{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]],"date-time":"2026-04-08T14:45:49Z","timestamp":1775659549890,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000871","name":"Mayo Clinic","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["ajconline.org","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The American Journal of Cardiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2026.02.016","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T15:57:47Z","timestamp":1770739067000},"page":"77-85","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Managing Obesity in Heart Failure Patients: Current Evidence and Strategies"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"266","author":[{"given":"Shriya","family":"Sharma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ganesh","family":"Giri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-2502-6153","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aarti","family":"Desai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jose","family":"Ruiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Victoria","family":"Gomez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0921-1416","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rohan","family":"Goswami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2026.02.016_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1625","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.33338","article-title":"Circulating adipokine concentrations and risk of five obesity-related cancers: A Mendelian randomization study","volume":"148","author":"Dimou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2026.02.016_bib0002","unstructured":"WHO. WHO acceleration plan to stop obesity. Accessed 30 July 2024. https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9789240075634"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2026.02.016_bib0003","unstructured":"Federation WO. Economic impact of overweight and obesity to surpass $4 trillion by 2035. Accessed 29 July, 2024. https:\/\/www.worldobesity.org\/news\/economic-impact-of-overweight-and-obesity-to-surpass-4-trillion-by-2035"},{"issue":"25","key":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2026.02.016_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e102","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2007621","article-title":"Cardiovascular Disease, Drug Therapy, and Mortality in Covid-19","volume":"382","author":"Mehra","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2026.02.016_bib0005","first-page":"20","article-title":"COVID-19 pandemic: from origins to outcomes. A comprehensive review of viral pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnostic evaluation, and management","volume":"29","author":"Ochani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Infez Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2026.02.016_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.03.010","article-title":"2019 ACC\/AHA Guideline on the Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease: A Report of the American College of Cardiology\/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines","volume":"74","author":"Arnett","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2026.02.016_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1614362","article-title":"Health Effects of Overweight and Obesity in 195 Countries over 25 Years","volume":"377","author":"Afshin","year":"2017","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2026.02.016_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1412","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2023.07.006","article-title":"Heart Failure Epidemiology and Outcomes Statistics: A Report of the Heart Failure Society of America","volume":"29","author":"Bozkurt","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Card Fail"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2026.02.016_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa020245","article-title":"Obesity and the risk of heart failure","volume":"347","author":"Kenchaiah","year":"2002","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"21","key":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2026.02.016_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1925","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2008.12.068","article-title":"Obesity and cardiovascular disease: risk factor, paradox, and impact of weight loss","volume":"53","author":"Lavie","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2026.02.016_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1038\/ncpcardio1218","article-title":"Relationships between leptin and C-reactive protein with cardiovascular disease in the adult general population","volume":"5","author":"Romero-Corral","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat Clin Pract Cardiovasc Med"},{"issue":"15","key":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2026.02.016_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2008.05.060","article-title":"Leptin resistance: a possible interface of inflammation and metabolism in obesity-related cardiovascular disease","volume":"52","author":"Martin","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2026.02.016_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.121.023238","article-title":"Obesity, Galectin-3, and Incident Heart Failure: The ARIC Study","volume":"11","author":"Florido","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2026.02.016_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1007\/s11906-018-0899-2","article-title":"Obesity and Pulmonary Hypertension","volume":"20","author":"Ayinapudi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr Hypertens Rep"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2026.02.016_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2022.101519","article-title":"Body Mass Index, and the Risk of New-Onset Heart Failure: A Prospective Cohort Study in Northern China","volume":"48","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr Probl Cardiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2026.02.016_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"898","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.171016","volume":"113","author":"Poirier","year":"2006","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2026.02.016_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1689","DOI":"10.1042\/CS20170219","article-title":"Oxidative and inflammatory signals in obesity-associated vascular abnormalities","volume":"131","author":"Reho","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Sci (Lond)"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2026.02.016_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1725","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1987.00370100039008","article-title":"Overweight and sudden death. Increased ventricular ectopy in cardiopathy of obesity","volume":"147","author":"Messerli","year":"1987","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2026.02.016_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trsl.2014.04.010","article-title":"Obesity and heart failure: epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, and management","volume":"164","author":"Alpert","year":"2014","journal-title":"Transl Res"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2026.02.016_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.117.005897","article-title":"Dynamic Relation of Changes in Weight and Indices of Fat Distribution With Cardiac Structure and Function: