{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T13:48:54Z","timestamp":1789652934804,"version":"4.0.0"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,5,1]],"date-time":"2008-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1209600000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American Journal of Preventive Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,5]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2008.02.002","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,4,13]],"date-time":"2008-04-13T12:26:48Z","timestamp":1208089608000},"page":"396-403","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":315,"title":["Adverse Childhood Experiences and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease in Adults"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"34","author":[{"given":"Robert F.","family":"Anda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David W.","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shanta R.","family":"Dube","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. Douglas","family":"Bremner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vincent J.","family":"Felitti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wayne H.","family":"Giles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2008.02.002_bib1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease surveillance\u2014U.S., 1971\u20132000","volume":"51","author":"Mannino","year":"2002","journal-title":"MMWR CDC Surveill Summ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2008.02.002_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1016\/S0025-7125(05)70451-X","article-title":"Risk factors for the development of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"80","author":"Silverman","year":"1996","journal-title":"Med Clin N Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2008.02.002_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.epirev.a036027","article-title":"The relation of airways responsiveness and atopy to the development of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"10","author":"Sparrow","year":"1998","journal-title":"Epidemiol Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2008.02.002_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.158.1.9710101","article-title":"Long-term particulate and other air pollutants and lung function in nonsmokers","volume":"158","author":"Abbey","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2008.02.002_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a009996","article-title":"Increased effects of smoking and obesity on asthma among female Canadians: the national population health survey, 1994\u20131995","volume":"150","author":"Chen","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2008.02.002_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1080","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a117373","article-title":"Educational level and obstructive lung disease given smoking habits and occupational airborne exposure: a Norwegian community study","volume":"141","author":"Bakke","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2008.02.002_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a010141","article-title":"Antioxidant nutrients and pulmonary function: the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III)","volume":"151","author":"Hu","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"6 Pt 2","key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2008.02.002_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S240","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm\/154.6_Pt_2.S240","article-title":"The relationship of childhood respiratory infection to growth and decline in lung function","volume":"154","author":"Britton","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"5 Pt 2","key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2008.02.002_bib9","first-page":"S41","article-title":"The many faces of airway inflammation: asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: Asthma Research Group","volume":"159","author":"O'Byrne","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2008.02.002_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.124.1.18","article-title":"Wheezy bronchitis in childhood: a distinct clinical entity with lifelong significance?","volume":"124","author":"Edwards","year":"2003","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2008.02.002_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1467","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.2204011","article-title":"Childhood experiences take away your breath as a young adult","volume":"165","author":"von Mutius","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2008.02.002_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1066","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.53.12.1066","article-title":"Review of psychosocial stress and asthma: an integrated biopsychosocial approach","volume":"53","author":"Wright","year":"1998","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2008.02.002_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3999(02)00497-X","article-title":"Lung disease and internalizing disorders","volume":"55","author":"Goodwin","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Psychosom Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2008.02.002_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1652","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.282.17.1652","article-title":"Adverse childhood experiences and smoking during adolescence and adulthood","volume":"282","author":"Anda","year":"1999","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2008.02.002_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-3797(98)00017-8","article-title":"The relationship of childhood abuse and household dysfunction to many of the leading causes of death in adults","volume":"14","author":"Felitti","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Prev Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2008.02.002_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-005-0624-4","article-title":"The enduring effects of abuse and related adverse experiences in childhood: a convergence of evidence from neurobiology and epidemiology","volume":"256","author":"Anda","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2008.02.002_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/S1056-4993(18)30258-X","article-title":"Homeostasis, stress, trauma, and adaptation","volume":"7","author":"Perry","year":"1998","journal-title":"Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2008.02.002_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1016\/S0193-953X(01)00003-X","article-title":"Developmental neurobiology of childhood stress and trauma","volume":"25","author":"Teicher","year":"2002","journal-title":"Psychiatr Clin North Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2008.02.002_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2004.01.008","article-title":"The interrelatedness of multiple forms of childhood abuse, neglect, and household dysfunction","volume":"28","author":"Dong","year":"2004","journal-title":"Child