{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T20:55:14Z","timestamp":1791060914817,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":124,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]],"date-time":"2026-04-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776124800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006662","name":"National Institute on Handicapped Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006662","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013342","name":"NIHR Imperial Biomedical Research Centre","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013342","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Allergology International"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.alit.2026.04.001","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T20:39:51Z","timestamp":1777581591000},"page":"511-520","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Update in childhood asthma"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"75","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6756-9822","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew","family":"Bush","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.alit.2026.04.001_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)30879-6","article-title":"After asthma \u2013 redefining airways diseases","volume":"391","author":"Pavord","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.alit.2026.04.001_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"894","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202108-1889OC","article-title":"Characterization of eosinophilic bronchiectasis: a European multicohort study","volume":"205","author":"Shoemark","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.alit.2026.04.001_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1136\/thorax-2024-221825","article-title":"Use of inhaled corticosteroids in bronchiectasis: data from the European Bronchiectasis Registry (EMBARC)","volume":"80","author":"Pollock","year":"2025","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.alit.2026.04.001_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2724","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2023.05.041","article-title":"Registry of adult patients with severe asthma for optimal disease management team. Real-world effectiveness of IL-5\/5Ra targeted biologics in severe eosinophilic asthma with comorbid bronchiectasis","volume":"11","author":"Bendien","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.alit.2026.04.001_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1080\/17476348.2025.2581347","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of mepolizumab in eosinophilic chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"20","author":"Sinclair De Fr\u00edas","year":"2026","journal-title":"Expert Rev Respir Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.alit.2026.04.001_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(24)00409-0","article-title":"Dupilumab for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with type 2 inflammation: a pooled analysis of two phase 3, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials","volume":"13","author":"Bhatt","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.alit.2026.04.001_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2015-207021","article-title":"Blood eosinophils and inhaled corticosteroid\/long-acting beta-2 agonist efficacy in COPD","volume":"71","author":"Pavord","year":"2016","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.alit.2026.04.001_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1299","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00055-2016","article-title":"Blood eosinophil count: a biomarker of an important treatable trait in patients with airway disease","volume":"47","author":"Pavord","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.alit.2026.04.001_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2018.03.016","article-title":"Blood eosinophil levels as a biomarker in COPD","volume":"138","author":"Brusselle","year":"2018","journal-title":"Respir Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.alit.2026.04.001_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.02135-2016","article-title":"U-BIOPRED study group. T-helper cell type 2 (Th2) and non-Th2 molecular phenotypes of asthma using sputum transcriptomics in U-BIOPRED","volume":"49","author":"Kuo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.alit.2026.04.001_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01359-2015","article-title":"Treatable traits: toward precision medicine of chronic airway diseases","volume":"47","author":"Agusti","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.alit.2026.04.001_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2008.09.028","article-title":"Azithromycin or montelukast as inhaled corticosteroid-sparing agents in moderate-to-severe childhood asthma study","volume":"122","author":"Strunk","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.alit.2026.04.001_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)61054-9","article-title":"Management of severe asthma in children","volume":"376","author":"Bush","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.alit.2026.04.001_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00091410","article-title":"On behalf of the PSACI (problematic severe Asthma in childhood initiative) group. Assessment of problematic severe asthma in children","volume":"37","author":"L\u00f8drup Carlsen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.alit.2026.04.001_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.2147\/JAA.S129159","article-title":"Managing the pediatric patient with refractory asthma: a multidisciplinary approach","volume":"10","author":"Cook","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Asthma Allergy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.alit.2026.04.001_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"886","DOI":"10.1111\/resp.13085","article-title":"Severe asthma in children","volume":"22","author":"Bush","year":"2017","journal-title":"Respirology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.alit.2026.04.001_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2230","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2106567","article-title":"Liberty asthma VOYAGE investigators. Dupilumab in children with uncontrolled moderate-to-severe asthma","volume":"385","author":"Bacharier","year":"2021","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.alit.2026.04.001_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"926","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2010.07.019","article-title":"Uniform definition of asthma severity, control, and exacerbations: document presented for the World Health Organization Consultation on Severe Asthma","volume":"126","author":"Bousquet","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.alit.2026.04.001_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"910","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.2010.153643","article-title":"Diagnosis and definition of severe refractory