{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T05:09:21Z","timestamp":1792386561794,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,1]],"date-time":"2018-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1527811200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["ajpm-online.net","clinicalkey.jp","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.fr","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["American Journal of Preventive Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2018.02.003","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,12]],"date-time":"2018-04-12T20:08:02Z","timestamp":1523563682000},"page":"795-805","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":98,"title":["Substance Use and Suicide in Pacific Islander, American Indian, and Multiracial Youth"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"54","author":[{"given":"Andrew M.","family":"Subica","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5909-2259","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Li-Tzy","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2018.02.003_bib1","series-title":"Monitoring the Future National Survey Results on Drug Use, 1975\u20132014: Volume II, College Students and Adults Ages 19\u201355","author":"Johnston","year":"2014"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2018.02.003_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.81.3.372","article-title":"Racial\/ethnic differences in smoking, drinking, and illicit drug use among American high school seniors, 1976\u201389","volume":"81","author":"Bachman","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"issue":"SS04","key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2018.02.003_bib3","first-page":"1","article-title":"Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance\u2014United States, 2013","volume":"63","author":"Kann","year":"2014","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2018.02.003_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1300\/J233v05n01_05","article-title":"Substance use in ethnic minority youth","volume":"5","author":"Strada","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Ethn Subst Abuse"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2018.02.003_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1176","DOI":"10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2011.120","article-title":"Racial\/ethnic variations in substance-related disorders among adolescents in the United States","volume":"68","author":"Wu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2018.02.003_bib6","first-page":"281","article-title":"Ethnic differences in adolescent suicide in the United States","volume":"1","author":"Balis","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int J Child Health Hum Dev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2018.02.003_bib7","article-title":"Racial and Gender Disparities in Suicide Among Young Adults Aged 18\u201324: United States, 2009\u20132013","author":"Jiang","year":"2015","journal-title":"National Center for Health Statistics"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2018.02.003_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1080\/13811118.2012.667334","article-title":"Ethnic differences in risk factors for suicide among American high school students, 2009: the vulnerability of multiracial and Pacific Islander adolescents","volume":"16","author":"Wong","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch Suicide Res"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2018.02.003_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2128","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.21954","article-title":"Obesity and associated health disparities among understudied multiracial, Pacific Islander, and American Indian adults","volume":"25","author":"Subica","year":"2017","journal-title":"Obesity (Silver Spring)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2018.02.003_bib10","unstructured":"U.S. Census Bureau. Census 2010. http:\/\/factfinder.census.gov\/. Accessed May 3, 2017."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2018.02.003_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2011.02.005","article-title":"Suicidality and depressed mood disparities between sexual minority and heterosexual youth: a meta-analytic review","volume":"49","author":"Marshal","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Adolesc Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2018.02.003_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291714001330","article-title":"Substance use disorders and co-morbidities among Asian Americans and Native Hawaiians\/Pacific Islanders","volume":"45","author":"Wu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2018.02.003_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1037\/1099-9809.11.4.309","article-title":"Adolescent alcohol use and suicide indicators among adolescents in Hawaii","volume":"11","author":"Nishimura","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cultur Divers Ethnic Minor Psychol"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2018.02.003_bib14","first-page":"891","article-title":"The co-occurrence of alcohol abuse in alcohol dependence among a treatment sample of Asian\/Pacific Islanders","volume":"61","author":"Goebert","year":"2004","journal-title":"Addict Disord Their Treat"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2018.02.003_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1746-1561.2004.tb06596.x","article-title":"Ethnic variation in drinking, drug use, and sexual behavior among adolescents in Hawaii","volume":"74","author":"Ramisetty-Mikler","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Sch Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2018.02.003_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1017\/S0021932099004332","article-title":"Pacific Island suicide in comparative perspective","volume":"31","author":"Booth","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Biosoc Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2018.02.003_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-200003000-00019","article-title":"Cultural identification and attempted suicide in native Hawaiian adolescents","volume":"39","author":"Yuen","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2018.02.003_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.107.3.485","article-title":"Adolescent suicide attempts: risks and protectors","volume":"107","author":"Borowsky","year":"2001","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2018.02.003_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1360-0443.2003.00282.x","article-title":"Gender and ethnic differences in smoking, drinking and illicit drug use among American 8th, 10th and 12th grade students, 1976\u20132000","volume":"98","author":"Wallace","year":"2003","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2018.02.003_bib20","series-title":"Trends in Indian Health 2014 edition","year":"2015"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2018.02.003_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1037\/0002-9432.76.1.86","article-title":"Are