{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,11]],"date-time":"2026-01-11T02:18:00Z","timestamp":1768097880867,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,1]],"date-time":"2020-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1604188800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,1]],"date-time":"2020-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1604188800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["ajconline.org","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The American Journal of Cardiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,11]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2020.08.024","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,27]],"date-time":"2020-08-27T11:12:34Z","timestamp":1598526754000},"page":"91-98","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Ajmaline Testing and the Brugada Syndrome"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"135","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1990-0490","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandro","family":"Rizzo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gianluca","family":"Borio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Juan","family":"Sieira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sonia","family":"Van Dooren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ingrid","family":"Overeinder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gezim","family":"Bala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9912-7121","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gudrun","family":"Pappaert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7794-6414","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Riccardo","family":"Maj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thiago Guimar\u00e3es","family":"Os\u00f3rio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Muryo","family":"Terasawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2407-3138","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessio","family":"Galli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Federico","family":"Cecchini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vincenzo","family":"Miraglia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9094-2576","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erwin","family":"Str\u00f6ker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marc","family":"La Meir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pedro","family":"Brugada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gian-Battista","family":"Chierchia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9351-0760","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlo","family":"de Asmundis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2020.08.024_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1391","DOI":"10.1016\/0735-1097(92)90253-J","article-title":"Right bundle branch block, persistent ST segment elevation and sudden cardiac death: a distinct clinical and electrocardiographic syndrome. A multicenter report","author":"Brugada","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2020.08.024_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2793","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehv316","article-title":"Task force for the management of patients with ventricular arrhythmias and the prevention of sudden cardiac death of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC): endorsed by: Association for European Paediatric and Congenital Cardiology (AEPC)","volume":"36","author":"Priori","year":"2015","journal-title":"European Heart J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2020.08.024_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1389","DOI":"10.1093\/europace\/eut272","article-title":"Executive summary: HRS\/EHRA\/APHRS expert consensus statement on the diagnosis and management of patients with inherited primary arrhythmia syndromes","volume":"15","author":"Priori","year":"2013","journal-title":"Europace"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2020.08.024_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2007.07.159","article-title":"Prevalence and significance of Brugada-type ECG in 12,012 apparently healthy European subjects","volume":"130","author":"Gallagher","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2020.08.024_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1576","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2010.06.033","article-title":"Augmented ST segment elevation during recovery from exercise predicts cardiac events in patients with Brugada syndrome","volume":"56","author":"Makimoto","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2020.08.024_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cardiores.2005.03.024","article-title":"Brugada syndrome and fever: genetic and molecular characterization of patients carrying SCN5A mutations","volume":"67","author":"Keller","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2020.08.024_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000152479.54298.51","article-title":"Brugada syndrome: 1 report of the second consensus conference: endorsed by the Heart Rhythm Society and the European Heart Rhythm Association","volume":"111","author":"Antzelevitch","year":"2005","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2020.08.024_bib0008","first-page":"27","article-title":"Effect of ajmaline on transient outward current in rat ventricular myocytes","volume":"24","author":"B\u00e9barov\u00e1","year":"2005","journal-title":"Gen Physiol Biophys"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2020.08.024_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.887026","article-title":"Long-term prognosis of patients diagnosed with Brugada syndrome: results from the FINGER Brugada syndrome registry","volume":"121","author":"Probst","year":"2010","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2020.08.024_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2011.08.064","article-title":"Risk stratification in Brugada syndrome: results of the PRELUDE (PRogrammed ELectrical stimUlation preDictive valuE) registry","volume":"59","author":"Priori","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2020.08.024_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2015.03.044","article-title":"Meta-analysis on risk stratification of asymptomatic individuals with the Brugada phenotype","volume":"116","author":"Letsas","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2020.08.024_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1427","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2017.04.044","article-title":"Long-term prognosis of drug-induced Brugada syndrome","volume":"14","author":"Sieira","year":"2017","journal-title":"Heart Rhythm"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2020.08.024_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelectrocard.2012.06.004","article-title":"Current electrocardiographic criteria for diagnosis of Brugada pattern: a consensus report","volume":"45","author":"Bay\u00e9s de Luna","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Electrocardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2020.08.024_bib0014","first-page":"1400","article-title":"Yield and