asthma: an international consensus statement from the Innovative Medicine Initiative (IMI)","volume":"66","author":"Bel","year":"2011","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.alit.2026.04.001_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00202013","article-title":"International ERS\/ATS guidelines on definition, evaluation and treatment of severe asthma","volume":"43","author":"Chung","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.alit.2026.04.001_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1038\/s41533-023-00330-1","article-title":"Key recommendations for primary care from the 2022 Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA) update","volume":"33","author":"Levy","year":"2023","journal-title":"NPJ Prim Care Respir Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.alit.2026.04.001_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1001278","article-title":"Step-up therapy for children with uncontrolled asthma receiving inhaled corticosteroids","volume":"362","author":"Lemanske","year":"2010","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.alit.2026.04.001_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1227","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1905560","article-title":"NHLBI AsthmaNet. Step-Up therapy in black children and adults with poorly controlled asthma","volume":"381","author":"Wechsler","year":"2019","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.alit.2026.04.001_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2009","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1814917","article-title":"National heart, lung, and blood institute AsthmaNet. Mometasone or tiotropium in mild asthma with a low sputum eosinophil level","volume":"380","author":"Lazarus","year":"2019","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.alit.2026.04.001_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202412-2431VP","article-title":"Stop the asthma treatment elevator, we need to get off","volume":"211","author":"Bush","year":"2025","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.alit.2026.04.001_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1096","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00002108","article-title":"Definition, assessment and treatment of wheezing disorders in preschool children: an evidence-based approach","volume":"32","author":"Brand","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.alit.2026.04.001_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1172","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00199913","article-title":"Classification and pharmacological treatment of preschool wheezing: changes since 2008","volume":"43","author":"Brand","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.alit.2026.04.001_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1607","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2018.12.985","article-title":"Lower airway microbiota associates with inflammatory phenotype in severe preschool wheeze","volume":"143","author":"Robinson","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.alit.2026.04.001_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00624-2024","article-title":"European respiratory society statement on preschool wheezing disorders: updated definitions, knowledge gaps and proposed future research directions","volume":"64","author":"Makrinioti","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.alit.2026.04.001_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1608","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2016.09.028","article-title":"NIH\/NHLBI AsthmaNet. Individualized therapy for persistent asthma in young children","volume":"138","author":"Fitzpatrick","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.alit.2026.04.001_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1485","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2023.01.037","article-title":"Blood eosinophils for prediction of exacerbation in preschool children with recurrent wheezing","volume":"11","author":"Fitzpatrick","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.alit.2026.04.001_bib32","first-page":"1183","article-title":"Preschool wheeze endotypes and their association with asthma attacks and ICS response","author":"Perikleous","year":"2025","journal-title":"ERJ Open Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.alit.2026.04.001_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202406-1121RL","article-title":"Blood eosinophil count: lack of stability and association with wheeze attacks in preschool children","volume":"211","author":"Perikleous","year":"2025","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.alit.2026.04.001_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2025-329433","article-title":"Acceptability and feasibility of biomarkers of airway eosinophilic inflammation for the management of preschool wheeze: a qualitative study","volume":"111","author":"Perikleous","year":"2026","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.alit.2026.04.001_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1038","DOI":"10.1111\/all.16500","article-title":"Point-of-Care blood eosinophils to predict preschool wheeze attacks","volume":"80","author":"Hillson","year":"2025","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.alit.2026.04.001_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202009-3696OC","article-title":"Recurrent severe preschool wheeze: from pre-specified diagnostic labels to underlying endotypes","volume":"204","author":"Robinson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.alit.2026.04.001_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1093\/ajrccm\/aamaf119","article-title":"Breathing together investigators. Lower airway immunophenotyping in severe preschool wheeze reveals distinct clusters described by heterogeneity in neutrophil phenotypes","volume":"212","author":"Bonner","year":"2026","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.alit.2026.04.001_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/pai.13697","article-title":"Blood eosinophils in managing preschool wheeze: lessons learnt from a proof-of-concept trial","volume":"33","author":"Saglani","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pediatr Allergy Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.alit.2026.04.001_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0201156","article-title":"Comparison of the upper and lower airway microbiota in children with chronic lung diseases","volume":"13","author":"Ahmed","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.alit.2026.04.001_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(24)00299-6","article-title":"Treating eosinophilic exacerbations of asthma and COPD with benralizumab (ABRA): a double-blind, double-dummy, active placebo-controlled randomised trial","volume":"13","author":"Ramakrishnan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.alit.2026.04.001_bib41","article-title":"Confidential enquiry report. London: Royal College of Physicians","author":"Levy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Why asthma still kills: The Natl Rev Asthma Deaths (Nrad)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.alit.2026.04.001_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.02391-2024","article-title":"Phenotyping the responses to systemic corticosteroids in the management of asthma attacks (PRISMA)","volume":"65","author":"Celis-Preciado","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.alit.2026.04.001_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(24)00041-9","article-title":"Efficacy of oral corticosteroids for acute preschool wheeze: a systematic review and individual participant data meta-analysis of randomised clinical trials","volume":"12","author":"Lee","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.alit.2026.04.001_bib44","series-title":"Concordance, adherence and compliance in medicine taking. Concordance, adherence and compliance in medicine taking","first-page":"40","author":"Horne","year":"2005"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.alit.2026.04.001_bib45","series-title":"Pharmacy practice","first-page":"148","article-title":"Compliance, adherence and concordance","author":"Horne","year":"2001"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.alit.2026.04.001_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm\/148.1.75","article-title":"Is the association between inhaled beta-agonist use and life-threatening asthma because of confounding by severity?","volume":"148","author":"Ernst","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.alit.2026.04.001_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200008033430504","article-title":"Low-dose inhaled corticosteroids and the prevention of death from asthma","volume":"343","author":"Suissa","year":"2000","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.alit.2026.04.001_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2017-210939","article-title":"At-risk children with asthma (ARC): a systematic review","volume":"73","author":"Buelo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.alit.2026.04.001_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1038\/s41533-018-0096-4","article-title":"\"Tossing a coin:\" defining the excessive use of short-acting beta2-agonists in asthma-the views of general practitioners and asthma experts in primary and secondary care","volume":"28","author":"McKibben","year":"2018","journal-title":"NPJ Prim Care Respir Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.alit.2026.04.001_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)62145-9","article-title":"Use of beclomethasone dipropionate as rescue treatment for children with mild persistent asthma (TREXA): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"377","author":"Martinez","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.alit.2026.04.001_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2024.22700","article-title":"Inhaled reliever therapies for asthma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Evaluation of budesonide-formoterol for maintenance and reliever therapy among patients with poorly controlled asthma: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"333","author":"Rayner","year":"2025","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.alit.2026.04.001_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.0615","article-title":"Evaluation of budesonide-formoterol for maintenance and reliever therapy among patients with poorly controlled asthma: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"5","author":"Beasley","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.alit.2026.04.001_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106611","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2021.106611","article-title":"SMART for the treatment of asthma: a network meta-analysis of real-world evidence","volume":"188","author":"Rogliani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Respir Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.alit.2026.04.001_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1865","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1715274","article-title":"Inhaled combined budesonide-formoterol as needed in mild asthma","volume":"378","author":"O\u2019Byrne","year":"2018","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.alit.2026.04.001_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2020","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1901963","article-title":"Controlled trial of budesonide-formoterol as needed for mild asthma","volume":"380","author":"Beasley","year":"2019","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.alit.2026.04.001_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1877","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1715275","article-title":"As-needed budesonide-formoterol versus maintenance budesonide in mild asthma","volume":"378","author":"Bateman","year":"2018","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.alit.2026.04.001_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)31948-8","article-title":"Budesonide-formoterol reliever therapy versus maintenance budesonide plus terbutaline reliever therapy in adults with mild to moderate asthma (PRACTICAL): a 52-week, open-label, multicentre, superiority, randomised controlled trial","volume":"394","author":"Hardy","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.alit.2026.04.001_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1183\/23120541.00701-2020","article-title":"ICS-formoterol reliever versus ICS and short-acting \u03b22-agonist reliever in asthma: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"7","author":"Hatter","year":"2021","journal-title":"ERJ Open Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.alit.2026.04.001_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2018.03.001","article-title":"Caregiver and pediatric provider perspectives on symptom-based inhaled corticosteroid therapy in asthma","volume":"137","author":"Dy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Respir Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.alit.2026.04.001_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202109-2205PP","article-title":"Global initiative for Asthma strategy 2021: executive summary and rationale for key changes","volume":"205","author":"Reddel","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.alit.2026.04.001_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200407-884OC","article-title":"Budesonide\/formoterol combination therapy as both maintenance and reliever medication in asthma","volume":"171","author":"O'Byrne","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.alit.2026.04.001_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1733","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.130.6.1733","article-title":"Budesonide\/formoterol maintenance plus reliever therapy: a new strategy in pediatric asthma","volume":"130","author":"Bisgaard","year":"2006","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.alit.2026.04.001_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2019.06.030","article-title":"A pragmatic trial of symptom-based inhaled corticosteroid use in African-American children with mild