multiracial adolescents at greater risk? Comparisons of rates, patterns, and correlates of substance use and violence between monoracial and multiracial adolescents","volume":"76","author":"Choi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Orthopsychiatry"},{"issue":"suppl","key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2018.02.003_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2004.08.003","article-title":"Association of alcohol and drug use disorders and completed suicide: an empirical review of cohort studies","volume":"76","author":"Wilcox","year":"2004","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2018.02.003_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1611","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-013-0721-z","article-title":"The risk of adolescent suicide across patterns of drug use: a nationally representative study of high school students in the United States from 1999 to 2009","volume":"48","author":"Wong","year":"2013","journal-title":"Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol"},{"issue":"RR01","key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2018.02.003_bib24","first-page":"1","article-title":"Methodology of the youth risk behavior surveillance system\u20142013","volume":"62","author":"Brener","year":"2013","journal-title":"MMWR Recomm Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2018.02.003_bib25","unstructured":"CDC. Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System 2015 YRBS Data User\u2019s Guide. National Center for HIV\/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Division of Adolescent and School Health. www.cdc.gov\/healthyyouth\/data\/yrbs\/pdf\/2015\/2015_yrbs-data-users_guide_smy_combined.pdf. Published 2016. Accessed May 10, 2017."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2018.02.003_bib26","unstructured":"Office of Management and Budget. Revisions to the Standards for the Classification of Federal Data on Race and Ethnicity. https:\/\/nces.ed.gov\/programs\/handbook\/data\/pdf\/Appendix_A.pdf. Accessed May 12, 2017."},{"issue":"9904","key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2018.02.003_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1564","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)61530-5","article-title":"Global burden of disease attributable to illicit drug use and dependence: findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010","volume":"382","author":"Degenhardt","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2018.02.003_bib28","first-page":"128","article-title":"The health care and fiscal costs of the illicit drug use epidemic: the impact of conventional drug control strategies, and the potential of a comprehensive approach","volume":"45","author":"Wood","year":"2003","journal-title":"B C Med J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2018.02.003_bib29","first-page":"U1491","article-title":"New Zealand Pacific peoples\u2019 drinking style: too much or nothing at all?","volume":"118","author":"Huakau","year":"2005","journal-title":"N Z Med J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2018.02.003_bib30","series-title":"Alcohol Use in New Zealand: Key Results of the 2007\/08 New Zealand Alcohol and Drug Use Survey","year":"2009"},{"issue":"suppl","key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2018.02.003_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1521\/suli.31.1.5.132.24225","article-title":"Suicide prevention in American Indian and Alaska Native communities: a critical review of programs","volume":"31","author":"Middlebrook","year":"2001","journal-title":"Suicide Life Threat Behav"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2018.02.003_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1865","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.93.11.1865","article-title":"Health and behavior risks of adolescents with mixed-race identity","volume":"93","author":"Udry","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2018.02.003_bib33","first-page":"66","article-title":"Developing the Ho\u2019ouna Pono substance use prevention curriculum: collaborating with Hawaiian youth and communities","volume":"72","author":"Helm","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hawaii J Med Public Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2018.02.003_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4603(99)00071-4","article-title":"Preventing substance use among Native American youth: three-year results","volume":"25","author":"Schinke","year":"2000","journal-title":"Addict Behav"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2018.02.003_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.130.2.304","article-title":"Preventing substance abuse in American Indian and Alaska native youth: promising strategies for healthier communities","volume":"130","author":"Hawkins","year":"2004","journal-title":"Psych Bull"},{"issue":"suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2018.02.003_bib36","first-page":"S82","article-title":"Culturally based interventions for substance use and child abuse among Native Hawaiians","volume":"117","author":"Mokuau","year":"2002","journal-title":"Public Health Rep"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2018.02.003_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1571","DOI":"10.1016\/S0277-9536(02)00157-0","article-title":"Spirituality and attempted suicide among American Indians","volume":"56","author":"Garroutte","year":"2003","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2018.02.003_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1006\/pmed.2002.1133","article-title":"Effectiveness of a universal drug abuse prevention approach for youth at high risk for substance use initiation","volume":"36","author":"Griffin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Prev Med"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Preventive Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S074937971830076X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S074937971830076X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,23]],"date-time":"2019-12-23T06:33:49Z","timestamp":1577082829000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S074937971830076X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,6]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,6]]}},"alternative-id":["S074937971830076X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.amepre.2018.02.003","relation":{},"ISSN":["0749-3797"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0749-3797","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Substance Use and Suicide in Pacific Islander, American Indian, and Multiracial Youth","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"American Journal of Preventive Medicine","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.amepre.2018.02.003","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2018 American Journal of Preventive Medicine. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}