{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,25]],"date-time":"2026-10-25T00:36:17Z","timestamp":1792888577087,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":132,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,3,1]],"date-time":"2012-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1330560000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,3,1]],"date-time":"2012-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1330560000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["ajpm-online.net","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["American Journal of Preventive Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,3]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2011.11.006","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,2,14]],"date-time":"2012-02-14T20:45:43Z","timestamp":1329252343000},"page":"272-294","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":317,"title":["The Effectiveness of Group-Based Comprehensive Risk-Reduction and Abstinence Education Interventions to Prevent or Reduce the Risk of Adolescent Pregnancy, Human Immunodeficiency Virus, and Sexually Transmitted Infections"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"42","author":[{"given":"Helen B.","family":"Chin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Theresa Ann","family":"Sipe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Randy","family":"Elder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shawna L.","family":"Mercer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sajal K.","family":"Chattopadhyay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Verughese","family":"Jacob","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Holly R.","family":"Wethington","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Doug","family":"Kirby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Donna B.","family":"Elliston","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matt","family":"Griffith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stella O.","family":"Chuke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan C.","family":"Briss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irene","family":"Ericksen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer S.","family":"Galbraith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey H.","family":"Herbst","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert L.","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joan M.","family":"Kraft","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seth M.","family":"Noar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa M.","family":"Romero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Santelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2011.11.006_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2011.11.003","article-title":"Recommendations for group-based behavioral interventions to prevent adolescent pregnancy, HIV, and other sexually transmitted infections: Comprehensive risk reduction and abstinence education","volume":"42","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Prev Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2011.11.006_bib3","first-page":"1","article-title":"Births: final data for 2008","volume":"59","author":"Hamilton","year":"2010","journal-title":"Natl Vital Stat Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2011.11.006_bib4","first-page":"16","article-title":"Births: preliminary data for 2008","volume":"58","author":"Hamilton","year":"2010","journal-title":"Natl Vital Stat Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2011.11.006_bib5","series-title":"By the numbers: the public costs of teen childbearing","author":"Hoffman","year":"2006"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2011.11.006_bib6","first-page":"313","article-title":"Adolescent pregnancy","author":"Stevens-Simon","year":"1996"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2011.11.006_bib7","first-page":"985","article-title":"Subpopulation estimates from the HIV incidence surveillance system\u2014U.S., 2006","volume":"57","author":"Prejean","year":"2008","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2011.11.006_bib8","first-page":"35","article-title":"HIV\/AIDS and the African-American community: a state of emergency","volume":"100","author":"Laurencin","year":"2008","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2011.11.006_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1363\/3600604","article-title":"Sexually transmitted diseases among American youth: incidence and prevalence estimates, 2000","volume":"36","author":"Weinstock","year":"2004","journal-title":"Perspect Sex Reprod Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2011.11.006_bib11","first-page":"3","article-title":"From epidemiological synergy to public health policy and practice: the contribution of other sexually transmitted diseases to sexual transmission of HIV infection","volume":"75","author":"Fleming","year":"1999","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2011.11.006_bib13","author":"Alford"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2011.11.006_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"976","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-010-9745-5","article-title":"HIV prevention among African American youth: how well have evidence-based interventions addressed key theoretical constructs?","volume":"15","author":"Romero","year":"2010","journal-title":"AIDS Behav"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2011.11.006_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S94","DOI":"10.1097\/00042560-200207011-00009","article-title":"Meta-analysis of the effects of behavioral HIV prevention interventions on the sexual risk behavior of sexually experienced adolescents in controlled studies in the U.S.","volume":"30","author":"Mullen","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2011.11.006_bib16","series-title":"Emerging answers 2007: research findings on programs to reduce teen pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases","author":"Kirby","year":"2007"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2011.11.006_bib17","author":"Underhill"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2011.11.006_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2007.08.026","article-title":"Abstinence-only and comprehensive sex education and the initiation of sexual activity and teen pregnancy","volume":"42","author":"Kohler","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Adolesc Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2011.11.006_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1177\/0145445503251562","article-title":"HIV sexual risk-reduction interventions for youth: a review and methodological critique of randomized controlled trials","volume":"27","author":"Pedlow","year":"2003","journal-title":"Behav Mod"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2011.11.006_bib20","unstructured":"Title V, Section 510 (b)(2)(A\u2013H) of the Social Security Act (P.L. 104\u2013193). 