{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]],"date-time":"2026-06-22T12:49:58Z","timestamp":1782132598790,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["airmedicaljournal.com","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Air Medical Journal"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.amj.2026.04.003","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T11:21:09Z","timestamp":1777980069000},"page":"370-374","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Helicopter Emergency Medical Services in Nepal: Current Challenges and Pathways to Improvement"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"45","author":[{"given":"Callum","family":"Bayliss","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9100-7096","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sameep","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pritina","family":"Nakarmi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-5865-7422","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mirab","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Summer Jung","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raju Rana","family":"Magar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Surendra","family":"Poudel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nishant","family":"Dhakal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shruti","family":"Thapa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rupesh","family":"Yadav","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6560-1320","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sanjaya","family":"Karki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.amj.2026.04.003_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amj.2021.09.009","article-title":"System of helicopter emergency medical services in Nepal: a study at Nepal Mediciti Hospital","volume":"41","author":"Karki","year":"2022","journal-title":"Air Med J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amj.2026.04.003_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1186\/s12245-016-0115-6","article-title":"Cartin-Ceba R. A retrospective comparison of helicopter transport versus ground transport in patients with severe sepsis and septic shock","volume":"9","author":"Kashyap","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Emerg Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amj.2026.04.003_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amj.2023.12.006","article-title":"The estimated cost-effectiveness of physician-staffed helicopter emergency medical services compared to ground-based emergency medical services in Finland","volume":"43","author":"Ackermann","year":"2024","journal-title":"Air Med J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amj.2026.04.003_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.3109\/10903127.2011.569849","article-title":"Reduced mortality in injured adults transported by helicopter emergency medical services","volume":"15","author":"Sullivent","year":"2011","journal-title":"Prehosp Emerg Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amj.2026.04.003_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amj.2021.04.005","article-title":"Helicopter emergency medical services during coronavirus disease 2019 in Nepal","volume":"40","author":"Karki","year":"2021","journal-title":"Air Med J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amj.2026.04.003_bib0006","first-page":"16","article-title":"Helicopter rescue in Nepalese jungle","volume":"10","author":"Karki","year":"2017","journal-title":"JEMS"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amj.2026.04.003_bib0007","unstructured":"Nepal Helicopter Service. Helicopter charter costs in Nepal. Available at: https:\/\/www.nepalhelicopters.com\/blog\/helicopter-charter-costs-in-nepal\/. Accessed July 10, 2025."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amj.2026.04.003_bib0008","unstructured":"National Statistics Office. NSO estimates Nepal\u2019s per capita income at US$1,456. My Republica. Available at: https:\/\/myrepublica.nagariknetwork.com\/news\/nso-estimates-nepal-s-per-capita-income-at-us-1-456\/. Accessed July 10, 2025."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amj.2026.04.003_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wem.2014.04.006","article-title":"Implementing an emergency medical services system in Kathmandu, Nepal: a model for \u201cWhite Coat Diplomacy","volume":"25","author":"Walker","year":"2014","journal-title":"Wilderness Environ Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amj.2026.04.003_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2024.01.026","article-title":"Reducing maternal mortality in low- and middle-income countries: the Nepalese approach of helicopter retrieval","volume":"230","author":"Sharma","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amj.2026.04.003_bib0011","unstructured":"The University of Newcastle (Australia). Researchers\u2019 pioneering helicopter retrieval service saving women\u2019s lives in Nepal. Newsroom. Available at:https:\/\/www.newcastle.edu.au\/newsroom\/featured\/researchers-pioneering-helicopter-retrieval-service-saving-womens-lives-in-nepal. Accessed August 22, 2025."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amj.2026.04.003_bib0012","unstructured":"Nepal Aid. Nepal Aid: your experiences for a Himalayan future. Available at: https:\/\/www.nepalaid.de\/. Accessed March 9, 2026."