{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T00:02:50Z","timestamp":1769126570372,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,1]],"date-time":"2009-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1238544000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["The American Journal of Cardiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,4]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2009.01.003","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,3,6]],"date-time":"2009-03-06T09:48:38Z","timestamp":1236332918000},"page":"1107-1112","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["Combination Antiplatelet Therapy for Secondary Stroke Prevention: Enhanced Efficacy or Double Trouble?"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"103","author":[{"given":"M. Haris U.","family":"Usman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lawrence A.","family":"Notaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rangadham","family":"Nagarakanti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eric","family":"Brahin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Scott","family":"Dessain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Edward","family":"Gracely","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael D.","family":"Ezekowitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2009.01.003_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.89.1.432","article-title":"History of drugs for thrombotic disease","volume":"89","author":"Mueller","year":"1994","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2009.01.003_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.308.6921.81","article-title":"Collaborative overview of randomized trials of antiplatelet therapy, I: prevention of death, myocardial infarction, and stroke by prolonged antiplatelet therapy in various categories of patients","volume":"308","year":"1994","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2009.01.003_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630S","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.08-0720","article-title":"Antithrombotic and thrombolytic therapy for ischemic stroke: American College of Chest Physicians evidence-based clinical practice guidelines (8th edition)","volume":"133","author":"Albers","year":"2008","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2009.01.003_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.612812","article-title":"Adverse impact of bleeding on prognosis in patients with acute coronary syndromes","volume":"114","author":"Eikelboom","year":"2006","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2009.01.003_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2796.1999.00516.x","article-title":"Bleeding complications in secondary stroke prevention by antiplatelet therapy: a benefit-risk analysis","volume":"246","author":"Boysen","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2009.01.003_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.10451","article-title":"Risk of bleeding complications with antiplatelet agents: meta-analysis of 338,191 patients enrolled in 50 randomized controlled trials","volume":"75","author":"Serebruany","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Hematol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2009.01.003_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2005.01.049","article-title":"Analysis of risk of bleeding complications after different doses of aspirin in 192,036 patients enrolled in 31 randomized controlled trials","volume":"95","author":"Serebruany","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2009.01.003_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1444","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa011258","article-title":"A comparison of warfarin and aspirin for the prevention of recurrent ischemic stroke","volume":"345","author":"Mohr","year":"2001","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2009.01.003_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1345","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(91)92233-R","article-title":"Swedish Aspirin Low-Dose Trial (SALT) of 75 mg aspirin as secondary prophylaxis after cerebrovascular ischaemic events","volume":"338","year":"1991","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2009.01.003_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1903","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)68845-4","article-title":"Clopidogrel plus aspirin versus oral anticoagulation for atrial fibrillation in the Atrial Fibrillation Clopidogrel Trial With Irbesartan for Prevention of Vascular Events (ACTIVE W): a randomised controlled trial","volume":"367","author":"Connolly","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2009.01.003_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1329","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(96)09457-3","article-title":"A randomised, blinded, trial of Clopidogrel Versus Aspirin in Patients at Risk of Ischaemic Events (CAPRIE)","volume":"348","year":"1996","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2009.01.003_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1305","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa043033","article-title":"Comparison of warfarin and aspirin for symptomatic intracranial arterial stenosis","volume":"352","author":"Chimowitz","year":"2005","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2009.01.003_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)16721-4","article-title":"Aspirin and clopidogrel compared with clopidogrel alone after recent ischaemic stroke or transient ischaemic attack in high-risk patients (MATCH): randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"364","author":"Diener","year":"2004","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2009.01.003_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1044","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.54.12.1044","article-title":"The United Kingdom Transient Ischaemic Attack (UK-TIA) aspirin trial: final results","volume":"54","author":"Farrell","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2009.01.003_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1706","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa060989","article-title":"Clopidogrel and aspirin versus aspirin alone for the prevention of atherothrombotic events","volume":"354","author":"Bhatt","year":"2006","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2009.01.003_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-510X(96)00308-5","article-title":"European Stroke Prevention Study","volume":"143","author":"Diener","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2009.01.003_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1261","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199110313251801","article-title":"A comparison of two doses of aspirin (30 mg vs. 283 mg a day) in patients after a transient ischemic attack or minor ischemic stroke","volume":"325","year":"1991","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2009.01.003_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(06)70685-8","article-title":"Medium intensity oral anticoagulants versus aspirin after cerebral ischaemia of arterial origin (ESPRIT): a randomised controlled trial","volume":"6","author":"Halkes","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2009.01.003_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1665","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)68734-5","article-title":"Aspirin