{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,11]],"date-time":"2026-10-11T17:22:20Z","timestamp":1791739340177,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,1]],"date-time":"2020-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1577836800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,1]],"date-time":"2020-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1577836800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["ajpm-online.net","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["American Journal of Preventive Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,1]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2019.08.035","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,21]],"date-time":"2019-11-21T01:56:57Z","timestamp":1574301417000},"page":"12-20","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":61,"title":["The Association Between Gender Inequality and Sexual Violence in the U.S."],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"58","author":[{"given":"Megan C.","family":"Kearns","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashley Schappell","family":"D'Inverno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dennis E.","family":"Reidy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2019.08.035_bib0001","series-title":"The national intimate partner and sexual violence survey (NISVS): 2015 Data Brief","author":"Smith","year":"2018"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2019.08.035_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1177\/1559827611409512","article-title":"Sexual violence victimization of women: prevalence, characteristics, and the role of public health and prevention","volume":"5","author":"Basile","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Lifestyle Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2019.08.035_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2016.11.014","article-title":"Lifetime economic burden of rape among U.S. adults","volume":"52","author":"Peterson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Prev Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2019.08.035_bib0004","series-title":"World Report on Violence and Health","first-page":"1","article-title":"Violence-a global public health problem","author":"Dahlberg","year":"2002"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2019.08.035_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1177\/1524838012470031","article-title":"A systematic qualitative review of risk and protective factors for sexual violence perpetration","volume":"14","author":"Tharp","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trauma Violence Abuse"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2019.08.035_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1007\/s10964-013-9907-7","article-title":"Beyond correlates: a review of risk and protective factors for adolescent dating violence perpetration","volume":"42","author":"Vagi","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Youth Adolesc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2019.08.035_bib0007","series-title":"Preventing multiple forms of violence: a strategic vision for connecting the dots","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2019.08.035_bib0008","series-title":"Violence Against Wives: A Case Against the Patriarchy","author":"Dobash","year":"1979"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2019.08.035_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1177\/1077801298004003002","article-title":"Violence against women: an integrated, ecological framework","volume":"4","author":"Heise","year":"1998","journal-title":"Violence Against Women"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2019.08.035_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1007\/s10964-015-0278-0","article-title":"Gender role attitudes and male adolescent dating violence perpetration: normative beliefs as moderators","volume":"45","author":"Reyes","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Youth Adolesc"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2019.08.035_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1007\/s11524-011-9545-x","article-title":"Male perpetration of teen dating violence: associations with neighborhood violence involvement, gender attitudes, and perceived peer and neighborhood norms","volume":"88","author":"Reed","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Urban Health"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2019.08.035_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1882","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2013.301443","article-title":"Gender-equitable attitudes, bystander behavior, and recent abuse perpetration against heterosexual dating partners of male high school athletes","volume":"103","author":"McCauley","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2019.08.035_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.2307\/800542","article-title":"Four theories of rape: a macrosociological analysis","volume":"34","author":"Baron","year":"1987","journal-title":"Soc Probl"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2019.08.035_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1177\/089124301015004003","article-title":"The paradoxical relationship between gender inequality and rape: toward a refined theory","volume":"15","author":"Whaley","year":"2001","journal-title":"Gend Soc"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2019.08.035_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.3138\/jcfs.14.1.67","article-title":"Sexual equality and violence against wives in American states","volume":"14","author":"Yllo","year":"1983","journal-title":"J Comp Fam Stud"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2019.08.035_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260504263868","article-title":"Gender inequality, violence against women, and fear: a cross-national test of the feminist theory of violence against women","volume":"19","author":"Yodanis","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Interpers Violence"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2019.08.035_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e332","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(15)00013-3","article-title":"Cross-national and multilevel correlates of partner violence: an analysis of data from population-based surveys","volume":"3","author":"Heise","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2019.08.035_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2015.05.017","article-title":"A first look at gender inequality as a societal risk factor for dating violence","volume":"49","author":"Gressard","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Prev Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2019.08.035_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2018.10.019","article-title":"An ecological analysis of gender inequality and intimate partner violence in the United States","volume":"118","author":"Willie","year":"2019","journal-title":"Prev Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2019.08.035_bib0020","unstructured":"Smith SG, Chen J, Basile KC, et al. The national intimate partner and sexual violence survey (NISVS): 2010\u20122012 State report. Atlanta, GA: National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, CDC. Published 2017. www.cdc.gov\/violenceprevention\/nisvs\/summaryreports.html. Accessed September 20, 2018."