The Dallas Heart Study","volume":"6","author":"Wilner","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc"},{"issue":"18","key":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2026.02.016_bib0021","first-page":"e895","article-title":"2022 AHA\/ACC\/HFSA Guideline for the Management of Heart Failure: A Report of the American College of Cardiology\/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines","volume":"145","author":"Heidenreich","year":"2022","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2026.02.016_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1218","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1008234","article-title":"Weight loss, exercise, or both and physical function in obese older adults","volume":"364","author":"Villareal","year":"2011","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2026.02.016_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/pzz127","article-title":"Physical Therapist Clinical Practice Guideline for the Management of Individuals With Heart Failure","volume":"100","author":"Shoemaker","year":"2020","journal-title":"Phys Ther"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2026.02.016_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1210","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000055013.92097.40","article-title":"Exercise and heart failure: A statement from the American Heart Association Committee on exercise, rehabilitation, and prevention","volume":"107","author":"Pi\u00f1a","year":"2003","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2026.02.016_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"830","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/77.8.830","article-title":"Inspiratory muscle training in patients with chronic heart failure awaiting cardiac transplantation: results of a pilot clinical trial","volume":"77","author":"Cahalin","year":"1997","journal-title":"Phys Ther"},{"issue":"6 Pt 1","key":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2026.02.016_bib0026","first-page":"1018","article-title":"Skeletal muscle strength in heart transplant recipients","volume":"12","author":"Braith","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Heart Lung Transplant"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2026.02.016_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199901283400404","article-title":"A controlled trial of exercise rehabilitation after heart transplantation","volume":"340","author":"Kobashigawa","year":"1999","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2026.02.016_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11112712","article-title":"Plant-Based Diets in the Reduction of Body Fat: Physiological Effects and Biochemical Insights","volume":"11","author":"Najjar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2026.02.016_bib0029","first-page":"423","article-title":"Early progressive mobilization of patients with left ventricular assist devices is safe and optimizes recovery before heart transplantation","volume":"15","author":"Morrone","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Heart Lung Transplant"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2026.02.016_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3433","DOI":"10.2147\/DMSO.S272802","article-title":"Effects of Plant-Based Diets on Weight Status: A Systematic Review","volume":"13","author":"Tran","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes"},{"issue":"20","key":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2026.02.016_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2000","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2023.19897","article-title":"Obesity Management in Adults: A Review","volume":"330","author":"Elmaleh-Sachs","year":"2023","journal-title":"Jama"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2026.02.016_bib0032","article-title":"Obesity and the Mediterranean Diet: A Review of Evidence of the Role and Sustainability of the Mediterranean Diet","volume":"11","author":"D'Innocenzo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2026.02.016_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1514009","article-title":"Mechanisms, Pathophysiology, and Management of Obesity","volume":"376","author":"Heymsfield","year":"2017","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2026.02.016_bib0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(22)00277-7","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of setmelanotide, a melanocortin-4 receptor agonist, in patients with Bardet-Biedl syndrome and Alstr\u00f6m syndrome: a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial with an open-label period","volume":"10","author":"Haqq","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2026.02.016_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2302392","article-title":"Daily Oral GLP-1 Receptor Agonist Orforglipron for Adults with Obesity","volume":"389","author":"Wharton","year":"2023","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2026.02.016_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1111\/ijcp.12771","article-title":"Weight management in obesity - past and present","volume":"70","author":"Haslam","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Clin Pract"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2026.02.016_bib0037","first-page":"821","article-title":"Tirzepatide Lowered Blood Pressure in People With Obesity","volume":"331","author":"Harris","year":"2024","journal-title":"Jama"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2026.02.016_bib0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2204601","article-title":"Once-Weekly Dulaglutide for the Treatment of Youths with Type 2 Diabetes","volume":"387","author":"Arslanian","year":"2022","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2026.02.016_bib0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2206038","article-title":"Tirzepatide Once Weekly for the Treatment of Obesity","volume":"387","author":"Jastreboff","year":"2022","journal-title":"New England Journal of Medicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2026.02.016_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2023.24945","article-title":"Continued Treatment With Tirzepatide for Maintenance of Weight Reduction in Adults With Obesity: The SURMOUNT-4 Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"331","author":"Aronne","year":"2024","journal-title":"Jama"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2026.02.016_bib0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2306963","article-title":"Semaglutide in Patients with Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction and Obesity","volume":"389","author":"Kosiborod","year":"2023","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"19","key":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2026.02.016_bib0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1834","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1607141","article-title":"Semaglutide and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes","volume":"375","author":"Marso","year":"2016","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2026.02.016_bib0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1411892","article-title":"Controlled Trial of 3.0 mg of Liraglutide in Weight Management","volume":"373","author":"Pi-Sunyer","year":"2015","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"11 Suppl 3","key":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2026.02.016_bib0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-1326.2009.01075.x","article-title":"The