma: a prospective, observational study","volume":"73","author":"Tajiri","year":"2024","journal-title":"Allergol Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.alit.2025.07.003_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1159\/000530392","article-title":"Effect of benralizumab on mucus plugs in severe eosinophilic asthma","volume":"184","author":"Sakai","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int Arch Allergy Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.alit.2025.07.003_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.01.010","article-title":"Mucus plug score predicts clinical and pulmonary function response to biologic therapy in patients with severe asthma","volume":"13","author":"Gotschke","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.alit.2025.07.003_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-024-02665-w","article-title":"Mucus plugs in the airways of asthmatic subjects and smoking status","volume":"25","author":"Audousset","year":"2024","journal-title":"Respir Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.alit.2025.07.003_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1832","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2023.2065","article-title":"Airway-occluding mucus plugs and mortality in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"329","author":"Diaz","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.alit.2025.07.003_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202306-1093OC","article-title":"Proximal and distal bronchioles contribute to the pathogenesis of non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis","volume":"209","author":"Asakura","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.alit.2025.07.003_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1111\/resp.14776","article-title":"Computed tomography mucus plugs and airway tree structure in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: associations with airflow limitation, health-related Independence and mortality","volume":"29","author":"Tanabe","year":"2024","journal-title":"Respirology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.alit.2025.07.003_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1010","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2023.11.033","article-title":"Silent airway mucus plugs in COPD and clinical implications","volume":"166","author":"Mettler","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.alit.2025.07.003_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202403-0632OC","article-title":"Airway mucus plugs on chest computed tomography are associated with exacerbations in COPD","volume":"211","author":"Wan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.alit.2025.07.003_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arbres.2024.07.017","article-title":"Mucus plugs as precursors to exacerbation and lung function decline in COPD patients","volume":"61","author":"Jin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Arch Bronconeumol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.alit.2025.07.003_bib33","first-page":"S0012","article-title":"Association between airway mucus plugs and risk of moderate-to-severe exacerbations in patients with COPD: results from a Chinese prospective cohort study","volume":"8","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.alit.2025.07.003_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1973","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2502456","article-title":"Longitudinal changes in airway mucus plugs and FEV(1) in COPD","volume":"392","author":"Mettler","year":"2025","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.alit.2025.07.003_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.4168\/aair.2022.14.2.196","article-title":"Mucus plugs and small airway dysfunction in asthma, COPD, and Asthma-COPD overlap","volume":"14","author":"Tamura","year":"2022","journal-title":"Allergy Asthma Immunol Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.alit.2025.07.003_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2006-0180OC","article-title":"IL-13 and epidermal growth factor receptor have critical but distinct roles in epithelial cell mucin production","volume":"36","author":"Zhen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.alit.2025.07.003_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3081","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.6.3081","article-title":"Epidermal growth factor system regulates mucin production in airways","volume":"96","author":"Takeyama","year":"1999","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.alit.2025.07.003_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L531","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00455.2001","article-title":"Neutrophil elastase induces mucin production by ligand-dependent epidermal growth factor receptor activation","volume":"283","author":"Kohri","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.alit.2025.07.003_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.181024","article-title":"Peroxidase-mediated mucin cross-linking drives pathologic mucus gel formation in IL-13-stimulated airway epithelial cells","volume":"9","author":"Liegeois","year":"2024","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.alit.2025.07.003_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3900","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-48034-5","article-title":"A common polymorphism in the Intelectin-1 gene influences mucus plugging in severe asthma","volume":"15","author":"Everman","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.alit.2025.07.003_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.02210-2022","article-title":"Oxidised IL-33 drives COPD epithelial pathogenesis via ST2-independent RAGE\/EGFR signalling complex","volume":"62","author":"Strickson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.alit.2025.07.003_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI186889","article-title":"Cellular and molecular features of asthma mucus plugs provide clues about their formation and persistence","volume":"135","author":"Liegeois","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.alit.2025.07.003_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.11-192377","article-title":"Cigarette smoke exposure induces CFTR internalization and insolubility, leading to airway surface liquid dehydration","volume":"26","author":"Clunes","year":"2012","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.alit.2025.07.003_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1016\/j.alit.2024.03.001","article-title":"Eosinophil-mucus interplay in severe asthma: implications for treatment with biologicals","volume":"73","author":"Venegas Garrido","year":"2024","journal-title":"Allergol Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.alit.2025.07.003_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1306","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2023.11.925","article-title":"Aggregated eosinophils and neutrophils characterize the properties of mucus in chronic rhinosinusitis","volume":"153","author":"Miyabe","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.alit.2025.07.003_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1016\/j.alit.2024.03.002","article-title":"Eosinophilic mucus diseases","volume":"73","author":"Arima","year":"2024","journal-title":"Allergol Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.alit.2025.07.003_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202503-0576RL","article-title":"Mucus plug density and type 2 inflammation in asthma and\/or COPD: ultra-high-resolution CT study","author":"Tanabe","year":"2025","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.alit.2025.07.003_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1941","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1813799","article-title":"Muco-obstructive lung diseases","volume":"380","author":"Boucher","year":"2019","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.alit.2025.07.003_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.abo7728","article-title":"Chronic