{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T03:10:40Z","timestamp":1785553840614,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,6,1]],"date-time":"2007-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1180656000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American Journal of Preventive Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2007.02.023","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,6,4]],"date-time":"2007-06-04T13:07:09Z","timestamp":1180962429000},"page":"S234-S241","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":146,"special_numbering":"S","title":["Direct and Indirect Associations of Neighborhood Disorder With Drug Use and High-Risk Sexual Partners"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"32","author":[{"given":"Carl A.","family":"Latkin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aaron D.","family":"Curry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Hua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melissa A.","family":"Davey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2007.02.023_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1212","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.90.8.1212","article-title":"Levels of racism: a theoretic framework and a gardener\u2019s tale","volume":"90","author":"Jones","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2007.02.023_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S115","DOI":"10.1086\/425280","article-title":"Social context, sexual networks, and racial disparities in rates of sexually transmitted infections","volume":"191","author":"Adimora","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2007.02.023_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2417","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2004.11.028","article-title":"A model of underlying socioeconomic vulnerability in human populations: evidence from variability in population health and implications for public health","volume":"60","author":"Galea","year":"2005","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2007.02.023_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1026","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2004.12.024","article-title":"The social structural production of HIV risk among injecting drug users","volume":"61","author":"Rhodes","year":"2005","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2007.02.023_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1895","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.92.12.1895","article-title":"Adverse effects of US jail and prison policies on the health and well-being of women of color","volume":"92","author":"Freudenberg","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2007.02.023_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.82.4.552","article-title":"The potential role of custody facilities in controlling sexually transmitted diseases","volume":"82","author":"Cohen","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2007.02.023_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S55","DOI":"10.1086\/425278","article-title":"High rates of incarceration as a social force associated with community rates of sexually transmitted infection","volume":"191","author":"Thomas","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2007.02.023_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S25","DOI":"10.1086\/425288","article-title":"Multilevel analysis of infectious diseases","volume":"191","author":"Diez Roux","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2007.02.023_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-199008000-00015","article-title":"Poverty and HIV seropositivity: the poor are more likely to be infected","volume":"4","author":"Krueger","year":"1990","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2007.02.023_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.2307\/2626958","article-title":"Social conditions as fundamental causes of disease","volume":"45","author":"Link","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Health Soc Behav"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2007.02.023_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1289","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.87.8.1289","article-title":"Sociometric risk networks and risk for HIV infection","volume":"87","author":"Friedman","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2007.02.023_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1097\/00001648-200205000-00013","article-title":"Concurrent sexual partnerships among women in the United States","volume":"13","author":"Adimora","year":"2002","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2007.02.023_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-8733(95)00268-S","article-title":"Concurrent partnerships and transmission dynamics in networks","volume":"17","author":"Morris","year":"1995","journal-title":"Soc Networks"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2007.02.023_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1097\/00042560-200205010-00013","article-title":"Risk networks and racial\/ethnic differences in the prevalence of HIV infection among injection drug users","volume":"30","author":"Kottiri","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2007.02.023_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1097\/00007435-199905000-00003","article-title":"Racial\/ethnic group differences in the prevalence of sexually transmitted diseases in the United States: a network explanation","volume":"26","author":"Laumann","year":"1999","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2007.02.023_bib16","series-title":"Routine Activity and Rational Choice: Advances in Criminological Theory 5","year":"1993"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2007.02.023_bib17","volume":"Vol. 10","author":"Tonry","year":"1988"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2007.02.023_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.2307\/3090209","article-title":"Individual and contextual risks of death among race and ethnic groups in the United States","volume":"43","author":"Bond Huie","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Health Soc Behav"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2007.02.023_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a114637","article-title":"Poverty and health","volume":"125","author":"Haan","year":"1987","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2007.02.023_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.88.6.973","article-title":"Phantom of the area: poverty-area residence and mortality in the United States","volume":"88","author":"Waitzman","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2007.02.023_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.2003.006700","article-title":"Spatial