1997."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2011.11.006_bib22","unstructured":"Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, H.R. 3590. 2010."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2011.11.006_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/her\/15.1.1","article-title":"Tailoring: what's in a name?","volume":"15","author":"Kreuter","year":"2000","journal-title":"Health Educ Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2011.11.006_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1135","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2007-2535","article-title":"Contraception and adolescents","volume":"120","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"1S","key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2011.11.006_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-3797(99)00119-1","article-title":"Developing an evidence-based Guide to Community Preventive Services\u2014methods","volume":"18","author":"Briss","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Prev Med"},{"issue":"1S","key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2011.11.006_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-3797(99)00122-1","article-title":"Data collection instrument and procedure for systematic reviews in the Guide to Community Preventive Services","volume":"18","author":"Zaza","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Prev Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2011.11.006_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2011.11.002","volume":"42","author":"Sipe","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Prev Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2011.11.006_bib31","series-title":"Introduction to meta-analysis","author":"Borenstein","year":"2009"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2011.11.006_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1539","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.1186","article-title":"Quantifying heterogeneity in a meta-analysis","volume":"21","author":"Higgins","year":"2002","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2011.11.006_bib33","series-title":"The handbook of research synthesis","year":"1994"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2011.11.006_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1016\/S1054-139X(00)00102-6","article-title":"Postponing sexual intercourse among urban junior high school students\u2014a randomized controlled evaluation","volume":"27","author":"Aarons","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Adolesc Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2011.11.006_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/S1054-139X(02)00367-1","article-title":"Keeping middle school students abstinent: outcomes of a primary prevention intervention","volume":"31","author":"Aten","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Adolesc Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2011.11.006_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1177\/074355489272006","article-title":"Preventing adolescent pregnancy with social and cognitive skills","volume":"7","author":"Barth","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Adolesc Res"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2011.11.006_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1295","DOI":"10.1016\/S0145-2134(99)00090-3","article-title":"The challenge of changing drug and sex risk behaviors of runaway and homeless adolescents","volume":"23","author":"Booth","year":"1999","journal-title":"Child Abuse Negl"},{"issue":"125","key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2011.11.006_bib38","first-page":"25","article-title":"Evaluation of a knowledge- and cognitive-behavioral skills-building intervention to prevent STDs and HIV infection in high school students","volume":"32","author":"Boyer","year":"1997","journal-title":"Adolescence"},{"issue":"S1","key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2011.11.006_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1093\/phr\/116.S1.82","article-title":"Safer choices: reducing teen pregnancy, HIV, and STDs","volume":"116","author":"Coyle","year":"2001","journal-title":"Public Health Rep"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2011.11.006_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.94.5.843","article-title":"Draw the line\/respect the line: a randomized trial of a middle school intervention to reduce sexual risk behaviors","volume":"94","author":"Coyle","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2011.11.006_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1521\/aeap.2006.18.3.187","article-title":"All4You!","volume":"18","author":"Coyle","year":"2006","journal-title":"AIDS Educ Prev"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2011.11.006_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.292.2.171","article-title":"Efficacy of an HIV prevention intervention for African American adolescent girls: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"292","author":"DiClemente","year":"2004","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2011.11.006_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1097\/00006199-200601000-00006","article-title":"Keepin\u2019 it R.E.A.L.!: results of a mother-adolescent HIV prevention