asthma","volume":"8","author":"Sumino","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.alit.2026.04.001_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1473","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(25)00861-X","article-title":"CARE study team. Budesonide-formoterol versus salbutamol as reliever therapy in children with mild asthma (CARE): a 52-week, open-label, multicentre, superiority, randomised controlled trial","volume":"406","author":"Hatter","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.alit.2026.04.001_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1183\/23120541.00897-2023","article-title":"START CARE: a protocol for a randomised controlled trial of step-wise budesonide-formoterol reliever-based treatment in children","volume":"10","author":"Barry","year":"2024","journal-title":"ERJ Open Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.alit.2026.04.001_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01874-2019","article-title":"Blood eosinophil count in the general population: typical values and potential confounders","volume":"55","author":"Hartl","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.alit.2026.04.001_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2011-201064","article-title":"Sputum inflammatory phenotypes are not stable in children with asthma","volume":"67","author":"Fleming","year":"2012","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.alit.2026.04.001_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjmed-2022-000367","article-title":"Advances in the pathogenesis and personalised treatment of paediatric asthma","volume":"2","author":"Scotney","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMJ Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.alit.2026.04.001_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3057","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.27218","article-title":"The new biologic drugs: which children with asthma should get what?","volume":"59","author":"Hillson","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pediatr Pulmonol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.alit.2026.04.001_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00691-2024","article-title":"3TR Asthma definition of response working group. Patient-centred composite scores as tools for assessment of response to biological therapy for paediatric and adult severe asthma","volume":"65","author":"Khaleva","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.alit.2026.04.001_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00606-2022","article-title":"COMSA working group in the 3TR consortium. Development of core outcome measures sets for paediatric and adult severe Asthma (COMSA). Development of core outcome measures sets for paediatric and adult severe Asthma (COMSA)","volume":"61","author":"Khaleva","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.alit.2026.04.001_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1111\/all.13083","article-title":"Mechanisms of action that contribute to efficacy of omalizumab in chronic spontaneous urticaria","volume":"72","author":"Kaplan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.alit.2026.04.001_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1476","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2015.09.008","article-title":"Preseasonal treatment with either omalizumab or an inhaled corticosteroid boost to prevent fall asthma exacerbations","volume":"136","author":"Teach","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.alit.2026.04.001_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1538","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01797-2016","article-title":"Targeting immunoglobulin E in non-atopic asthma: crossing the red line?","volume":"48","author":"Gaga","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.alit.2026.04.001_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(17)30379-X","article-title":"Severe asthma: looking beyond the amount of medication","volume":"5","author":"Bush","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.alit.2026.04.001_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1431","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2017.03.002","article-title":"Omalizumab in children with uncontrolled allergic asthma: review of clinical trial and real-world experience","volume":"139","author":"Chipps","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.alit.2026.04.001_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.24976\/Discov.Med.202335176.24","article-title":"Safety and tolerability of omalizumab in children with allergic (IgE-Mediated) asthma: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"35","author":"Lang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Discov Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.alit.2026.04.001_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/1753466619841350","article-title":"Omalizumab and long-term quality of life outcomes in patients with moderate-to-severe allergic asthma: a systematic review","volume":"13","author":"Colombo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ther Adv Respir Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.alit.2026.04.001_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1080\/1744666X.2019.1574571","article-title":"Short- and long-term real-world effectiveness of omalizumab in severe allergic asthma: systematic review of 42 studies published 2008-2018","volume":"15","author":"MacDonald","year":"2019","journal-title":"Expert Rev Clin Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.alit.2026.04.001_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.2500\/aap.2017.38.4067","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of omalizumab in children and adolescents with moderate-to-severe asthma: a systematic literature review","volume":"38","author":"Corren","year":"2017","journal-title":"Allergy Asthma Proc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.alit.2026.04.001_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1111\/pai.12405","article-title":"Systematic review on the use of omalizumab for the treatment of asthmatic children and adolescents","volume":"26","author":"Rodrigo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pediatr Allergy Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.alit.2026.04.001_bib82","first-page":"CD003559","article-title":"Omalizumab for asthma in adults and children","volume":"2014","author":"Normansell","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.alit.2026.04.001_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2702","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2021.01.011","article-title":"Real-world effectiveness of omalizumab in severe allergic asthma: a meta-analysis of observational studies","volume":"9","author":"Bousquet","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.alit.2026.04.001_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1224","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00149812","article-title":"Add-on omalizumab in children with severe allergic asthma: a 1-year real life