analysis and mapping of sexually transmitted diseases to optimize intervention and prevention strategies","volume":"80","author":"Law","year":"2004","journal-title":"Sex Transm Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2007.02.023_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1097\/00007435-199902000-00002","article-title":"The geography of sexual partnerships in Baltimore: applications of core theory dynamics using a geographic information system","volume":"26","author":"Zenilman","year":"1999","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2007.02.023_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.93.3.467","article-title":"Neighborhood physical conditions and health","volume":"93","author":"Cohen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2007.02.023_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.2307\/2991625","article-title":"Gender and ethnic differences in the timing of first sexual intercourse","volume":"30","author":"Upchurch","year":"1998","journal-title":"Fam Plann Perspect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2007.02.023_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S123","DOI":"10.1086\/425284","article-title":"This place is killing me: a comparison of counties where the incidence rates of AIDS increased the most and the least","volume":"91","author":"Peterman","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2007.02.023_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.76.4.268","article-title":"Geomapping of chlamydia and gonorrhoea in Birmingham","volume":"76","author":"Shahmanesh","year":"2000","journal-title":"Sex Transm Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2007.02.023_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1773","DOI":"10.3109\/10826088509047262","article-title":"Dealing with drugs: heroin abuse as a social problem","volume":"20","author":"Brunswick","year":"1985","journal-title":"Int J Addict"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2007.02.023_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.153.2.161","article-title":"Exposure to drug trafficking among urban, low-income African American children and adolescents","volume":"153","author":"Li","year":"1999","journal-title":"Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2007.02.023_bib29","series-title":"The truly disadvantaged: the inner city, the underclass, and public policy","author":"Wilson","year":"1987"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2007.02.023_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-440X(89)90005-9","article-title":"The consistency of types of criminal behavior over preaddiction, addiction, and nonaddiction status periods","volume":"30","author":"Nurco","year":"1989","journal-title":"Comparative Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2007.02.023_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.3109\/00952999009001585","article-title":"Trends in criminal activity and drug use over an addiction career","volume":"16","author":"Hanlon","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2007.02.023_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-9125.1999.tb00505.x","article-title":"Social ties and crime: is the relationship gendered?","volume":"37","author":"Rountree","year":"1999","journal-title":"Criminology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2007.02.023_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"918","DOI":"10.1126\/science.277.5328.918","article-title":"Neighborhoods and violent crime: a multilevel study of collective efficacy","volume":"277","author":"Sampson","year":"1997","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2007.02.023_bib34","series-title":"Coping with Chronic Stressors","article-title":"Social environmental influences on the chronic stress process","author":"Lepore","year":"1997"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2007.02.023_bib35","series-title":"The environment and mental health: a guide for clinicians","article-title":"Psychosocial effects of urban environments, noise, and crowding","author":"Freeman","year":"1998"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2007.02.023_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-9384(02)00923-X","article-title":"Stress, immune reactivity and susceptibility to infectious disease","volume":"77","author":"Marsland","year":"2002","journal-title":"Physiol Behav"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2007.02.023_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1097\/00006842-199307000-00004","article-title":"Stress and immunity in humans: a meta-analytic review","volume":"55","author":"Herbert","year":"1993","journal-title":"Psychosom Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2007.02.023_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.2307\/2136956","article-title":"The sociological study of stress","volume":"30","author":"Pearlin","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Health Soc Behav"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2007.02.023_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1177\/002214650504600206","article-title":"Stress, health, and the life course: some conceptual perspectives","volume":"46","author":"Pearlin","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Health Soc Behav"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2007.02.023_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1080\/01459740306770","article-title":"\u201cNobody gives a damn if I live or die\u201d: violence, drugs, and street-level prostitution in inner-city Hartford, Connecticut","volume":"22","author":"Romero-Daza","year":"2003","journal-title":"Med Anthropol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2007.02.023_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.2307\/2137103","article-title":"Social hassles and psychological health in the context of chronic crowding","volume":"32","author":"Lepore","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Health Soc Behav"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2007.02.023_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.2307\/2137036","article-title":"Stressful life events and depressive symptoms: disaggregating the effects of acute stressors and chronic strains","volume":"29","author":"Avison","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Health Soc Behav"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2007.02.023_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.2307\/2137325","article-title":"Lifetime traumas and mental health: the significance of cumulative adversity","volume":"36","author":"Turner","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Health Soc Behav"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2007.02.023_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.2307\/2676387","article-title":"Community-level