program","volume":"55","author":"DiIorio","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nurs Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2011.11.006_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1084","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2005.073411","article-title":"REAL men: a group-randomized trial of an HIV prevention intervention for adolescent boys","volume":"97","author":"DiIorio","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2011.11.006_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1177\/109019810202900402","article-title":"Effects of peer education on the peer educators in a school-based HIV prevention program: where should peer education research go from here?","volume":"29","author":"Ebreo","year":"2002","journal-title":"Health Educ Behav"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2011.11.006_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1353\/hpu.2010.0291","article-title":"Peer counseling in a culturally specific adolescent pregnancy prevention program","volume":"9","author":"Ferguson","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Health Care Poor Underserved"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2011.11.006_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1037\/0278-6133.21.2.177","article-title":"Information-motivation-behavioral skills model-based HIV risk behavior change intervention for inner-city high school youth","volume":"21","author":"Fisher","year":"2002","journal-title":"Health Psychol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2011.11.006_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.158.4.377","article-title":"Effects of 2 prevention programs on high-risk behaviors among African American youth: a randomized trial","volume":"158","author":"Flay","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med"},{"issue":"1S","key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2011.11.006_bib49","first-page":"22","article-title":"Effects of a skill-based intervention to encourage condom use among high risk heterosexually active adolescents","volume":"9","author":"Gillmore","year":"1997","journal-title":"AIDS Educ Prev"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2011.11.006_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1746-1561.1998.tb06347.x","article-title":"A replication study of Reducing the Risk, a theory-based sexuality curriculum for adolescents","volume":"68","author":"Hubbard","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Sch Health"},{"issue":"19","key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2011.11.006_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1529","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.279.19.1529","article-title":"Abstinence and safer sex HIV risk-reduction interventions for African American adolescents: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"279","author":"Jemmott","year":"1998","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2011.11.006_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.159.5.440","article-title":"HIV\/STD risk reduction interventions for African American and Latino adolescent girls at an adolescent medicine clinic: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"159","author":"Jemmott","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2011.11.006_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.82.3.372","article-title":"Reductions in HIV risk-associated sexual behaviors among black male adolescents: effects of an AIDS prevention intervention","volume":"82","author":"Jemmott","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2011.11.006_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02503158","article-title":"Reducing HIV risk-associated sexual behavior among African American adolescents: testing the generality of intervention effects","volume":"27","author":"Jemmott","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Community Psychol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2011.11.006_bib55","first-page":"225","article-title":"The effect of tailoring a model HIV prevention program for local adolescent target audiences","volume":"12","author":"Kennedy","year":"2000","journal-title":"AIDS Educ Prev"},{"issue":"1S","key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2011.11.006_bib56","first-page":"44","article-title":"An impact evaluation of project SNAPP: an AIDS and pregnancy prevention middle school program","volume":"9","author":"Kirby","year":"1997","journal-title":"AIDS Educ Prev"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2011.11.006_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1097\/00003727-200304000-00003","article-title":"Project CHARM: an HIV prevention program for adolescent mothers","volume":"26","author":"Koniak-Griffin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Fam Community Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2011.11.006_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1080\/19325037.2006.10598904","article-title":"Evaluation of the Positive Prevention HIV\/STD Curriculum","volume":"37","author":"LaChausse","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Health Educ"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2011.11.006_bib59","first-page":"789","article-title":"Unprotected sex among African-American adolescents: a three-year study","volume":"94","author":"Li","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Natl Med Assoc"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2011.11.006_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.2307\/2648177","article-title":"Long-term outcomes of an abstinence-based, small-group pregnancy prevention program in New York City schools","volume":"32","author":"Lieberman","year":"2000","journal-title":"Fam Plann Perspect"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2011.11.006_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2005.072652","article-title":"Computerized HIV preventive intervention for adolescents: indications of efficacy","volume":"97","author":"Lightfoot","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2011.11.006_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1016\/1054-139X(94)90492-L","article-title":"Outcomes of intensive AIDS education for male adolescent drug users in