airway epithelial hypoxia exacerbates injury in muco-obstructive lung disease through mucus hyperconcentration","volume":"15","author":"Mikami","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.alit.2025.07.003_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5018","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22095018","article-title":"Proteases, mucus, and mucosal immunity in chronic lung disease","volume":"22","author":"McKelvey","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.alit.2025.07.003_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3438","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01252-10","article-title":"Serine proteases degrade airway mucins in cystic fibrosis","volume":"79","author":"Henke","year":"2011","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.alit.2025.07.003_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200807-1056OC","article-title":"Ex vivo sputum analysis reveals impairment of protease-dependent mucus degradation by plasma proteins in acute asthma","volume":"180","author":"Innes","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.alit.2025.07.003_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2020-0168OC","article-title":"Neutrophil extracellular traps increase airway mucus viscoelasticity and slow mucus particle transit","volume":"64","author":"Linssen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.alit.2025.07.003_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1186\/1465-9921-15-11","article-title":"Combined exposure to cigarette smoke and nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae drives development of a COPD phenotype in mice","volume":"15","author":"Ganesan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Respir Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.alit.2025.07.003_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1201658","article-title":"Mechanisms of airway epithelial injury and abnormal repair in asthma and COPD","volume":"14","author":"Raby","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.alit.2025.07.003_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1970","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2021.12.761","article-title":"Refractory neutrophilic asthma and ciliary genes","volume":"149","author":"Guntur","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.alit.2025.07.003_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2006-0400OC","article-title":"IL-13 regulates cilia loss and foxj1 expression in human airway epithelium","volume":"37","author":"Gomperts","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.alit.2025.07.003_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.2332\/allergolint.55.329","article-title":"Elimination of IL-13 reverses established goblet cell metaplasia into ciliated epithelia in airway epithelial cell culture","volume":"55","author":"Kondo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Allergol Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.alit.2025.07.003_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1409","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202307-1266OC","article-title":"Increased Muc5AC and decreased ciliated cells in severe asthma partially restored by inhibition of IL-4Ralpha receptor","volume":"210","author":"Boomer","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.alit.2025.07.003_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2020.107872","article-title":"Single-cell and population transcriptomics reveal pan-epithelial remodeling in type 2-High asthma","volume":"32","author":"Jackson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.alit.2025.07.003_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1410","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2023.01.024","article-title":"Importance of mucus burden and mucociliary impairment in asthma","volume":"151","author":"Nomura","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.alit.2025.07.003_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1007\/s00439-010-0906-4","article-title":"Molecular cloning of two novel mucin-like genes in the disease-susceptibility locus for diffuse panbronchiolitis","volume":"129","author":"Hijikata","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hum Genet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.alit.2025.07.003_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2015.11.023","article-title":"Variants near the HLA complex group 22 gene (HCG22) confer increased susceptibility to late-onset asthma in Japanese populations","volume":"138","author":"Yatagai","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.alit.2025.07.003_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.09-0482","article-title":"Abnormal swallowing reflex and COPD exacerbations","volume":"137","author":"Terada","year":"2010","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.alit.2025.07.003_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.201501-029OC","article-title":"Spatial variation in the healthy human lung microbiome and the adapted island model of lung biogeography","volume":"12","author":"Dickson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann Am Thorac Soc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.alit.2025.07.003_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2017-210408","article-title":"Longitudinal profiling of the lung microbiome in the AERIS study demonstrates repeatability of bacterial and eosinophilic COPD exacerbations","volume":"73","author":"Mayhew","year":"2018","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.alit.2025.07.003_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e300","DOI":"10.1016\/S2666-5247(21)00035-5","article-title":"Lung microbiome composition and bronchial epithelial gene expression in patients with COPD versus healthy individuals: a bacterial 16S rRNA gene sequencing and host transcriptomic analysis","volume":"2","author":"Ramsheh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Microbe"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.alit.2025.07.003_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1675","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2025.01.031","article-title":"Sputum short-chain fatty acids, microbiome, inflammation, and mucus plugging in obstructive airway disease","volume":"155","author":"Tanabe","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.alit.2025.07.003_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2019.05.002","article-title":"Butyrate ameliorates allergic airway inflammation by limiting eosinophil trafficking and survival","volume":"144","author":"Theiler","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.alit.2025.07.003_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1867","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2018.02.032","article-title":"Regulation of type 2 innate lymphoid cell-dependent airway hyperreactivity by butyrate","volume":"142","author":"Thio","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.alit.2025.07.003_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1111\/omi.12171","article-title":"Nucleases from Prevotella intermedia can degrade neutrophil extracellular traps","volume":"32","author":"Doke","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol Oral Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.alit.2025.07.003_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1099\/ijsem.0.005056","article-title":"Valid publication of the names of forty-two phyla of prokaryotes","volume":"71","author":"Oren","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Syst Evol Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.alit.2025.07.003_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.4700230506","article-title":"Evaluation of skin symptoms among workers at a Swedish paper mill","volume":"23","author":"Meding","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am J Ind Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.alit.2025.07.003_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2020.02.040","article-title":"The sputum microbiome, airway inflammation, and mortality