Abuse Negl"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2008.02.002_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3089","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.286.24.3089","article-title":"Childhood abuse, household dysfunction, and the risk of attempted suicide throughout the life span: findings from the adverse childhood experiences study","volume":"286","author":"Dube","year":"2001","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2008.02.002_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1359","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.282.14.1359","article-title":"Unintended pregnancy among adult women exposed to abuse or household dysfunction during their childhood","volume":"282","author":"Dietz","year":"1999","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2008.02.002_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E11","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.106.1.e11","article-title":"Adverse childhood experiences and sexually transmitted diseases in men and women: a retrospective study","volume":"106","author":"Hillis","year":"2000","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2008.02.002_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.2307\/2673783","article-title":"Adverse childhood experiences and sexual risk behaviors in women: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"33","author":"Hillis","year":"2001","journal-title":"Fam Plann Perspect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2008.02.002_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e19","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.107.2.e19","article-title":"Abused boys, battered mothers, and male involvement in teen pregnancy","volume":"107","author":"Anda","year":"2001","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2008.02.002_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4603(01)00204-0","article-title":"Adverse childhood experiences and personal alcohol abuse as an adult","volume":"27","author":"Dube","year":"2002","journal-title":"Addict Behav"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2008.02.002_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/S0029-7844(02)02063-X","article-title":"Adverse childhood experiences and risk of paternity in teen pregnancy","volume":"100","author":"Anda","year":"2002","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2008.02.002_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ps.53.8.1001","article-title":"Adverse childhood experiences, alcoholic parents and later risk of alcoholism and depression","volume":"53","author":"Anda","year":"2002","journal-title":"Psychiatr Serv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2008.02.002_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.111.3.564","article-title":"Childhood abuse, neglect, and household dysfunction and the risk of illicit drug use: the adverse childhood experience study","volume":"111","author":"Dube","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2008.02.002_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1016\/S0091-7435(03)00123-3","article-title":"The impact of adverse childhood experiences on health problems: evidence from four birth cohorts dating back to 1900","volume":"37","author":"Dube","year":"2003","journal-title":"Prev Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2008.02.002_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1949","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.163.16.1949","article-title":"Adverse childhood experiences and self-reported liver disease: new insights into a causal pathway","volume":"163","author":"Dong","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2008.02.002_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.160.8.1453","article-title":"Relationship between multiple forms of childhood maltreatment and adult mental health in community respondents: results from the adverse childhood experiences (ACE) study","volume":"160","author":"Edwards","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2008.02.002_bib32","series-title":"Victimization and health","article-title":"Adverse childhood experiences and health-related quality of life as an adult","author":"Edwards","year":"2003"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2008.02.002_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.113.2.320","article-title":"The association between adolescent pregnancy, long-term psychosocial outcomes, and fetal death","volume":"113","author":"Hillis","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2008.02.002_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2003.12.013","article-title":"Adverse childhood experiences and the risk of depressive disorders in adulthood","volume":"82","author":"Chapman","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2008.02.002_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260502238733","article-title":"Violent childhood experiences and the risk of intimate partner violence in adults: assessment in a large health maintenance organization","volume":"18","author":"Whitfield","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Interpers Violence"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2008.02.002_bib36","series-title":"Physical violence in American families: risk factors and adaptations to violence in 8,145 families","author":"Straus","year":"1990"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2008.02.002_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1016\/0145-2134(85)90060-2","article-title":"The sexual abuse of Afro-American and white American women in childhood","volume":"9","author":"Wyatt","year":"1985","journal-title":"Child Abuse Negl"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2008.02.002_bib38","first-page":"1","article-title":"Exposure to alcoholism in the family: U.S., 1988","volume":"205","author":"Schoenborn","year":"1991","journal-title":"Adv Data"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2008.02.002_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1256","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.163.5.2101039","article-title":"Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"163","author":"Pauwels","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2008.02.002_bib40","unstructured":"ICD-9-CM: International classification of diseases, 9th revision; clinical modification. U.S. DHHS, Public Health Service, Health Care Financing Administration. DHHS Publication No. (PHS) 80-1260."