jail","volume":"15","author":"Magura","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Adolesc Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2011.11.006_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1006\/pmed.1994.1056","article-title":"Preventing HIV infection among adolescents: evaluation of a school-based education program","volume":"23","author":"Main","year":"1994","journal-title":"Prev Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2011.11.006_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.2307\/2648176","article-title":"Using randomized designs to evaluate client-centered programs to prevent adolescent pregnancy","volume":"32","author":"McBride","year":"2000","journal-title":"Fam Plann Perspect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2011.11.006_bib65","series-title":"The effectiveness of Poder Latino: a community-based HIV prevention program for inner-city Latino youth","author":"McGraw","year":"2002"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2011.11.006_bib66","first-page":"128","article-title":"The Healthy for Life Project: sexual risk behavior outcomes","volume":"10","author":"Moberg","year":"1998","journal-title":"AIDS Educ Prev"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2011.11.006_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1002\/nur.20056","article-title":"Group-based HIV risk reduction intervention for adolescent girls: evidence of feasibility and efficacy","volume":"28","author":"Morrison-Beedy","year":"2005","journal-title":"Res Nurs Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2011.11.006_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1521\/aeap.2007.19.3.258","article-title":"Replicating a teen HIV\/STD preventive intervention in a multicultural city","volume":"19","author":"Morrison","year":"2007","journal-title":"AIDS Educ Prev"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2011.11.006_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.89.2.176","article-title":"The effectiveness of the reach for health community youth service learning program in reducing early and unprotected sex among urban middle school students","volume":"89","author":"O'Donnell","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2011.11.006_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.2307\/2991591","article-title":"Effects of a replication of a multicomponent model for preventing adolescent pregnancy in three Kansas communities","volume":"31","author":"Paine-Andrews","year":"1999","journal-title":"Fam Plann Perspect"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2011.11.006_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/S1054-139X(02)00379-8","article-title":"Tapping youth as agents for change: evaluation of a peer leadership HIV\/AIDS intervention","volume":"31","author":"Pearlman","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Adolesc Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2011.11.006_bib72","first-page":"139","article-title":"Life options and community service: teen outreach program","author":"Philliber","year":"1992"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2011.11.006_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.2307\/3097823","article-title":"Preventing pregnancy and improving health care access among teenagers: an evaluation of the Children's Aid Society-Carrera Program","volume":"34","author":"Philliber","year":"2002","journal-title":"Perspect Sex Reprod Health"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2011.11.006_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1237","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1991.03470090071034","article-title":"Reducing HIV sexual risk behaviors among runaway adolescents","volume":"266","author":"Rotheram-Borus","year":"1991","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2011.11.006_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1021834224454","article-title":"Timing of HIV interventions on reductions in sexual risk among adolescents","volume":"26","author":"Rotheram-Borus","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Community Psychol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2011.11.006_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2006.02.014","article-title":"Adolescent adjustment over six years in HIV-affected families","volume":"39","author":"Rotheram-Borus","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Adolesc Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2011.11.006_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1024697706033","article-title":"Reductions in HIV risk among runaway youth","volume":"4","author":"Rotheram-Borus","year":"2003","journal-title":"Prev Sci"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2011.11.006_bib78","first-page":"534","article-title":"Change in junior high school students' AIDS-related knowledge, misconceptions, attitudes, and HIV-preventive behaviors: effects of a school-based intervention","volume":"7","author":"Siegel","year":"1995","journal-title":"AIDS Educ Prev"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2011.11.006_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1117","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.155.10.1117","article-title":"Long-term effects of a middle school- and high school-based human immunodeficiency virus sexual risk prevention intervention","volume":"155","author":"Siegel","year":"2001","journal-title":"Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med"},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2011.11.006_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1509","DOI":"10.1097\/01.aids.0000183128.39701.34","article-title":"Outcomes of a randomized, controlled community-level HIV prevention intervention for adolescents in low-income housing developments","volume":"19","author":"Sikkema","year":"2005","journal-title":"Aids"},{"issue":"122","key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2011.11.006_bib81","first-page":"409","article-title":"The long-term impact of AIDS-preventive interventions for delinquent and abused adolescents","volume":"31","author":"Slonim-Nevo","year":"1996","journal-title":"Adolescence"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2011.11.006_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1080\/10556699.1994.10602996","article-title":"Teen