{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T01:48:07Z","timestamp":1789177687968,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,1]],"date-time":"2020-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1606780800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,1]],"date-time":"2020-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1606780800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,15]],"date-time":"2020-09-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1600128000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014576","name":"Office of the President, University of California","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014576","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["ajconline.org","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The American Journal of Cardiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2020.09.012","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,15]],"date-time":"2020-09-15T22:01:11Z","timestamp":1600207271000},"page":"149-155","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":153,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Relation of Statin Use Prior to Admission to Severity and Recovery Among COVID-19 Inpatients"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"136","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4841-9922","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lori B.","family":"Daniels","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amy M.","family":"Sitapati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1578-3760","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jing","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4749-105X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jingjing","family":"Zou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Quan M.","family":"Bui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junting","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4908-6856","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christopher A.","family":"Longhurst","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael H.","family":"Criqui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karen","family":"Messer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2020.09.012_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-020-05991-x","article-title":"Clinical predictors of mortality due to COVID-19 based on an analysis of data of 150 patients from Wuhan, China","volume":"46","author":"Ruan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2020.09.012_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2020.04.021","article-title":"Risk factors of critical & mortal COVID-19 cases: A systematic literature review and meta-analysis","volume":"81","author":"Zheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2020.09.012_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e21","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(20)30116-8","article-title":"Are patients with hypertension and diabetes mellitus at increased risk for COVID-19 infection?","volume":"8","author":"Fang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2020.09.012_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.02.052","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 Cell Entry Depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and Is Blocked by a Clinically Proven Protease Inhibitor","volume":"181","author":"Hoffmann","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2020.09.012_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1804","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehaa311","article-title":"Cell type-specific expression of the putative SARS-CoV-2 receptor ACE2 in human hearts","volume":"41","author":"Nicin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2020.09.012_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/path.2162","article-title":"The emerging role of ACE2 in physiology and disease","volume":"212","author":"Hamming","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2020.09.012_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2605","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.104.510461","article-title":"Effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition and angiotensin II receptor blockers on cardiac angiotensin-converting enzyme 2","volume":"111","author":"Ferrario","year":"2005","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2020.09.012_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1002\/ddr.21656","article-title":"Angiotensin receptor blockers as tentative SARS-CoV-2 therapeutics","volume":"81","author":"Gurwitz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Drug Dev Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2020.09.012_bib0009","article-title":"Association of use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers with testing positive for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)","volume":"May 5","author":"Mehta","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2020.09.012_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjcvp\/pvaa042","article-title":"Statin therapy in COVID-19 infection","volume":"6","author":"Castiglione","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Pharmacother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2020.09.012_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.5114\/aoms.2020.94655","article-title":"Statins and the COVID-19 main protease: in silico evidence on direct interaction","volume":"16","author":"Reiner","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arch Med Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2020.09.012_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1093\/jamia\/ocaa037","article-title":"Rapid response to COVID-19: health informatics support for outbreak management in an academic health system","volume":"27","author":"Reeves","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Am Med Inform Assoc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2020.09.012_bib0013","first-page":"245","volume":"xi","author":"Beyersmann","year":"2012"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2020.09.012_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2014.11.013","article-title":"Tissue specific up regulation of ACE2 in rabbit model of atherosclerosis by atorvastatin: role of epigenetic histone modifications","volume":"93","author":"Tikoo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biochem Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2020.09.012_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2014.02.091","article-title":"Atorvastatin attenuates myocardial remodeling induced by chronic intermittent hypoxia in rats: partly involvement of TLR-4\/MYD88 pathway","volume":"446","author":"Yuan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2020.09.012_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01120","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.01120-15","article-title":"Statins may decrease the fatality rate of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome infection","volume":"6","author":"Yuan","year":"2015","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2020.09.012_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1267","article-title":"A crucial role of angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) in SARS coronavirus-induced lung injury","volume":"11","author":"Kuba","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2020.09.012_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jir695","article-title":"Association between use of statins and mortality among patients hospitalized with laboratory-confirmed influenza virus infections: a multistate study","volume":"205","author":"Vandermeer","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2020.09.012_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e18120","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0018120","article-title":"Influenza Clinical Information N. Pre-admission statin use and in-hospital severity of 2009 pandemic influenza A(H1N1) disease","volume":"6","author":"Brett","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2020.09.012_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1006","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.06-1997","article-title":"Influenza and COPD mortality protection as pleiotropic, dose-dependent effects of statins","volume":"131","author":"Frost","year":"2007","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2020.09.012_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2018.11.003","article-title":"Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins) for the treatment of sepsis in adults - A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"25","author":"Pertzov","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2020.09.012_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0b013e3181d61eeb","article-title":"Negative controls: a tool for detecting confounding and bias in observational studies","volume":"21","author":"Lipsitch","year":"2010","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2020.09.012_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2441","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2008975","article-title":"Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitors and risk of covid-19","volume":"382","author":"Reynolds","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2020.09.012_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2431","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2006923","article-title":"Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system blockers and the risk of covid-19","volume":"382","author":"Mancia","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2020.09.012_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.120.15622","article-title":"Comparative impacts of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors versus angiotensin II receptor blockers on the risk of COVID-19 mortality","volume":"76","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2020.09.012_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2020.06.015","article-title":"In-hospital use of statins is associated with a reduced risk of mortality among individuals with COVID-19","volume":"32","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2020.09.012_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1001\/jamacardio.2020.1017","article-title":"Cardiovascular implications of fatal outcomes of patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)","volume":"5","author":"Guo","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2020.09.012_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.047659","article-title":"Obesity is a risk factor for severe COVID-19 infection: multiple potential mechanisms","volume":"142","author":"Sattar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2020.09.012_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-020-02902-w","article-title":"Clinical determinants for fatality of 44,672 patients with COVID-19","volume":"24","author":"Deng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2020.09.012_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R895","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00099.2018","article-title":"Nicotine and the renin-angiotensin system","volume":"315","author":"Oakes","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol"}],"container-title":["The American Journal of Cardiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0002914920309474?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0002914920309474?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,11]],"date-time":"2025-09-11T06:35:06Z","timestamp":1757572506000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0002914920309474"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]},"references-count":30,"alternative-id":["S0002914920309474"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.amjcard.2020.09.012","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9149"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9149","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Relation of Statin Use Prior to Admission to Severity and Recovery Among COVID-19 Inpatients","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"The American Journal of Cardiology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.amjcard.2020.09.012","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}