plus dipyridamole versus aspirin alone after cerebral ischaemia of arterial origin (ESPRIT): randomised controlled trial","volume":"367","author":"Halkes","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2009.01.003_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1238","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0805002","article-title":"Aspirin and extended-release dipyridamole versus clopidogrel for recurrent stroke","volume":"359","author":"Sacco","year":"2008","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2009.01.003_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.58.4.587","article-title":"Prediction of hemorrhagic transformation following acute stroke: role of diffusion- and perfusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"58","author":"Tong","year":"2001","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2009.01.003_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.0000204237.66466.5f","article-title":"Cerebral microhemorrhages predict new disabling or fatal strokes in patients with acute ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack","volume":"37","author":"Boulanger","year":"2006","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2009.01.003_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2005.11.013","article-title":"Aspirin to prevent heart attack and stroke: what's the right dose?","volume":"119","author":"Dalen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2009.01.003_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2018","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.297.18.2018","article-title":"Aspirin dose for the prevention of cardiovascular disease: a systematic review","volume":"297","author":"Campbell","year":"2007","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2009.01.003_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(81)91733-5","article-title":"Differential inhibition by low-dose aspirin of human venous prostacyclin synthesis and platelet thromboxane synthesis","volume":"1","author":"Hanley","year":"1981","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2009.01.003_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/0735-1097(94)90538-X","article-title":"Eicosanoid biosynthesis in patients with stable angina: beneficial effects of very low dose aspirin","volume":"24","author":"Montalescot","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2009.01.003_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00053030","article-title":"The case of low-dose aspirin for the prevention of myocardial infarction: but how low is low?","volume":"10","author":"Forster","year":"1997","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Drugs Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2009.01.003_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1667","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.100.15.1667","article-title":"Ticlopidine and clopidogrel","volume":"100","author":"Quinn","year":"1999","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2009.01.003_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(01)05701-4","article-title":"Effects of pretreatment with clopidogrel and aspirin followed by long-term therapy in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention: the PCI-CURE study","volume":"358","author":"Mehta","year":"2001","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2009.01.003_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa010746","article-title":"Effects of clopidogrel in addition to aspirin in patients with acute coronary syndromes without ST-segment elevation","volume":"345","author":"Yusuf","year":"2001","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2009.01.003_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.0000056527.34434.59","article-title":"Dipyridamole enhances NO\/cGMP-mediated vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein phosphorylation and signaling in human platelets: in vitro and in vivo\/ex vivo studies","volume":"34","author":"Aktas","year":"2003","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2009.01.003_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1283","DOI":"10.1345\/aph.10079","article-title":"Aggrenox: a fixed-dose combination of aspirin and dipyridamole","volume":"34","author":"Lenz","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ann Pharmacother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2009.01.003_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.1992.tb14517.x","article-title":"S-nitroso-glutathione inhibits platelet activation in vitro and in vivo","volume":"107","author":"Radomski","year":"1992","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2009.01.003_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1774","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI114081","article-title":"Nitric oxide\u2013generating vasodilators and 8-bromo-cyclic guanosine monophosphate inhibit mitogenesis and proliferation of cultured rat vascular smooth muscle cells","volume":"83","author":"Garg","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2009.01.003_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1682","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.94.7.1682","article-title":"Fluid flow inhibits endothelial adhesiveness","volume":"94","author":"Tsao","year":"1996","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2009.01.003_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1472-8206.2008.00582.x","article-title":"Bleeding risks of combination vs. single antiplatelet therapy: a meta-analysis of 18 randomized trials comprising 129,314 patients","volume":"22","author":"Serebruany","year":"2008","journal-title":"Fundam Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2009.01.003_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0735-1097(88)90158-1","article-title":"Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) trial\u2014phase I: hemorrhagic manifestations and changes in plasma fibrinogen and the fibrinolytic system in patients treated with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator and streptokinase","volume":"11","author":"Rao","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2009.01.003_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199309023291001","article-title":"An international randomized trial comparing four thrombolytic strategies for acute myocardial infarction","volume":"329","year":"1993","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2009.01.003_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2006.07.091","article-title":"Assessment of bleeding events in clinical trials\u2014proposal of a new classification","volume":"99","author":"Serebruany","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"}],"container-title":["The American Journal of Cardiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0002914909000332?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0002914909000332?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,21]],"date-time":"2018-12-21T07:22:37Z","timestamp":1545376957000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0002914909000332"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,4]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,4]]}},"alternative-id":["S0002914909000332"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.amjcard.2009.01.003","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9149"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9149","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,4]]}}}