Incentives Program: evaluation of a health promotion model for adolescent pregnancy prevention","volume":"25","author":"Smith","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Health Educ"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2011.11.006_bib83","first-page":"49","article-title":"Students Together against Negative Decisions (STAND): evaluation of a school-based sexual risk reduction intervention in the rural south","volume":"12","author":"Smith","year":"2000","journal-title":"AIDS Educ Prev"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2011.11.006_bib84","first-page":"391","article-title":"Quasi-experimental evaluation of three AIDS prevention activities for maintaining knowledge, improving attitudes, and changing risk behaviors of high school seniors","volume":"7","author":"Smith","year":"1995","journal-title":"AIDS Educ Prev"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2011.11.006_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/S0738-3991(97)01009-4","article-title":"The role of condom motivation education in the reduction of new and reinfection rates of sexually transmitted diseases among inner-city female adolescents","volume":"31","author":"Smith","year":"1997","journal-title":"Patient Educ Couns"},{"issue":"1&2","key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2011.11.006_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1080\/01614576.1999.11074278","article-title":"Sexual risk reduction and anger management interventions for incarcerated male adolescents: a randomized control trial of two interventions","volume":"24","author":"St Lawrence","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Sex Educ Ther"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2011.11.006_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.63.2.221","article-title":"Cognitive-behavioral intervention to reduce African American adolescents' risk for HIV infection","volume":"63","author":"St Lawrence","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Consult Clin Psychol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2011.11.006_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.63.1.154","article-title":"Comparison of education versus behavioral skills training interventions in lowering sexual HIV-risk behavior of substance-dependent adolescents","volume":"63","author":"St Lawrence","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Consult Clin Psychol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2011.11.006_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1010","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.70.4.1010","article-title":"Reducing HIV and STD risk behavior of substance dependent adolescents: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"70","author":"St Lawrence","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Consult Clin Psychol"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2011.11.006_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.158.10.947","article-title":"Randomized trial of a parent intervention: parents can make a difference in long-term adolescent risk behaviors, perceptions, and knowledge","volume":"158","author":"Stanton","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2011.11.006_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2004.10.005","article-title":"The complex business of adapting effective interventions to new populations: an urban to rural transfer","volume":"37","author":"Stanton","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Adolesc Health"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2011.11.006_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.160.8.772","article-title":"A randomized controlled trial testing an HIV prevention intervention for Latino youth","volume":"160","author":"Villarruel","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2011.11.006_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1993.03510060071035","article-title":"AIDS risk reduction among a multiethnic sample of urban high school students","volume":"270","author":"Walter","year":"1993","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"1S","key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2011.11.006_bib94","first-page":"90","article-title":"Does parental involvement make a difference?","volume":"9","author":"Weeks","year":"1997","journal-title":"AIDS Educ Prev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2011.11.006_bib95","series-title":"The effects of a school-based HIV and pregnancy prevention program in rural Kentucky (Unpublished)","author":"Zimmerman","year":"2010"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2011.11.006_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1363\/4004208","article-title":"Effects of a school-based, theory driven HIV and pregnancy prevention curriculum","volume":"40","author":"Zimmerman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Perspect Sex Reprod Health"},{"issue":"5S","key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2011.11.006_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1177\/107327480301005s10","article-title":"Sociocultural characteristics and responses to cancer education materials among African American women","volume":"10","author":"Kreuter","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cancer Control"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2011.11.006_bib98","series-title":"Evaluation of the Quantum Opportunities Program (QOP): did the program work?","author":"Hahn","year":"1994"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2011.11.006_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1809","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200008180-00017","article-title":"Increasing condom use among adolescents with coalition-based social marketing","volume":"14","author":"Kennedy","year":"2000","journal-title":"Aids"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2011.11.006_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1097\/00126334-200010010-00011","article-title":"Economic evaluation of HIV risk reduction intervention in African-American male