in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"147","author":"Dicker","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.alit.2025.07.003_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"874","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2015.05.044","article-title":"The airway microbiome in patients with severe asthma: associations with disease features and severity","volume":"136","author":"Huang","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.alit.2025.07.003_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0100645","article-title":"Potentially pathogenic airway bacteria and neutrophilic inflammation in treatment resistant severe asthma","volume":"9","author":"Green","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.alit.2025.07.003_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2020.04.018","article-title":"Sputum microbiome profiles identify severe asthma phenotypes of relative stability at 12 to 18 months","volume":"147","author":"Abdel-Aziz","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.alit.2025.07.003_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2021.720742","article-title":"The role of non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae biofilms in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"11","author":"Weeks","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.alit.2025.07.003_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3362","DOI":"10.1111\/all.15425","article-title":"Relationship between inflammatory status and microbial composition in severe asthma and during exacerbation","volume":"77","author":"Diver","year":"2022","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.alit.2025.07.003_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2017.03.044","article-title":"Inflammatory phenotypes in patients with severe asthma are associated with distinct airway microbiology","volume":"141","author":"Taylor","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.alit.2025.07.003_bib81","article-title":"Airway microbiota in severe asthma and relationship to asthma severity and phenotypes","volume":"11","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.alit.2025.07.003_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202112-2704PP","article-title":"Therapeutic targeting of the respiratory microbiome","volume":"206","author":"Chotirmall","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.alit.2025.07.003_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2016-208599","article-title":"Randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial with azithromycin selects for anti-inflammatory microbial metabolites in the emphysematous lung","volume":"72","author":"Segal","year":"2017","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.alit.2025.07.003_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1143","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202102-0289OC","article-title":"Effects of inhaled Corticosteroid\/long-acting beta(2)-Agonist combination on the airway microbiome of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a randomized controlled clinical trial (DISARM)","volume":"204","author":"Leitao Filho","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.alit.2025.07.003_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2024.1411222","article-title":"Effects of probiotic treatment on patients and animals with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized control trials","volume":"14","author":"Su","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.alit.2025.07.003_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archger.2022.104721","article-title":"A multistrain probiotic improves handgrip strength and functional capacity in patients with COPD: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"102","author":"Karim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arch Gerontol Geriatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.alit.2025.07.003_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1071","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2017.02.004","article-title":"Airway microbial dysbiosis in asthmatic patients: a target for prevention and treatment?","volume":"139","author":"Chung","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.alit.2025.07.003_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201312-2142OC","article-title":"Conditions associated with the cystic fibrosis defect promote chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection","volume":"189","author":"Staudinger","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.alit.2025.07.003_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202306-1060OC","article-title":"Accelerated lung function decline and mucus-microbe evolution in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"210","author":"Meldrum","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.alit.2025.07.003_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1757","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00004.2021","article-title":"Physiology and pathophysiology of human airway mucus","volume":"102","author":"Hill","year":"2022","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.alit.2025.07.003_bib91","first-page":"841","article-title":"Exploring the roles of airway dipeptidyl peptidase 1 in obstructive airway disease","volume":"11","author":"Tanabe","year":"2024","journal-title":"ERJ Open Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.alit.2025.07.003_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2022.106982","article-title":"Luminal mucus plugs are spatially associated with airway wall thickening in severe COPD and asthma: a single-centered, retrospective, observational study","volume":"202","author":"Tran","year":"2022","journal-title":"Respir Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.alit.2025.07.003_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1669","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2023.06.029","article-title":"Middle meatus microbiome in patients with eosinophilic chronic rhinosinusitis in a Japanese population","volume":"152","author":"Kidoguchi","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.alit.2025.07.003_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/cmi.13348","article-title":"Short chain fatty acids released by Fusobacterium nucleatum are neutrophil chemoattractants acting via free fatty acid receptor 2 (FFAR2)","volume":"23","author":"Dahlstrand Rudin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.alit.2025.07.003_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1361","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-022-01196-8","article-title":"Multi-omics analyses of airway host-microbe interactions in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease identify potential therapeutic interventions","volume":"7","author":"Yan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Microbiol"}],"container-title":["Allergology International"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1323893025000838?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1323893025000838?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,7]],"date-time":"2026-03-07T11:37:53Z","timestamp":1772883473000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1323893025000838"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"references-count":95,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["S1323893025000838"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.alit.2025.07.003","relation":{},"ISSN":["1323-8930"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1323-8930","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"From mucus plugging to airway dilatation in chronic airway diseases: A perspective on the contribution of the airway microbiome and inflammation","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Allergology International","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.alit.2025.07.003","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 Japanese Society of Allergology. Published by Elsevier B.V\u00e9","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}