pitfalls of ajmaline testing in the evaluation of unexplained cardiac arrest and sudden unexplained death: single-center experience with 482 families","volume":"3","author":"Tadros","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2020.08.024_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1756","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehx119","article-title":"A score model to predict risk of events in patients with Brugada syndrome","volume":"38","author":"Sieira","year":"2017","journal-title":"European Heart J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2020.08.024_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1595","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2015.04.017","article-title":"Everybody has Brugada syndrome until proven otherwise?","volume":"12","author":"Viskin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Heart Rhythm"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2020.08.024_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1584","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2015.03.015","article-title":"High prevalence of concealed Brugada syndrome in patients with atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia","volume":"12","author":"Hasdemir","year":"2015","journal-title":"Heart Rhythm"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2020.08.024_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-8167.2006.00531.x","article-title":"Diagnostic value of flecainide testing in unmasking SCN5A-related Brugada syndrome","volume":"17","author":"Meregalli","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2020.08.024_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1721","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2014.07.011","article-title":"Prevalence of type 1 Brugada ECG pattern after administration of Class 1C drugs in patients with type 1 myotonic dystrophy: Myotonic dystrophy as a part of the Brugada syndrome","volume":"11","author":"Maury","year":"2014","journal-title":"Heart Rhythm"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2020.08.024_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2003.04.032","article-title":"Results of ajmaline testing in patients with arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasiacardiomyopathy","volume":"95","author":"Peters","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2020.08.024_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1046","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2018.06.037","article-title":"Present status of Brugada syndrome","volume":"72","author":"Brugada","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2020.08.024_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"896","DOI":"10.1253\/circj.70.896","article-title":"Bradycardia-dependent ECG changes in Brugada syndrome","volume":"70","author":"Mizumaki","year":"2006","journal-title":"Circ J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2020.08.024_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCEP.109.862441","article-title":"Exercise-induced ECG changes in Brugada syndrome","volume":"2","author":"Amin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2020.08.024_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joa.2016.07.002","article-title":"J-Wave syndromes expert consensus conference report: emerging concepts and gaps in knowledge","volume":"32","author":"Antzelevitch","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Arrhythm"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2020.08.024_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1584","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2015.03.015","article-title":"High prevalence of concealed Brugada syndrome in patients with atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia","volume":"12","author":"Hasdemir","year":"2015","journal-title":"Heart Rhythm"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2020.08.024_bib0026","first-page":"086","article-title":"Brugada syndrome in a young patient with type 1 myotonic dystrophy requiring an implantable cardioverter defibrillator for primary prevention: a case report","volume":"3","author":"Korantzopoulos","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur Heart J Case Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2020.08.024_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCEP.115.003631","article-title":"Relationship between arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy and Brugada syndrome: new insights from molecular biology and clinical implications","volume":"9","author":"Corrado","year":"2016","journal-title":"Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2020.08.024_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2016.06.105","article-title":"Early and late manifestation of Brugada syndrome ECG in arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy","volume":"220","author":"Peters","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2020.08.024_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCEP.116.004195","article-title":"Management of Brugada syndrome 2016: should all high risk patients receive an ICD? All high-risk patients should receive an implantable cardiac defibrillator","volume":"9","author":"Sieira","year":"2016","journal-title":"Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2020.08.024_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1883","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehy037","article-title":"2018 ESC guidelines for the diagnosis and management of syncope","volume":"39","author":"Brignole","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2020.08.024_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2007.10.062","article-title":"Atrial fibrillation and Brugada syndrome","volume":"51","author":"Francis","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2020.08.024_bib0032","first-page":"59","article-title":"Abnormally high risk of stroke in Brugada syndrome","volume":"2","author":"de Asmundis","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2020.08.024_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2008.10.001","article-title":"Risks and challenges of implantable cardioverter-defibrillators in young adults","volume":"51","author":"Sherrid","year":"2008","journal-title":"Prog Cardiovasc Dis"}],"container-title":["The American Journal of Cardiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S000291492030881X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S000291492030881X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,11]],"date-time":"2025-09-11T06:36:26Z","timestamp":1757572586000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S000291492030881X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,11]]},"references-count":33,"alternative-id":["S000291492030881X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.amjcard.2020.08.024","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9149"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9149","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Ajmaline Testing and the Brugada Syndrome","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"The American Journal of Cardiology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.amjcard.2020.08.024","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}