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2008.02.002_bib41","series-title":"Reducing tobacco use: a report of the surgeon general","year":"2000"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2008.02.002_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2003","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.122.6.2003","article-title":"Characteristics of adults dying with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"122","author":"Meyer","year":"2002","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2008.02.002_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1683","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.160.11.1683","article-title":"Obstructive lung disease and low lung function in adults in the U.S.: data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey","volume":"160","author":"Mannino","year":"2000","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2008.02.002_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0802038","article-title":"Body weight, obesity, and self-reported abuse in childhood","volume":"26","author":"Williamson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int J Obes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2008.02.002_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1761","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000143074.54995.7F","article-title":"Insights into causal pathways for ischemic heart disease: the adverse childhood experiences study","volume":"110","author":"Dong","year":"2004","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2008.02.002_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2003.12.013","article-title":"Epidemiology of adverse childhood experiences and depressive disorders in a large health maintenance organization population","volume":"82","author":"Chapman","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2008.02.002_bib47","first-page":"A972","article-title":"Effect of the exposure to violence on the occurrence and severity of childhood asthma in an inner-city population","volume":"155","author":"Wright","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2008.02.002_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579401003042","article-title":"Stress and development: behavioral and biological consequences","volume":"13","author":"Bremner","year":"2001","journal-title":"Developmental Psychopathology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2008.02.002_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200307-979OC","article-title":"Opposing effects of short- and long-term stress on airway inflammation","volume":"169","author":"Forsythe","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2008.02.002_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1053\/rmed.2002.1366","article-title":"A pilot study examining the relationship between stress and serum cortisol concentrations in women with asthma","volume":"96","author":"Laube","year":"2002","journal-title":"Respir Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2008.02.002_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8721.ep10772808","article-title":"Psychological stress, immunity, and upper respiratory infections","volume":"5","author":"Cohen","year":"1996","journal-title":"Curr Dir Psychol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2008.02.002_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199108293250903","article-title":"Psychological stress and susceptibility to the common cold","volume":"325","author":"Cohen","year":"1991","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2008.02.002_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2004.10.004","article-title":"Maternal adversity, glucocorticoids and programming of neuroendocrine function and behaviour","volume":"29","author":"Owen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2008.02.002_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1097\/00006842-199609000-00006","article-title":"Prenatal psychosocial factors and the neuroendocrine axis in human pregnancy","volume":"58","author":"Wadhwa","year":"1996","journal-title":"Psychosom Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2008.02.002_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-2236(02)02241-5","article-title":"Stressed-out, or in (utero)?","volume":"25","author":"Avishai-Eliner","year":"2002","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2008.02.002_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1067\/mai.2002.124776","article-title":"Maternal stress and T-cell differentiation of the developing immune system: possible implications for the development of asthma and atopy","volume":"109","author":"von Hertzen","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2008.02.002_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1997.01830150070011","article-title":"PET measurement of cerebral metabolic correlates of yohimbine administration in posttraumatic stress disorder","volume":"54","author":"Bremner","year":"1997","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2008.02.002_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-2396(199605)23:1<39::AID-SYN5>3.0.CO;2-I","article-title":"Noradrenergic mechanisms in stress and anxiety: II. Clinical studies","volume":"23","author":"Bremner","year":"1996","journal-title":"Synapse"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2008.02.002_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"970","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1987.01800230050009","article-title":"Psychophysiologic assessment of posttraumatic stress disorder imagery in Vietnam combat veterans","volume":"44","author":"Pitman","year":"1987","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2008.02.002_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1993.01820160036003","article-title":"Abnormal noradrenergic function in posttraumatic stress disorder","volume":"50","author":"Southwick","year":"1993","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2008.02.002_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1022170028979","article-title":"Emotionally triggered asthma: a review of research literature and some hypotheses for self-regulating therapies","volume":"23","author":"Lehrer","year":"1998","journal-title":"Appl Psychophysiol Biofeed-back"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2008.02.002_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/0145-2134(90)90077-7","article-title":"Sexual abuse in a national survey of adult men and women: prevalence, characteristics, and risk factors","volume":"14","author":"Finkelhor","year":"1990","journal-title":"Child Abuse Negl"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2008.02.002_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.278.2.131","article-title":"Prevalence of child physical and sexual abuse in the community: results from the Ontario Health Supplement","volume":"278","author":"MacMillan","year":"1997","journal-title":"JAMA"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Preventive Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0749379708001517?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0749379708001517?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,10]],"date-time":"2019-05-10T08:18:37Z","timestamp":1557476317000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0749379708001517"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2008,5]]},"references-count":63,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,5]]}},"alternative-id":["S0749379708001517"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.amepre.2008.02.002","relation":{},"ISSN":["0749-3797"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0749-3797","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2008,5]]}}}