survey","volume":"42","author":"Deschildre","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.alit.2026.04.001_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"856","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00008115","article-title":"Real-life long-term omalizumab therapy in children with severe allergic asthma","volume":"46","author":"Deschildre","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.alit.2026.04.001_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"900","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2020-320626","article-title":"Paediatric severe asthma biologics service: from hospital to home","volume":"106","author":"Makhecha","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.alit.2026.04.001_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10020412","article-title":"Eosinophil lineage-committed progenitors as a therapeutic target for asthma","volume":"10","author":"Salter","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.alit.2026.04.001_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)01198-9","article-title":"US National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease's inner city Asthma Consortium. Mepolizumab for urban children with exacerbation-prone eosinophilic asthma in the USA (MUPPITS-2): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group trial","volume":"400","author":"Jackson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.alit.2026.04.001_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(23)00004-8","article-title":"Differing effects of mepolizumab across the life course","volume":"11","author":"Bush","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.alit.2026.04.001_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)60988-X","article-title":"Mepolizumab for severe eosinophilic asthma (DREAM): a multicentre, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"380","author":"Pavord","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.alit.2026.04.001_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2048","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2017.08.020","article-title":"TH1 signatures are present in the lower airways of children with severe asthma, regardless of allergic status","volume":"141","author":"Wisniewski","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.alit.2026.04.001_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2025.2044","article-title":"Inner City asthma consortium and childhood asthma in urban settings network. Inflammatory pathways in residual asthma exacerbations among mepolizumab-treated urban children: a secondary analysis of a randomized clinical trial","volume":"179","author":"Altman","year":"2025","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.alit.2026.04.001_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8191","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-63629-2","article-title":"Mepolizumab alters gene regulatory networks of nasal airway type-2 and epithelial inflammation in urban children with asthma","volume":"16","author":"Gaberino","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.alit.2026.04.001_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2024.01.031","article-title":"Activated sputum eosinophils associated with exacerbations in children on mepolizumab","volume":"154","author":"Wilson","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.alit.2026.04.001_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01633-2019","article-title":"Clinical utility of fractional exhale d nitric oxide in severe asthma management","volume":"55","author":"Menzies-Gow","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.alit.2026.04.001_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.4081\/mrm.2020.36","article-title":"Fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FENO) in the management of asthma: a position paper of the Italian respiratory society (SIP\/IRS) and Italian society of allergy, asthma and clinical immunology (SIAAIC)","volume":"15","author":"Heffler","year":"2020","journal-title":"Multidiscip Respir Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.alit.2026.04.001_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2222.2011.03860.x","article-title":"Nitric oxide and related enzymes in asthma: relation to severity, enzyme function and inflammation","volume":"42","author":"Yamamoto","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Exp Allergy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.alit.2026.04.001_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(23)00303-X","article-title":"Liberty asthma EXCURSION investigators. Assessment of long-term safety and efficacy of dupilumab in children with asthma (LIBERTY ASTHMA EXCURSION): an open-label extension study","volume":"12","author":"Bacharier","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.alit.2026.04.001_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2695","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2022.05.019","article-title":"Effect of dupilumab on blood eosinophil counts in patients with asthma, chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps, atopic dermatitis, or eosinophilic esophagitis","volume":"10","author":"Wechsler","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.alit.2026.04.001_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1111\/pde.15398","article-title":"Efficacy and safety profile of dupilumab for the treatment of atopic dermatitis in children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"40","author":"Xu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pediatr Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.alit.2026.04.001_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1177\/12034754221130969","article-title":"Treatment with dupilumab in patients with atopic dermatitis: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"26","author":"Koskeridis","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Cutan Med Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.alit.2026.04.001_bib102","first-page":"CD013206","article-title":"Systemic treatments for eczema: a network meta-analysis","volume":"9","author":"Sawangjit","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.alit.2026.04.001_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/pai.14092","article-title":"All TATE investigators. Benralizumab in children with severe eosinophilic asthma: pharmacokinetics and long-term safety (TATE study)","volume":"35","author":"Wedner","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pediatr Allergy Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.alit.2026.04.001_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.1981","article-title":"Eosinophils are required for the maintenance of plasma cells in the bone marrow","volume":"12","author":"Chu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.alit.2026.04.001_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1898","DOI":"10.1111\/all.13802","article-title":"Eosinophils capture viruses, a capacity that is defective in asthma","volume":"74","author":"Sabogal Pi\u00f1eros","year":"2019","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.alit.2026.04.001_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4976","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00306-09","article-title":"Mouse