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2019.08.035_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1567","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260507306489","article-title":"A comparison of men who committed different types of sexual assault in a community sample","volume":"22","author":"Abbey","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Interpers Violence"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2019.08.035_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1002\/ab.10076","article-title":"Perpetrators of alcohol-involved sexual assaults: how do they differ from other sexual assault perpetrators and nonperpetrators?","volume":"29","author":"Zawacki","year":"2003","journal-title":"Aggress Behav"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2019.08.035_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1891\/0886-6708.13.1.47","article-title":"Coercive sexual strategies","volume":"13","author":"Tyler","year":"1998","journal-title":"Violence Vict"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2019.08.035_bib0024","series-title":"Drug-Facilitated, Incapacitated, and Forcible Rape: a National Study","author":"Kilpatrick","year":"2007"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2019.08.035_bib0025","series-title":"2013 Human Development Report: the rise of the South: human progress in a diverse world","year":"2013"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2019.08.035_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1053\/j.semperi.2011.09.002","article-title":"Overview of maternal mortality in the United States","volume":"36","author":"Callaghan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Semin Perinatol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2019.08.035_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000001556","article-title":"Is the United States maternal mortality rate increasing: Disentangling trends from measurement issues","volume":"128","author":"MacDorman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2019.08.035_bib0028","unstructured":"CDC, National Center for Health Statistics. Underlying cause of death; 1999\u20122017. http:\/\/wonder.cdc.gov\/ucd-icd10.html. Accessed February 21, 2019."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2019.08.035_bib0029","series-title":"Measuring key disparities in human development: the Gender Inequality Index. UN Development Programme: human Development Reports Research Paper","author":"Gaye","year":"2010"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2019.08.035_bib0030","first-page":"1","article-title":"Births: final data for 2012","volume":"62","author":"Martin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Natl Vital Stat Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2019.08.035_bib0031","series-title":"Fact sheet: women in state legislatures 2012","year":"2012"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2019.08.035_bib0032","series-title":"American community survey: American fact-finder; 2010\u20122012","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2019.08.035_bib0033","series-title":"Applied Multiple Regression\/Correlation Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences","author":"Cohen","year":"2003"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2019.08.035_bib0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2016.03.040","article-title":"Intimate partner violence against women and the Nordic paradox","volume":"157","author":"Gracia","year":"2016","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2019.08.035_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1037\/1076-8971.5.3.630","article-title":"The sexual harassment of men: evidence for a broader theory of sexual harassment and sex discrimination","volume":"5","author":"Stockdale","year":"1999","journal-title":"Psychol Public Policy Law"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2019.08.035_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1177\/0003122412451728","article-title":"Sexual harassment, workplace authority, and the paradox of power","volume":"77","author":"McLaughlin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am Sociol Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2019.08.035_bib0037","series-title":"STOP SV: a Technical Package to Prevent Sexual Violence","author":"Basile","year":"2016"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2019.08.035_bib0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1016\/S1054-139X(97)00257-7","article-title":"Experience of violence among teenage mothers in Alaska","volume":"22","author":"Gessner","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Adolesc Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2019.08.035_bib0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.156.4.325","article-title":"Prevalence and patterns of intimate partner violence among adolescent mothers during the postpartum period","volume":"156","author":"Harrykissoon","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2019.08.035_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1016\/1054-139X(92)90008-Y","article-title":"Prevalence of physical and sexual assault in pregnant adolescents","volume":"13","author":"Berenson","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Adolesc Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2019.08.035_bib0041","first-page":"323","article-title":"Abuse during pregnancy: effects on maternal complications and birth weight in adult and teenage women","volume":"84","author":"Parker","year":"1994","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2019.08.035_bib0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e220","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.114.2.e220","article-title":"Dating violence and associated sexual risk and pregnancy among adolescent girls in the United States","volume":"114","author":"Silverman","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"1 suppl","key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2019.08.035_bib0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2014.08.012","article-title":"Addressing intimate partner violence and sexual violence among adolescents: emerging evidence of effectiveness","volume":"56","author":"Lundgren","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Adolesc Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2019.08.035_bib0044","series-title":"Human Development Report 1995","year":"1995"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2019.08.035_bib0045","series-title":"Sexual Violence","first-page":"161","article-title":"Community-level approaches to prevent sexual violence","author":"DeGue","year":"2016"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2019.08.035_bib0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2009.185652","article-title":"A framework for public health action: the health impact pyramid","volume":"100","author":"Frieden","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Preventive Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0749379719304167?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0749379719304167?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T07:51:39Z","timestamp":1760082699000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0749379719304167"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,1]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,1]]}},"alternative-id":["S0749379719304167"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.amepre.2019.08.035","relation":{},"ISSN":["0749-3797"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0749-3797","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"The Association Between Gender Inequality and Sexual Violence in the U.S.","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"American Journal of Preventive Medicine","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.amepre.2019.08.035","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Published by Elsevier Inc. on behalf of American Journal of Preventive Medicine.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}