{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T06:07:08Z","timestamp":1777874828679,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["airmedicaljournal.com","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Air Medical Journal"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.amj.2026.01.002","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]],"date-time":"2026-02-04T12:13:35Z","timestamp":1770207215000},"page":"266-271","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Seizure Management in Adult Patients During Air Medical Transport"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"45","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-7159-1225","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brandi L.","family":"Thompson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Lauria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Derek","family":"Grassley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Darren","family":"Braude","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert L.","family":"Alunday","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.amj.2026.01.002_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1512","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.17982","article-title":"Clinical practice guidelines on the management of status epilepticus in adults: a systematic review","volume":"65","author":"Vignatelli","year":"2024","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amj.2026.01.002_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2019.10.003","article-title":"What is status epilepticus and what do we know about its epidemiology?","volume":"75","author":"Shorvon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Seizure"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amj.2026.01.002_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2718","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000201319","article-title":"Interfacility transfers for seizure-related emergencies in the United States","volume":"99","author":"Acton","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amj.2026.01.002_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amj.2019.07.016","article-title":"Convulsion treated by a physician-staffed helicopter","volume":"38","author":"Muramatsu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Air Med J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amj.2026.01.002_bib0005","unstructured":"Epilepsy Foundation. Status epilepticus. Available at: https:\/\/www.epilepsy.com\/complications-risks\/emergencies\/status-epilepticus. Accessed May 22, 2025."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amj.2026.01.002_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1535-7597.2004.04110.x","article-title":"Mortality associated with status epilepticus","volume":"4","author":"Boggs","year":"2004","journal-title":"Epilepsy Curr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amj.2026.01.002_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.emc.2010.08.001","article-title":"Pathophysiology and definitions of seizures and status epilepticus","volume":"29","author":"Huff","year":"2011","journal-title":"Emerg Med Clin North Am"},{"issue":"9-10","key":"10.1016\/j.amj.2026.01.002_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.17795\/semj27412","article-title":"The causes of secondary epilepsy in epileptic patients referred to neurology clinics of Mashhad hospitals","volume":"16","author":"Ghazi Hosseini","year":"2015","journal-title":"Shiraz E-Med J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amj.2026.01.002_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1007\/s40263-022-00940-2","article-title":"Benzodiazepines in the management of seizures and status epilepticus: a review of routes of delivery, pharmacokinetics, efficacy, and tolerability","volume":"36","author":"Kienitz","year":"2022","journal-title":"CNS Drugs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amj.2026.01.002_bib0010","unstructured":"Kronfeld K, Lau W, Darsie M, eds. The Pocket Guide to Neurocritical Care. Chicago, IL: The Neurocritical Care Society; 2022."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amj.2026.01.002_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2015.0188","article-title":"Trends in status epilepticus-related hospitalizations and mortality: redefined in US practice over time","volume":"72","author":"Betjemann","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amj.2026.01.002_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e259","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2023.05.012","article-title":"Nonconvulsive status epilepticus: a review for emergency clinicians","volume":"65","author":"Long","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Emerg Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amj.2026.01.002_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.5811\/westjem.2016.12.32066","article-title":"Prehospital care for the adult and pediatric seizure patient: current evidence-based recommendations","volume":"18","author":"Silverman","year":"2017","journal-title":"West J Emerg Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amj.2026.01.002_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1007\/s11910-022-01243-1","article-title":"Rapid response EEG: current state and future directions","volume":"22","author":"Davey","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amj.2026.01.002_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2018.03.006","article-title":"Pre-hospital ambulance care of patients following a suspected seizure: a cross sectional study","volume":"57","author":"Dickson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Seizure"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amj.2026.01.002_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1515","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.13121","article-title":"A definition and classification of status epilepticus\u2013report of the ILAE Task Force on classification of status epilepticus","volume":"56","author":"Trinka","year":"2015","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amj.2026.01.002_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2016.12.044","article-title":"Pathophysiology of status epilepticus","volume":"667","author":"Walker","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amj.2026.01.002_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.5698\/1535-7597-16.1.48","article-title":"Evidence-based guideline: treatment of convulsive status epilepticus in children and adults: report of the guideline committee of the American Epilepsy Society","volume":"16","author":"Glauser","year":"2016","journal-title":"Epilepsy Curr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amj.2026.01.002_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/s12028-012-9695-z","article-title":"Guidelines for the evaluation and management of status epilepticus","volume":"17","author":"Brophy","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurocrit Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amj.2026.01.002_bib0020","unstructured":"American College of Chest Physicians. Seizures and status epilepticus\u2014infographics. Available at:https:\/\/www.chestnet.org\/guidelines-and-topic-collections\/topic-collections\/infographics\/seizures-and-status-epilepticus#:\u223c:text=Published%20April%206%2C%202022,More. Accessed June 10, 2025."