safety and efficacy of liraglutide with or without oral antidiabetic drug therapy in type 2 diabetes: an overview of the LEAD 1-5 studies","author":"Blonde","year":"2009","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes Metab"},{"issue":"9123","key":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2026.02.016_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(97)11509-4","article-title":"Randomised placebo-controlled trial of orlistat for weight loss and prevention of weight regain in obese patients. European Multicentre Orlistat Study Group","volume":"352","author":"Sj\u00f6str\u00f6m","year":"1998","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2026.02.016_bib0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra012586","article-title":"Obesity","volume":"346","author":"Yanovski","year":"2002","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2026.02.016_bib0047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1056\/EVIDoa2200014","article-title":"Phentermine\/Topiramate for the Treatment of Adolescent Obesity","volume":"1","author":"Kelly","year":"2022","journal-title":"NEJM Evid"},{"issue":"9774","key":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2026.02.016_bib0048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1341","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)60205-5","article-title":"Effects of low-dose, controlled-release, phentermine plus topiramate combination on weight and associated comorbidities in overweight and obese adults (CONQUER): a randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial","volume":"377","author":"Gadde","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2026.02.016_bib0049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1178","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0000000000000145","article-title":"Cardiovascular effects of phentermine and topiramate: a new drug combination for the treatment of obesity","volume":"32","author":"Jordan","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Hypertens"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2026.02.016_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.20309","article-title":"A randomized, phase 3 trial of naltrexone SR\/bupropion SR on weight and obesity-related risk factors (COR-II)","volume":"21","author":"Apovian","year":"2013","journal-title":"Obesity (Silver Spring)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2026.02.016_bib0051","unstructured":"Sherman MM, Ungureanu S, Rey JA. Naltrexone\/Bupropion ER (Contrave): Newly Approved Treatment Option for Chronic Weight Management in Obese Adults. P t. Mar 2016;41(3):164\u201372."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2026.02.016_bib0052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"960","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(20)30364-8","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of setmelanotide, an MC4R agonist, in individuals with severe obesity due to LEPR or POMC deficiency: single-arm, open-label, multicentre, phase 3 trials","volume":"8","author":"Cl\u00e9ment","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2026.02.016_bib0053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1512693","article-title":"Proopiomelanocortin Deficiency Treated with a Melanocortin-4 Receptor Agonist","volume":"375","author":"K\u00fchnen","year":"2016","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2026.02.016_bib0054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1007\/s11883-016-0568-3","article-title":"Metformin: an Old Therapy that Deserves a New Indication for the Treatment of Obesity","volume":"18","author":"Igel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr Atheroscler Rep"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2026.02.016_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2009.124","article-title":"A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study of the long-term efficacy and safety of diethylpropion in the treatment of obese subjects","volume":"33","author":"Cercato","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int J Obes (Lond)"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2026.02.016_bib0056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4593","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2004-2283","article-title":"Metformin and weight loss in obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome: comparison of doses","volume":"90","author":"Harborne","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2026.02.016_bib0057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/biom11121834","article-title":"Effects of Metformin in Heart Failure: From Pathophysiological Rationale to Clinical Evidence","volume":"11","author":"Salvatore","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2026.02.016_bib0058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e21","DOI":"10.2337\/dc11-2306","article-title":"Metformin-induced hepatotoxicity","volume":"35","author":"Miralles-Linares","year":"2012","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2026.02.016_bib0059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.5301\/jn.5000166","article-title":"Metformin in patients with chronic kidney disease: strengths and weaknesses","volume":"26","author":"Rocha","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Nephrol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2026.02.016_bib0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.113.000590","article-title":"Trends in incidence, management, and outcomes of cardiogenic shock complicating ST-elevation myocardial infarction in the United States","volume":"3","author":"Kolte","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2026.02.016_bib0061","first-page":"275","article-title":"Semaglutide versus dulaglutide once weekly in patients with type 2 diabetes (SUSTAIN 7): a randomised, open-label, phase 3b trial. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol","volume":"6","author":"Pratley","year":"2018","journal-title":"Apr"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2026.02.016_bib0062","first-page":"2163","article-title":"Evaluation of phentermine and topiramate versus phentermine\/topiramate extended-release in obese adults. Obesity (Silver Spring)","volume":"21","author":"Aronne","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nov"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2026.02.016_bib0063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2301972","article-title":"Triple-Hormone-Receptor Agonist Retatrutide for Obesity - A Phase 2 Trial","volume":"389","author":"Jastreboff","year":"2023","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2026.02.016_bib0064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1205","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.045888","article-title":"Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 Receptor Agonists and Heart Failure: The Need for Further Evidence Generation and Practice Guidelines Optimization","volume":"142","author":"Khan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2026.02.016_bib0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8655","DOI":"10.1007\/s00464-023-10264-x","article-title":"Sleeve gastrectomy facilitates weight loss and permits cardiac transplantation in patients with severe obesity and a left ventricular assist device (LVAD)","volume":"37","author":"Tsai","year":"2023","journal-title":"Surg