adolescents","volume":"25","author":"Pinkerton","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"issue":"6S1","key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2011.11.006_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S280","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2009.08.014","article-title":"Economic evaluation of a comprehensive teenage pregnancy prevention program: pilot program","volume":"37","author":"Rosenthal","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Prev Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2011.11.006_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1097\/00042560-199801010-00013","article-title":"Economic evaluation of an HIV prevention intervention for gay and bisexual male adolescents","volume":"17","author":"Tao","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2011.11.006_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.154.10.1017","article-title":"Economic evaluation of Safer Choices: a school-based human immunodeficiency virus, other sexually transmitted diseases, and pregnancy prevention program","volume":"154","author":"Wang","year":"2000","journal-title":"Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2011.11.006_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.2307\/2135798","article-title":"The Baltimore Pregnancy Prevention Program for Urban Teenagers: I","volume":"20","author":"Zabin","year":"1988","journal-title":"Fam Plann Perspect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2011.11.006_bib105","series-title":"Benefits and costs of prevention and early intervention programs for youth","author":"Aos","year":"2004"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2011.11.006_bib106","series-title":"Medical cost savings attributable to comprehensive sex education programs that delay coitus and increase condom use among adolescents in the U.S. [dissertation]","author":"Olaiya","year":"2006"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2011.11.006_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.2307\/2953331","article-title":"The impact of the Postponing Sexual Involvement curriculum among youths in California","volume":"29","author":"Kirby","year":"1997","journal-title":"Fam Plann Perspect"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2011.11.006_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1891\/0889-7182.13.3.211","article-title":"Evaluating the outcomes of parent-child family life education","volume":"13","author":"Anderson","year":"1999","journal-title":"Sch Inq Nurs Pract"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2011.11.006_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.2307\/2673750","article-title":"Effects of a parent-child communications intervention on young adolescents' risk for early onset of sexual intercourse","volume":"33","author":"Blake","year":"2001","journal-title":"Fam Plann Perspect"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2011.11.006_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.5993\/AJHB.29.5.5","article-title":"Effectiveness of abstinence-only intervention in middle school teens","volume":"29","author":"Borawski","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Health Behav"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2011.11.006_bib111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.2307\/584951","article-title":"An evaluation of an adolescent pregnancy prevention program: is \u201cJust Say No\u201d enough?","volume":"39","author":"Christopher","year":"1990","journal-title":"Fam Relat"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2011.11.006_bib112","series-title":"Impacts of the Heritage Keepers Life Skills Education Component","author":"Clark","year":"2007"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2011.11.006_bib113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2004.09.024","article-title":"Adult identity mentoring: reducing sexual risk for African-American seventh grade students","volume":"37","author":"Clark","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Adolesc Health"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2011.11.006_bib114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1746-1561.2006.00135.x","article-title":"An evaluation of an abstinence-only sex education curriculum: an 18-month follow-up","volume":"76","author":"Denny","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Sch Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2011.11.006_bib115","first-page":"243","article-title":"Evaluation of an abstinence-based curriculum for early adolescents: first year changes in sex attitudes, knowledge and behavior","volume":"1","author":"Goldfarb","year":"1999","journal-title":"N Am J Psychol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2011.11.006_bib116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.2307\/585340","article-title":"Project Taking Charge: six month follow-up of a pregnancy prevention program","volume":"42","author":"Jorgensen","year":"1993","journal-title":"Fam Relat"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2011.11.006_bib117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.2307\/584743","article-title":"A 27-month evaluation of a sexual activity prevention program in boys and girls clubs across the nation","volume":"44","author":"St Pierre","year":"1995","journal-title":"Fam Relat"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2011.11.006_bib118","series-title":"Impacts of four Title V, Section 510 abstinence education programs","author":"Trenholm","year":"2008"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2011.11.006_bib119","series-title":"Predicting and changing teen sexual activity rates: a comparison of three Title XX programs","author":"Weed","year":"1992"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2011.11.006_bib120","series-title":"An evaluation of the Heritage Keepers Abstinence Education Program","author":"Weed","year":"2005"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2011.11.006_bib121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.5993\/AJHB.32.1.6","article-title":"An abstinence program's impact on cognitive mediators and sexual initiation","volume":"32","author":"Weed","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Health Behav"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2011.11.006_bib122","series-title":"Evaluation