eosinophils possess potent antibacterial properties in vivo","volume":"77","author":"Linch","year":"2009","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.alit.2026.04.001_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2009.04.005","article-title":"Respiratory viruses and eosinophils: exploring the connections","volume":"83","author":"Rosenberg","year":"2009","journal-title":"Antivir Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.alit.2026.04.001_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1111\/all.14514","article-title":"Asthma exacerbations on benralizumab are largely non-eosinophilic","volume":"76","author":"Poznanski","year":"2021","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.alit.2026.04.001_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1201475","article-title":"Eosinophils sustain adipose alternatively activated macrophages associated with glucose homeostasis","volume":"332","author":"Wu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.alit.2026.04.001_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1292","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2014.03.066","article-title":"Eosinophils and type 2 cytokine signaling in macrophages orchestrate development of functional beige fat","volume":"157","author":"Qiu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.alit.2026.04.001_bib111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.0607392","article-title":"Pivotal advance: eosinophils mediate early alum adjuvant-elicited B cell priming and IgM production","volume":"83","author":"Wang","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Leukoc Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.alit.2026.04.001_bib112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1111\/imm.12885","article-title":"Resident intestinal eosinophils constitutively express antigen presentation markers and include two phenotypically distinct subsets of eosinophils","volume":"154","author":"Xenakis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.alit.2026.04.001_bib113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.975914","article-title":"Epithelial cell alarmin cytokines: frontline mediators of the asthma inflammatory response","volume":"13","author":"Duchesne","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.alit.2026.04.001_bib114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1800","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2034975","article-title":"Tezepelumab in adults and adolescents with severe, uncontrolled asthma","volume":"384","author":"Menzies-Gow","year":"2021","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.alit.2026.04.001_bib115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202210-2005OC","article-title":"Efficacy of tezepelumab in severe, uncontrolled asthma: pooled analysis of the PATHWAY and NAVIGATOR clinical trials","volume":"208","author":"Corren","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.alit.2026.04.001_bib116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(22)00492-1","article-title":"DESTINATION study investigators. Long-term safety and efficacy of tezepelumab in people with severe, uncontrolled asthma (DESTINATION): a randomised, placebo-controlled extension study","volume":"11","author":"Menzies-Gow","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.alit.2026.04.001_bib117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2337","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2406673","article-title":"SWIFT-1 and SWIFT-2 investigators; SWIFT-1 investigators; SWIFT-2 investigators. Twice-yearly depemokimab in severe asthma with an eosinophilic phenotype","volume":"391","author":"Jackson","year":"2024","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.alit.2026.04.001_bib118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1556","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202504-0841VP","article-title":"Is your placebo really needed?","volume":"211","author":"Bush","year":"2025","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.alit.2026.04.001_bib119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/ajrccm\/aamag031","article-title":"NIMBLE study investigators. Switching to twice-yearly depemokimab from mepolizumab\/benralizumab in severe asthma: a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, Phase 3A Clinical Trial (NIMBLE)","author":"Chupp","year":"2026","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.alit.2026.04.001_bib120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(19)30045-1","article-title":"Biologics for paediatric severe asthma: trick or TREAT?","volume":"7","author":"Saglani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.alit.2026.04.001_bib121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202311-2192OC","article-title":"Exploring definitions and predictors of severe asthma clinical remission after biologic treatment in adults","volume":"210","author":"Perez-de-Llano","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.alit.2026.04.001_bib122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1998","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa054692","article-title":"Intermittent inhaled corticosteroids in infants with episodic wheezing","volume":"354","author":"Bisgaard","year":"2006","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.alit.2026.04.001_bib123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1985","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa051378","article-title":"Long-term inhaled corticosteroids in preschool children at high risk for asthma","volume":"354","author":"Guilbert","year":"2006","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.alit.2026.04.001_bib124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)69285-4","article-title":"Secondary prevention of asthma by the use of inhaled fluticasone propionate in Wheezy INfants (IFWIN): double-blind, randomised, controlled study","volume":"368","author":"Murray","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lancet"}],"container-title":["Allergology International"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1323893026000444?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1323893026000444?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T20:23:02Z","timestamp":1791058982000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1323893026000444"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"references-count":124,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]}},"alternative-id":["S1323893026000444"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.alit.2026.04.001","relation":{},"ISSN":["1323-8930"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1323-8930","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Update in childhood asthma","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Allergology International","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.alit.2026.04.001","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Japanese Society of Allergology. Published by Elsevier B.V.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}