Endosc"},{"issue":"15","key":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2026.02.016_bib0066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1468","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.052386","article-title":"Bariatric Surgery and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Patients With Obesity and Cardiovascular Disease:: A Population-Based Retrospective Cohort Study","volume":"143","author":"Doumouras","year":"2021","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2026.02.016_bib0067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2023.06.014","article-title":"Bariatric surgery and left ventricular assist device in patients with heart failure: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"226","author":"Sharma","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am J Surg"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2026.02.016_bib0068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3353","DOI":"10.1007\/s11695-023-06670-8","article-title":"Evidence of Bariatric Surgery Benefits Cardiac Function in Non-HFpEF Patients with Obesity: a Meta-Analysis","volume":"33","author":"Lu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Obes Surg"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2026.02.016_bib0069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4125","DOI":"10.1007\/s11695-023-06898-4","article-title":"The Effect of Bariatric Surgery on Patients with Heart Failure: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","volume":"33","author":"Esparham","year":"2023","journal-title":"Obes Surg"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2026.02.016_bib0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/bjsopen\/zrac083","article-title":"Safety of bariatric surgery in patients with previous acute coronary events or heart failure: nationwide cohort study","volume":"6","author":"Stenberg","year":"2022","journal-title":"BJS Open"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2026.02.016_bib0071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3230","DOI":"10.1007\/s11695-023-06799-6","article-title":"Bariatric Surgery and Cardiovascular Disease Risk in Patients with Pulmonary Hypertension: A Propensity Score Matched Analysis of US National Inpatient Sample","volume":"33","author":"Esparham","year":"2023","journal-title":"Obes Surg"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2026.02.016_bib0072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCINTERVENTIONS.116.004337","article-title":"Percutaneous Mechanical Circulatory Support Devices in Cardiogenic Shock","volume":"10","author":"Mandawat","year":"2017","journal-title":"Circ Cardiovasc Interv"},{"issue":"24","key":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2026.02.016_bib0073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.122.027251","article-title":"Left Ventricular Assist Devices: A Primer For the General Cardiologist","volume":"11","author":"Chaudhry","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2026.02.016_bib0074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13123607","article-title":"In Patients with Cardiogenic Shock, Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation Is Associated with Very High All-Cause Inpatient Mortality Rate","volume":"13","author":"Movahed","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2026.02.016_bib0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.120.007937","article-title":"Obesity and Outcomes Following Cardiogenic Shock Requiring Acute Mechanical Circulatory Support","volume":"14","author":"Sreenivasan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Circ Heart Fail"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2026.02.016_bib0076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1097\/00007890-200107270-00020","article-title":"Pretransplant cachexia and morbid obesity are predictors of increased mortality after heart transplantation","volume":"72","author":"Lietz","year":"2001","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2026.02.016_bib0077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.121.008300","article-title":"Obesity Is a Heavy Load in Cardiogenic Shock and Mechanical Circulation","volume":"14","author":"Ventura","year":"2021","journal-title":"Circ Heart Fail"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2026.02.016_bib0078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1186\/s40814-021-00865-5","article-title":"Feasibility of a virtual reality-based approach to improve behavioral weight management outcomes","volume":"7","author":"Phelan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pilot Feasibility Stud"},{"issue":"6 Suppl","key":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2026.02.016_bib0079","first-page":"S1","article-title":"Neural networks applied to 12-lead electrocardiograms predict body mass index, visceral adiposity and concurrent cardiometabolic ill-health","volume":"2","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Digit Health J"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2026.02.016_bib0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2022-060822","article-title":"Clinical efficacy of a virtual reality tool for the treatment of obesity: study protocol of a randomised controlled trial","volume":"12","author":"Anastasiadou","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2026.02.016_bib0081","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2255","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-025-03724-5","article-title":"An adaptive AI-based virtual reality sports system for adolescents with excess body weight: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"31","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nature Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2026.02.016_bib0082","first-page":"24","article-title":"Real-world effectiveness of digital and group-based lifestyle interventions as compared with usual care to reduce type 2 diabetes risk \u2013 A stop diabetes pragmatic randomised trial","author":"Lakka","year":"2023","journal-title":"The Lancet Regional Health \u2013 Europe"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2026.02.016_bib0083","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13041033","article-title":"An Artificial Intelligence Analysis of Electrocardiograms for the Clinical Diagnosis of Cardiovascular Diseases: A Narrative Review","volume":"13","author":"Di Costanzo","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Clin Med"}],"container-title":["The American Journal of Cardiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0002914926000573?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0002914926000573?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]],"date-time":"2026-04-08T13:49:32Z","timestamp":1775656172000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0002914926000573"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"references-count":83,"alternative-id":["S0002914926000573"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.amjcard.2026.02.016","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9149"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9149","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Managing Obesity in Heart Failure Patients: Current Evidence and Strategies","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"The American Journal of Cardiology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.amjcard.2026.02.016","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Published by Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}