socioeconomic status effects on adult health","volume":"39","author":"Robert","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Health Soc Behav"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2007.02.023_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1207\/S15324796ABM2303_5","article-title":"Neighborhood problems as sources of chronic stress: development of a measure of neighborhood problems, and associations with socioeconomic status and health","volume":"23","author":"Steptoe","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ann Behav Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2007.02.023_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1005137713332","article-title":"Neighborhood disorder, fear, and mistrust: the buffering role of social ties with neighbors","volume":"28","author":"Ross","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Community Psychol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2007.02.023_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.2307\/1519814","article-title":"Stressful neighborhoods and depression: a prospective study of the impact of neighborhood disorder","volume":"44","author":"Latkin","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Health Soc Behav"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2007.02.023_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1037\/0278-6133.21.3.254","article-title":"Discovering how urban poverty and violence affect health: development and validation of a Neighborhood Stress Index","volume":"21","author":"Ewart","year":"2002","journal-title":"Health Psychol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2007.02.023_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1259","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.142.11.1259","article-title":"The self-medication hypothesis of addictive disorders: focus on heroin and cocaine dependence","volume":"142","author":"Khantzian","year":"1985","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2007.02.023_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1081\/JA-120030892","article-title":"Psychological distress and return to substance use two years following treatment","volume":"39","author":"Flynn","year":"2004","journal-title":"Subst Use Misuse"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2007.02.023_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.59.11.1039","article-title":"Drug use and the risk of major depressive disorder, alcohol dependence, and substance use disorders","volume":"59","author":"Brook","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2007.02.023_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.59.4.375","article-title":"Effects of major depression on remission and relapse of substance dependence","volume":"59","author":"Hasin","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2007.02.023_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1081\/ADA-100101849","article-title":"Depressive symptoms, drug network, and their synergistic effect on needle-sharing behavior among street injection drug users","volume":"25","author":"Mandell","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2007.02.023_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1422","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199411243312106","article-title":"Intersecting epidemics--crack cocaine use and HIV infection among inner-city young adults","volume":"331","author":"Edlin","year":"1994","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2007.02.023_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1097\/00007435-200110000-00006","article-title":"Stigmatized drug use, sexual partner concurrency, and other sex risk network and behavior characteristics of 18- to 24-year-old youth in a high-risk neighborhood","volume":"28","author":"Flom","year":"2001","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2007.02.023_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1300\/J013v27n01_13","article-title":"Street, drugs, and the economy of sex in the age of AIDS","volume":"7","author":"Weeks","year":"1998","journal-title":"Women Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2007.02.023_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-4944(05)80294-4","article-title":"The physical environment of street blocks and resident perceptions of crime and disorder: implications for theory and measurement","volume":"12","author":"Perkins","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Environ Psychol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2007.02.023_bib58","first-page":"1771","article-title":"Pathways to depression: the impact of neighborhood violent crime on inner-city residents in Baltimore, Maryland","volume":"65","author":"Curry","year":"2004","journal-title":"Diss Abstr Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2007.02.023_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1177\/014662167700100306","article-title":"The CES-D scale: a self-report depression scale for research in the general population","volume":"1","author":"Radloff","year":"1977","journal-title":"Applied Psychological Measurement"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2007.02.023_bib60","series-title":"Community surveys of psychiatric disorder","article-title":"The community mental health assessment survey and the CES-D scale","author":"Radloff","year":"1986"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2007.02.023_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/S1049-3867(02)00142-1","article-title":"Intimate partner violence and substance abuse among minority women receiving care from an inner-city emergency department","volume":"13","author":"El-Bassel","year":"2003","journal-title":"Womens Health Issues"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2007.02.023_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1576","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.93.9.1576","article-title":"Moving to opportunity: an experimental study of neighborhood effects on mental health","volume":"93","author":"Leventhal","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Preventive Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0749379707001110?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0749379707001110?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,28]],"date-time":"2019-04-28T17:25:15Z","timestamp":1556472315000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0749379707001110"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2007,6]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,6]]}},"alternative-id":["S0749379707001110"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.amepre.2007.02.023","relation":{},"ISSN":["0749-3797"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0749-3797","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2007,6]]}}}