report\u2014Heritage Community Services Program Year 2004-2005 (2nd year of evaluation) (Unpublished)","author":"Weed","year":"2006"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2011.11.006_bib123","series-title":"What kind of abstinence education works?","author":"Weed","year":"2008"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2011.11.006_bib124","first-page":"4","article-title":"Abstinence oriented sexuality education: Initial field test results of the Living Smart curriculum","volume":"10","author":"Young","year":"1992","journal-title":"Fam Life Educ"},{"issue":"17","key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2011.11.006_bib125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2013","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.299.17.2013","article-title":"Abstinence-only programs under fire","volume":"299","author":"Hampton","year":"2008","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2011.11.006_bib126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1746-1561.2005.tb06648.x","article-title":"A review of 21 curricula for abstinence-only-until-marriage programs","volume":"75","author":"Wilson","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Sch Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2011.11.006_bib127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1086\/250073","article-title":"The effects of sex education on teen sexual activity and teen pregnancy","volume":"107","author":"Oettinger","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Political Econ"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2011.11.006_bib128","first-page":"12","article-title":"Legislating against arousal: the growing divide between federal policy and teenage sexual behavior","volume":"9","author":"Dailard","year":"2006","journal-title":"Guttmacher Policy Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2011.11.006_bib129","first-page":"12","article-title":"The failure of abstinence-only education: minors have the right to honest talk about sex","volume":"15","author":"Beh","year":"2006","journal-title":"Columbia J Gender Law"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2011.11.006_bib130","series-title":"The effectiveness of abstinence education programs in reducing sexual activity among youth","author":"Rector","year":"2002"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2011.11.006_bib131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1007005430924","article-title":"The healthy for life project: behavioral outcomes","volume":"21","author":"Piper","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Prim Prev"},{"issue":"97","key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2011.11.006_bib132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1002\/cd.52","article-title":"Interventions designed to promote parent-teen communication about sexuality","author":"Kirby","year":"2002","journal-title":"New Dir Child Adolesc Dev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2011.11.006_bib133","series-title":"Setting standards for youth participation","year":"2004"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2011.11.006_bib134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/S1054-139X(03)00244-1","article-title":"Behavioral interventions to reduce incidence of HIV, STD, and pregnancy among adolescents: a decade in review","volume":"34","author":"Robin","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Adolesc Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2011.11.006_bib135","series-title":"Impact of sex and HIV education programs on sexual behaviors of youth in developing and developed countries","author":"Kirby","year":"2005"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2011.11.006_bib136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.87.6.979","article-title":"The effectiveness of a school-based curriculum for reducing violence among urban sixth-grade students","volume":"87","author":"Farrell","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2011.11.006_bib137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.157.2.178","article-title":"A randomized controlled trial of the middle and junior high school DARE and DARE Plus programs","volume":"157","author":"Perry","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2011.11.006_bib138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1001\/archpediatrics.2009.267","article-title":"Efficacy of a theory-based abstinence-only intervention over 24 months: a randomized controlled trial with young adolescents","volume":"164","author":"Jemmott","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2011.11.006_bib139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1016\/S1054-139X(03)00052-1","article-title":"Assessment of factors affecting the validity of self-reported health-risk behavior among adolescents: evidence from the scientific literature","volume":"33","author":"Brener","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Adolesc Health"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Preventive Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0749379711009068?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0749379711009068?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T07:47:03Z","timestamp":1760082423000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0749379711009068"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,3]]},"references-count":132,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,3]]}},"alternative-id":["S0749379711009068"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.amepre.2011.11.006","relation":{},"ISSN":["0749-3797"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0749-3797","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"The Effectiveness of Group-Based Comprehensive Risk-Reduction and Abstinence Education Interventions to Prevent or Reduce the Risk of Adolescent Pregnancy, Human Immunodeficiency Virus, and Sexually Transmitted Infections","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"American Journal of Preventive Medicine","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.amepre.2011.11.006","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Published by Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}