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amj.2026.04.003_bib0013","unstructured":"Prasain S. Nepal adds six new 8000ers, raising its official tally to 14. Kathmandu Post. Published February 1, 2025.Available at :https:\/\/kathmandupost.com\/money\/2025\/02\/01\/nepal-adds-six-new-8000ers-raising-its-official-tally-to-14.Accessed April 30, 2026"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amj.2026.04.003_bib0014","author":"Huber"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amj.2026.04.003_bib0015","unstructured":"Civil Aviation Authority of Nepal. Accident records of Nepalese registered helicopters. Available at: https:\/\/caanepal.gov.np\/safety\/safety-management-division\/accidentsincidents. Accessed July 4, 2024."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amj.2026.04.003_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1186\/s13049-021-00898-y","article-title":"Incidence and challenges of helicopter emergency medical service (HEMS) rescue missions with helicopter hoist operations: analysis of 11,228 daytime and nighttime missions in Switzerland","volume":"29","author":"Pietsch","year":"2021","journal-title":"Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amj.2026.04.003_bib0017","unstructured":"Nepal Trekking in Himalaya. List of helicopter company in Nepal. Available at: https:\/\/www.nepaltrekkinginhimalaya.com\/pages\/list-of-helicopter-company-in-nepal. Accessed July 13, 2025."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amj.2026.04.003_bib0018","unstructured":"Intercollegiate Board for Training in Pre-Hospital Emergency Medicine (IBTPHEM). Subspecialty training in pre-hospital emergency medicine: curriculum, syllabus and assessment system. 3rd ed. Available at: https:\/\/www.ibtphem.org.uk\/media\/1222\/2022-phem-curriculum-syllabus-and-assessment-system.pdf. Accessed July 13, 2025."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amj.2026.04.003_bib0019","unstructured":"Auerbach PS. The Nepal Ambulance Service. BMJ Blogs. Available at: https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/2015\/05\/08\/paul-auerbach-the-nepal-ambulance-service\/. Accessed July 7, 2025."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amj.2026.04.003_bib0020","unstructured":"Public Health Update. Guideline for integrated ambulance and pre-hospital service operation 2077. Available at: https:\/\/publichealthupdate.com\/guideline-for-integrated-ambulance-and-pre-hospital-service-operation-2077\/. Accessed March 9, 2026."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amj.2026.04.003_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2019.10.007","article-title":"Circadian profile of an emergency medicine department: scheduling practices and their effects on sleep and performance","volume":"58","author":"Harrison","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Emerg Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amj.2026.04.003_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1136\/emermed-2019-209211","article-title":"Effects of sleepiness on clinical decision making among paramedic students: a simulated night shift study","volume":"39","author":"Bartlett","year":"2022","journal-title":"Emerg Med J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amj.2026.04.003_bib0023","unstructured":"Civil Aviation Authority of Nepal. Monsoon Circular 2024: helicopter flight crew requirements during monsoon season. Available at: https:\/\/caanepal.gov.np\/storage\/app\/media\/anssd%20document\/ansss%20dept%202024\/Monsoon%20Circular%202024-2.pdf. Accessed July 10, 2025."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amj.2026.04.003_bib0024","unstructured":"Onlinekhabar. Impossible to have 2 pilots on single-engine helicopters, operators tell CAAN. Available at: https:\/\/english.onlinekhabar.com\/two-pilots-on-single-engine-helicopters.htm. Accessed March 10, 2026."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amj.2026.04.003_bib0025","unstructured":"Civil Aviation Authority of Nepal. List of schools validated by Civil Aviation Authority of Nepal for pilot training. Available at:https:\/\/flightsafety.caanepal.gov.np\/storage\/app\/media\/Personnel%20Licensing%20Requirements\/APPROVED%20SCHOOL%20-%20Updated.pdf. Accessed March 10, 2026."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amj.2026.04.003_bib0026","series-title":"Personnel Licensing Requirements","year":"2022"}],"container-title":["Air Medical Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1067991X2600146X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1067991X2600146X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]],"date-time":"2026-06-22T12:07:58Z","timestamp":1782130078000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1067991X2600146X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]}},"alternative-id":["S1067991X2600146X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.amj.2026.04.003","relation":{},"ISSN":["1067-991X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1067-991X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Helicopter Emergency Medical Services in Nepal: Current Challenges and Pathways to Improvement","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Air Medical Journal","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.amj.2026.04.003","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Air Medical Journal Associates. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}