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amj.2026.01.002_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2004.03.009","article-title":"Risk of aspiration pneumonia after an epileptic seizure: a retrospective analysis of 1634 adult patients","volume":"5","author":"DeToledo","year":"2004","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amj.2026.01.002_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm5090074","article-title":"Adult status epilepticus: a review of the prehospital and emergency department management","volume":"5","author":"Billington","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"issue":"suppl 8","key":"10.1016\/j.amj.2026.01.002_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2011.03235.x","article-title":"RAMPART (Rapid Anticonvulsant Medication Prior to Arrival Trial): a double-blind randomized clinical trial of the efficacy of intramuscular midazolam versus intravenous lorazepam in the prehospital treatment of status epilepticus by paramedics","volume":"52","author":"Silbergleit","year":"2011","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amj.2026.01.002_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2023.07.022","article-title":"Early and established status epilepticus: the impact of timing of intervention, treatment escalation and dosing on outcome","volume":"111","author":"Jindal","year":"2023","journal-title":"Seizure"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amj.2026.01.002_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.25416","article-title":"Factors predicting cessation of status epilepticus in clinical practice: data from a prospective observational registry (SENSE)","volume":"85","author":"Kellinghaus","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amj.2026.01.002_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2103","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1905795","article-title":"Randomized trial of three anticonvulsant medications for status epilepticus","volume":"381","author":"Kapur","year":"2019","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amj.2026.01.002_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2888","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.18079","article-title":"Efficiency and safety of high-dose undiluted intravenous push levetiracetam loading doses compared to intravenous infusion in seizing patients: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"65","author":"Koons","year":"2024","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amj.2026.01.002_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2020.107286","article-title":"Levetiracetam vs. phenytoin as 2nd-line treatment for status epilepticus: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"111","author":"DeMott","year":"2020","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amj.2026.01.002_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.3988\/jcn.2022.0302","article-title":"Prehospital levetiracetam use in adults with status epilepticus: results of a multicenter registry","volume":"19","author":"Burghaus","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Clin Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amj.2026.01.002_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa002141","article-title":"A comparison of lorazepam, diazepam, and placebo for the treatment of out-of-hospital status epilepticus","volume":"345","author":"Alldredge","year":"2001","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amj.2026.01.002_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-023-07263-w","article-title":"Status epilepticus in the ICU","volume":"50","author":"Rossetti","year":"2024","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amj.2026.01.002_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1111\/ane.12605","article-title":"Refractory and super-refractory status epilepticus in adults: a 9-year cohort study","volume":"135","author":"Delaj","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Scand"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amj.2026.01.002_bib0033","unstructured":"Swor DE, Waybright RA. Emergency Neurological Life Support\u00ae status epilepticus protocol version 6.0. Available at: https:\/\/www.neurocriticalcare.org\/Portals\/0\/ENLS%205.0\/ENLS%206.0\/Protocol%20V6_0%20Status%20Epilepticus.pdf?ver=2beXp_6hIhevmW_aQFedPA%3d%3d. Accessed September 3, 2025."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amj.2026.01.002_bib0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-006-0154-1","article-title":"Propofol in the treatment of refractory status epilepticus","volume":"32","author":"Parviainen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amj.2026.01.002_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1007\/s100720200058","article-title":"Continuous infusion of midazolam in the treatment of refractory generalized convulsive status epilepticus","volume":"23","author":"Ulvi","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neurol Sci"},{"issue":"suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.amj.2026.01.002_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1111\/anae.15606","article-title":"Management of status epilepticus: a narrative review","volume":"77","author":"Migdady","year":"2022","journal-title":"Anaesthesia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amj.2026.01.002_bib0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2802","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awr215","article-title":"The treatment of super-refractory status epilepticus: a critical review of available therapies and a clinical treatment protocol","volume":"134","author":"Shorvon","year":"2011","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amj.2026.01.002_bib0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2020.12.014","article-title":"Recognition and treatment of status epilepticus in the prehospital setting","volume":"86","author":"Maier","year":"2021","journal-title":"Seizure"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amj.2026.01.002_bib0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2017.12.007","article-title":"The essence of the first 2.5 h in the treatment of generalized convulsive status epilepticus","volume":"55","author":"K\u00e4mppi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Seizure"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amj.2026.01.002_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"936","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13040936","article-title":"The role of early intubation in status epilepticus with out-of-hospital onset: a large prospective observational study","volume":"13","author":"Turcato","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amj.2026.01.002_bib0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1007\/s12028-014-0106-5","article-title":"Endotracheal intubation in patients treated for prehospital status epilepticus","volume":"23","author":"Vohra","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurocrit Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amj.2026.01.002_bib0042","article-title":"Evaluating the feasibility of prehospital point-of-care EEG: the prehospital implementation of rapid EEG (PHIRE) study","volume":"5","author":"Guterman","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Am Coll Emerg Physicians Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amj.2026.01.002_bib0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amj.2023.09.011","article-title":"Ketamine efficacy for management of status epilepticus: considerations for prehospital clinicians","volume":"43","author":"Williams","year":"2024","journal-title":"Air Med J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amj.2026.01.002_bib0044","unstructured":"Kapur J. Ketamine add-on therapy for established status epilepticus treatment trial (KESETT). ClinicalTrials.gov. Available at: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT06907173. Accessed August 12, 2025."}],"container-title":["Air Medical Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1067991X2600009X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1067991X2600009X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T20:24:45Z","timestamp":1777580685000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1067991X2600009X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]}},"alternative-id":["S1067991X2600009X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.amj.2026.01.002","relation":{},"ISSN":["1067-991X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1067-991X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Seizure Management in Adult Patients During Air Medical Transport","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Air Medical Journal","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.amj.2026.01.002","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Air Medical Journal Associates. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}